1993 Bataan gubernatorial recall election explained

Election Name:1993 Bataan gubernatorial recall election
Type:presidential
Seats For Election:Governor of Bataan
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1992 Bataan local elections
Previous Year:1992
Next Year:1995
Next Election:1995 Bataan local elections
Election Date:December 20, 1993
Nominee1:
Party1:Lakas–NUCD
Popular Vote1:77,892
Percentage1:51.30
Party2:Nationalist People's Coalition
Popular Vote2:73,958
Percentage2:48.70
Map Size:95
Governor
Before Election:Tet Garcia
After Election:Ding Roman
Before Party:Nationalist People's Coalition
After Party:Lakas–NUCD

The 1993 Bataan gubernatorial recall election was held on December 20, 1993 in the province of Bataan, Philippines. Former governor Ding Roman defeated incumbent Tet Garcia in the recall election to become governor of Bataan.

Recall elections in the Philippines

Recall elections are allowed by Republic Act No. 7160 or the 1991 Local Government Code of the Philippines. A recall can be initiated by a petition of at least 25% of the registered voters in the local government unit (LGU) concerned. A resolution from a preparatory recall assembly composed of all of the elected local officials in the LGU concerned is another method of initiating a recall election. An official could be subjected to a recall only once during one's term of office, and from one year after the official took office, up to one year before the next regularly scheduled election.[1]

Background

Then congressman Tet Garcia defeated governor Ding Roman in the 1992 gubernatorial election.[2] On July 7, 1993, a preparatory recall assembly (PRA) voted to recall Garcia, with 74 affirmative votes out of possible 144 votes, or just two votes more than a majority, citing "loss of confidence." The PRA included mostly of people who opposed Garcia, citing as Garcia proponents won't vote to recall anyway, so they were not invited. The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) scheduled the recall election on October 11, 1993. The COMELEC earmarked at least 7 million pesos for the election, where a total of 266,542 voters were registered for the 1992 election, with Garcia, running under the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC) getting 95,536 votes, about 15,000 votes more than Roman, who ran under the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP). Among the 74 who recalled Garcia, most were either from the LDP or the Liberal Party of congressman Felicito Payumo, while only 7 were from the NPC.[3]

Garcia sued for relief in the Supreme Court, which granted his petition on September 21 for lack of due process. Two days later, Mariveles mayor Oscar de los Reyes moved to recall Garcia again. The PRA reconvened in the Balanga town plaza, was attended by pro-Garcia politicians, who walked out of the proceedings. The assembly voted to recall Garcia once again, this time with 87 votes in favor, well above the 72 required.[4]

By November, the COMELEC asked the government 6.4 million pesos for the conduct of the recall election, and it was expecting one or two candidates to challenge Garcia.[5] A week later, it ordered all of the candidates to a meeting. It was reported that only Roman submitted his candidacy, under the ruling Lakas–NUCD; the commission explained that Garcia is not required to submit his candidacy.[6]

Campaign

Garcia then sought to disqualify Roman from running, citing he had an election billboard larger than the allowable size in Balanga; meanwhile, the COMELEC investigated Garcia for having advertisements favoring him in Manila newspapers.[7] The COMELEC then dismissed an attempt by Garcia to stop the election via a technicality, saying that it assumes all expenses for recall elections under the national budget via its contingency fund.[8] Both candidates were then accused of buying votes.[9]

On the eve of the election, the COMELEC deputized the Philippine National Police (PNP) to keep the peace, of which 538 came from Bataan PNP, and 300 came from the Central Luzon PNP in San Fernando, Pampanga. Both candidates have claimed to have the support of the ruling Lakas–NUCD of president Fidel V. Ramos.[10]

Results

There were about 266,500 registered voters for the recall election. The police estimated support to be at 52:48 in favor of Roman. The COMELEC, on criticism that it scheduled the election during the Christmas season, countered that it will be more expensive to hold it on the following year. They also expressed optimism that either candidate will be proclaimed on election night.

The Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) reportedly boycotted the election, instructing its 15,000 adherents in Bataan to abstain from voting, with expulsion from the church being the penalty if one voted. The INC's support has been credited with Garcia's victory in 1992. Garcia had been trailing in the INC's surveys prior to the election, but he countered by saying that "things are different now" as he is now the incumbent. The COMELEC reported no acts of violence during election day.[11]

During the canvassing of votes, Garcia's camp had petitioned to prevent votes from certain places from being counted.[12] By December 23, only ballots from Dinalupihan, considered a stronghold of Roman, were remaining to be counted, with Roman leading by 574 votes.[13] The next day, canvassing of votes was finished, but the COMELEC could not declare a winner because disqualification cases were still pending. Roman emerged with a lead of almost 4,000 votes.[14]

Results per municipality
Municipality width=150pxGarcia!width=150pxRoman!Percent of valid votes
Abucay
bgcolor= align=left width