1993 Spanish general election explained

Election Name:1993 Spanish general election
Country:Spain
Type:parliamentary
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1989 Spanish general election
Previous Year:1989
Next Election:1996 Spanish general election
Next Year:1996
Seats For Election:All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 256) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion Polls:Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election
Registered:31,030,511 4.8%
Turnout:23,718,816 (76.4%)
6.7 pp
Election Date:6 June 1993
Leader1:Felipe González
Party1:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Leader Since1:28 September 1979
Leaders Seat1:Madrid
Last Election1:177 seats, 40.1%
Seats1:159
Seat Change1:18
Popular Vote1:9,150,083
Percentage1:38.8%
Swing1:1.3 pp
Leader2:José María Aznar
Party2:People's Party (Spain)
Leader Since2:4 September 1989
Leaders Seat2:Madrid
Last Election2:107 seats, 25.8%
Seats2:141
Seat Change2:34
Popular Vote2:8,201,463
Percentage2:34.8%
Swing2:9.0 pp
Leader3:Julio Anguita
Party3:United Left (Spain)
Leader Since3:12 February 1989
Leaders Seat3:Madrid
Last Election3:17 seats, 9.1%
Seats3:18
Seat Change3:1
Popular Vote3:2,253,722
Percentage3:9.6%
Swing3:0.5 pp
Leader4:Miquel Roca
Party4:Convergence and Union
Leader Since4:4 July 1982
Leaders Seat4:Barcelona
Last Election4:18 seats, 5.0%
Seats4:17
Seat Change4:1
Popular Vote4:1,165,783
Percentage4:4.9%
Swing4:0.1 pp
Leader5:Iñaki Anasagasti
Party5:Basque Nationalist Party
Leader Since5:1986
Leaders Seat5:Biscay
Last Election5:5 seats, 1.2%
Seats5:5
Seat Change5:0
Popular Vote5:291,448
Percentage5:1.2%
Swing5:0.0 pp
Leader6:Luis Mardones
Party6:Canarian Coalition
Leader Since6:18 April 1986
Leaders Seat6:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Last Election6:1 seats, 0.3%
Seats6:4
Seat Change6:3
Popular Vote6:207,077
Percentage6:0.9%
Swing6:0.6 pp
Prime Minister
Posttitle:Prime Minister after election
Before Election:Felipe González
Before Party:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
After Election:Felipe González
After Party:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

The 1993 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 6 June 1993, to elect the 5th of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 256 seats in the Senate.

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party under Felipe González achieved the largest number of votes and seats for the fourth consecutive time, though it lost the absolute majority it had held in both chambers of the Cortes since 1982. In contrast, José María Aznar's People's Party won a large share of the vote, thus increasing their seats in both the Congress and the Senate and consolidating its position as the main opposition party. For the first time since 1979, the election brought in a hung parliament, forcing the governing PSOE to seek the support of nationalist groups in order to renew its mandate and secure a fourth term in government.

In the aftermath of the election, the PSOE saw itself under increased pressure due both to political instability as a result of its low majority (relying on increasingly unstable pacts with Convergence and Union to pass its legislation) and of the uncovering of numerous cases of corruption within the government itself. The pact with CiU would end in the fall of 1995, forcing González to call early elections 15 months before their scheduled date, which would see the opposition People's Party win for the first time.

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[1] [2] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[3]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[4] [5] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[6]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[7]

SeatsConstituencies
34Madrid
32Barcelona
16Valencia
12Seville
10Alicante, Málaga
9Asturias, Biscay, Cádiz, La Coruña, Murcia
8Pontevedra
7Balearics, Córdoba, Granada, Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6Badajoz, Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Tarragona
5Almería, Cáceres, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Girona, Huelva, León, Lugo, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid
4Álava, Albacete, Burgos, La Rioja, Lleida, Orense, Salamanca
3Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, IbizaFormentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[8] [9]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication.[10] The previous election was held on 29 October 1989, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 29 October 1993. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 5 October 1993, with the election taking place on the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Saturday, 4 December 1993.[11]

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[12] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 13 April 1993 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 6 June and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 29 June.[7]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[13] [14]

Parliamentary composition in April 1993[15]
Congress of Deputies
GroupsPartiesDeputies
SeatsTotal
Socialist Group of the CongressPSOE155175
PSC20
People's Parliamentary Group in the CongressPP104106
UPN2
Catalan Parliamentary Group
(Convergence and Union)
CDC1318
UDC5
United Left–Initiative for Catalonia
Parliamentary Group
IU1417
IC3
CDS Parliamentary GroupCDS1212
Basque Parliamentary Group (PNV)EAJ/PNV55
Mixed Parliamentary GroupHB417
PA2
UV2
EA2
EE1
EuE1
PAR1
AIC1
INDEP3
Parliamentary composition in April 1993[16]
Senate
GroupsPartiesSenators
SeatsTotal
Socialist Parliamentary GroupPSOE120128
PSC8
People's Parliamentary Group in the SenatePP8891
UPN2
UM1
Convergence and Union's
Catalan Parliamentary Group in the Senate
CDC1114
UDC3
Basque Nationalist Senators' Parliamentary GroupEAJ/PNV66
Mixed Parliamentary GroupIU315
HB3
AIC3
CDS1
EA1
PAR1
AM1
AHI1
ENV1

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[17]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

CandidacyParties and
alliances
Leading candidateIdeologyPrevious result
Votes (%)
PSOEFelipe GonzálezSocial democracy40.11%[18]
[19]
[20]
PPJosé María AznarConservatism
Christian democracy
25.79%[21]
[22]
CiUMiquel RocaCatalan nationalism
Centrism
5.04%
IUJulio AnguitaSocialism
Communism
9.07%
CDSRafael Calvo OrtegaCentrism
Liberalism
7.89%[23]
EAJ/PNVIñaki AnasagastiBasque nationalism
Christian democracy
Conservative liberalism
1.24%
HBJon IdigorasBasque independence
Abertzale left
Revolutionary socialism
1.06%
PASalvador Pérez BuenoAndalusian nationalism
Social democracy
1.04%
UVVicente González LizondoBlaverism
Conservatism
0.71%
EAEuEXabier AlbisturBasque nationalism
Social democracy
0.67%
PARJosé María MurRegionalism
Centrism
0.35%
CCLorenzo OlarteRegionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism
0.32%
ERCPilar RaholaCatalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy
0.41%

Opinion polls

See main article: Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election.

Campaign

Election debates

1993 Spanish general election debates
DateOrganisersModerator(s)
PSOEPPAudience
24 MayAntena 3Manuel Campo Vidal61.8%
[24]
[25]
31 MayTele 5Luis Mariñas75.3%

Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
DebatePolling firm/CommissionerPSOEPPTieNone
24 MayDemoscopia/El País[26] 21.050.029.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[27] 18.442.58.113.917.2
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[28] 28.049.822.2
31 MayDemoscopia/El País[29] 48.018.034.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[30] 36.215.317.413.617.5

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)19,150,083 38.78 –1.33159 –18
People's Party (PP)8,201,463 34.76 +8.97141 +34
United Left (IU)2,253,722 9.55 +0.4818 +1
Convergence and Union (CiU)1,165,783 4.94 –0.1017 –1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)414,740 1.76 –6.130 –14
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)291,448 1.24 ±0.005 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)2207,077 0.88 +0.454 +3
Popular Unity (HB)206,876 0.88 –0.182 –2
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)189,632 0.80 +0.391 +1
The Greens (Verdes)3185,940 0.79 –0.110 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR)144,544 0.61 +0.261 ±0
Basque SolidarityBasque Left (EA–EuE)129,293 0.55 –0.121 –1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)126,965 0.54 +0.310 ±0
Valencian Union (UV)112,341 0.48 –0.231 –1
Andalusian Party (PA)96,513 0.41 –0.630 –2
The Ecologists (LE)68,851 0.29 –0.380 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)54,518 0.23 –0.840 ±0
Andalusian Progress Party (PAP)43,169 0.18 New0 ±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV)41,052 0.17 –0.030 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)30,068 0.13 –0.270 ±0
Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA)27,005 0.11 New0 ±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE)20,118 0.09 +0.050 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)18,608 0.08 New0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA)16,623 0.07 New0 ±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL)16,452 0.07 New0 ±0
Party of Gran Canaria (PGC)15,246 0.06 New0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL)13,097 0.06 New0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)11,392 0.05 New0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS)11,088 0.05 +0.020 ±0
United Extremadura (EU)10,653 0.05 ±0.000 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)10,233 0.04 –0.270 ±0
Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP)10,053 0.04 New0 ±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE)9,249 0.04 –0.060 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)8,834 0.04 –0.040 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR)8,667 0.04 ±0.000 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)8,000 0.03 –0.090 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)47,991 0.03 –0.030 ±0
Riojan Party (PR)7,532 0.03 New0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA)6,344 0.03 +0.010 ±0
Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG)4,663 0.02 New0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)4,647 0.02 New0 ±0
Galician Alternative (AG)3,286 0.01 New0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)3,063 0.01 +0.010 ±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL)2,715 0.01 New0 ±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB)2,681 0.01 New0 ±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx)2,086 0.01 New0 ±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES)1,959 0.01 New0 ±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)1,917 0.01 –0.010 ±0
Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI)1,644 0.01 New0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV)1,517 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI)1,415 0.01 +0.010 ±0
People's Palentine Group (APP)1,410 0.01 New0 ±0
Rainbow (Arcoiris)1,407 0.01 New0 ±0
The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA)1,375 0.01 New0 ±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN)1,300 0.01 New0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)1,193 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE)1,178 0.00 New0 ±0
Tenerife Assembly (ATF)1,159 0.00 New0 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)1,155 0.00 New0 ±0
Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC)1,009 0.00 New0 ±0
Castilianist Union (UC)949 0.00 New0 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA)787 0.00 New0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA)747 0.00 New0 ±0
Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA)715 0.00 New0 ±0
Progressive Front of Spain (FPE)641 0.00 New0 ±0
Union of Autonomies (UDLA)594 0.00 New0 ±0
Socialist October (OS)540 0.00 New0 ±0
Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu)528 0.00 New0 ±0
Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP)466 0.00 New0 ±0
Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE)416 0.00 New0 ±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG)408 0.00 New0 ±0
Party of The People (LG)385 0.00 New0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC)383 0.00 New0 ±0
Federated Independents of Aragon (IF)303 0.00 New0 ±0
Radical Balearic Party (PRB)282 0.00 New0 ±0
Tagoror Party (Tagoror)278 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)267 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES)244 0.00 New0 ±0
Progressive Sorian Union (US)98 0.00 New0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL)70 0.00 –0.010 ±0
Initiative for Ceuta (INCE)42 0.00 New0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Coalition for Free Canaries (CCL)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)0 0.00 –0.020 ±0
Freixes Independent Group (Freixes)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Blank ballots188,679 0.80 +0.11
Total23,591,864 350 ±0
Valid votes23,591,864 99.46 +0.20
Invalid votes126,952 0.54 –0.20
Votes cast / turnout23,718,816 76.44 +6.70
Abstentions7,311,695 23.56 –6.70
Registered voters31,030,511
Sources[31] [32]

Senate

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliancesPopular voteSeats
Votes%±ppTotal+/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)125,441,605 39.02 –1.6696 –11
People's Party (PP)22,467,236 34.46 +8.4093 +15
United Left (IU)6,172,255 9.47 +0.700 –1
Convergence and Union (CiU)3,458,419 5.30 +0.0110 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)1,189,877 1.82 –5.780 –1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)846,605 1.30 –0.043 –1
Popular Unity (HB)599,744 0.92 –0.221 –2
The Greens (Verdes)2570,793 0.88 +0.240 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR)465,162 0.71 +0.280 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)402,549 0.62 +0.360 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)3396,799 0.61 +0.375 +1
Basque SolidarityBasque Left (EA–EuE)381,356 0.58 –0.140 ±0
Valencian Union (UV)347,593 0.53 –0.080 ±0
Andalusian Party (PA)312,384 0.48 –0.670 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)239,546 0.37 –0.060 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)180,139 0.28 –0.430 ±0
Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA)144,784 0.22 New0 ±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV)138,183 0.21 –0.030 ±0
Andalusian Progress Party (PAP)133,514 0.20 New0 ±0
The Ecologists (LE)70,589 0.11 –0.430 ±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL)60,071 0.09 New0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL)57,797 0.09 New0 ±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia (PEC)52,053 0.08 New0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA)49,120 0.08 New0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU)48,113 0.07 –0.010 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS)43,538 0.07 +0.040 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST)43,044 0.07 –0.150 ±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE)40,478 0.06 +0.030 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)35,618 0.05 –0.220 ±0
Party of Gran Canaria (PGC)30,285 0.05 New0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)28,769 0.04 New0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA)28,186 0.04 +0.020 ±0
Riojan Party (PR)27,383 0.04 New0 ±0
Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP)24,450 0.04 New0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)22,845 0.04 –0.090 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC)17,953 0.03 New0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG)16,405 0.03 New0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)413,733 0.02 –0.020 ±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL)13,041 0.02 New0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)12,147 0.02 –0.010 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE)11,830 0.02 +0.010 ±0
Humanist Party (PH)11,176 0.02 –0.050 ±0
Galician Alternative (AG)10,849 0.02 New0 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI)10,768 0.02 +0.020 ±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)10,713 0.02 –0.020 ±0
Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI)10,681 0.02 New0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR)10,258 0.02 +0.010 ±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx)10,253 0.02 New0 ±0
Green Social Unity (USV)9,802 0.02 New0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE)9,704 0.01 –0.170 ±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE)9,507 0.01 –0.020 ±0
Rainbow (Arcoiris)5,419 0.01 New0 ±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB)5,151 0.01 New0 ±0
People's Palentine Group (APP)4,869 0.01 New0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV)4,617 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA)4,439 0.01 New0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN)4,422 0.01 New0 ±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN)4,333 0.01 New0 ±0
Federal Socialist Party (PSF)4,168 0.01 New0 ±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES)4,083 0.01 New0 ±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED)4,047 0.01 ±0.000 ±0
Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA)3,611 0.01 New0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA)3,408 0.01 New0 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA)3,068 0.00 New0 ±0
Castilianist Union (UC)3,013 0.00 New0 ±0
Tenerife Assembly (ATF)2,638 0.00 New0 ±0
Spanish Action (AE)2,595 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu)2,326 0.00 New0 ±0
Navarrese Regionalists (RN)2,213 0.00 New0 ±0
Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC)2,098 0.00 New0 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC)1,961 0.00 New0 ±0
Socialist October (OS)1,751 0.00 New0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU)1,641 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC)1,566 0.00 New0 ±0
Natural Culture (CN)1,557 0.00 –0.010 ±0
Blue Party of Progressive Rightwing (PADP)1,086 0.00 New0 ±0
Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP)1,026 0.00 New0 ±0
Tagoror Party (Tagoror)1,016 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES)1,009 0.00 New0 ±0
Federated Independents of Aragon (IF)842 0.00 New0 ±0
Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE)717 0.00 New0 ±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG)583 0.00 New0 ±0
Proverist Party (PPr)467 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Radical Balearic Party (PRB)460 0.00 ±0.000 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL)352 0.00 –0.020 ±0
Progressive Sorian Union (US)347 0.00 New0 ±0
Initiative for Ceuta (INCE)70 0.00 New0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Freixes Independent Group (Freixes)0 0.00 New0 ±0
Blank ballots376,829 1.63 –0.04
Total65,203,500 208 ±0
Valid votes23,189,174 97.70 +1.13
Invalid votes546,821 2.30 –1.13
Votes cast / turnout23,735,995 76.49 +6.62
Abstentions7,294,516 23.51 –6.62
Registered voters31,030,511
Sources[33]

Aftermath

See also: Fourth government of Felipe González.

Investiture
Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot →9 July 1993
Required majority →176 out of 350
Sources[34]

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. .
  2. Web site: Sinopsis artículo 66 . Constitución española . . es . 12 September 2020 .,. summarizing .
  3. .
  4. .
  5. .
  6. Web site: Gallagher . Michael . 30 July 2012 . Effective threshold in electoral systems . Trinity College, Dublin . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php . 22 July 2017 . 30 July 2017.
  7. Boletín Oficial del Estado . 88 . 13 April 1993 . 10581–10582 . 0212-033X . Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones . es.
  8. .
  9. .
  10. .
  11. News: 18 November 1992 . El 3 de diciembre de 1993, última fecha posible para las elecciones generales . es . El País . 19 March 2019.
  12. .
  13. Web site: Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado . es . Historia Electoral.com . 29 October 2022.
  14. Web site: Composición del Senado 1977- . es . Historia Electoral.com . 29 October 2022.
  15. Web site: Grupos parlamentarios . es . . 7 December 2020.
  16. Web site: Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977 . es . . 7 December 2020.
  17. .
  18. News: 12 September 1992 . El PSOE proclama candidato a la presidencia a González pese a que este mantiene la incógnita . es . El País . 19 March 2019.
  19. News: 1 January 1993 . Socialistas y Euskadiko Ezkerra ponen en marcha su proyecto de fusión . es . El País . 19 March 2019.
  20. News: 22 February 1993 . 318 afiliados de Euskadiko Ezkerra aprueban la fusión con el PSE-PSOE . es . El País . 19 March 2019.
  21. News: 18 March 1991 . El PP desaparece en Navarra al fusionarse con Unión del Pueblo Navarro . es . El País . 19 March 2019.
  22. News: 30 November 1992 . Aznar será proclamado candidato del PP a La Moncloa el 16 de enero . es . El País . 19 March 2019.
  23. News: 20 September 1992 . Calvo Ortega, candidato . es . El País . 19 March 2019.
  24. News: 13 October 2015 . Cinco debates en 11 elecciones: del 'desastre' de Felipe a la 'niña' de Rajoy . es . El Mundo . 23 January 2019.
  25. News: 21 February 2008 . Los debates González - Aznar, entre las emisiones más vistas de la historia de Antena 3 y Telecinco . es . FormulaTV . 23 January 2019.
  26. News: Triunfo claro de Aznar en el primer debate . es . El País . 26 May 1993.
  27. Web site: Aznar superó a González en el debate . es . La Vanguardia . 26 May 1993.
  28. Web site: Las encuestas de "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia" y "El País" dan el triunfo a Aznar . es . ABC . 26 May 1993.
  29. News: Victoria neta de González sobre Aznar en el segundo cara a cara televisivo . es . El País . 2 June 1993.
  30. Web site: González ganó por 20,9 puntos a Aznar . es . La Vanguardia . 2 June 1993.
  31. Web site: Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales . es . . 15 April 2022.
  32. Web site: Elecciones Generales 6 de junio de 1993 . es . Historia Electoral.com . 21 October 2021.
  33. Web site: Elecciones al Senado 1993 . es . Historia Electoral.com . 24 September 2017.
  34. Web site: Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes . es . Historia Electoral.com . 28 September 2017.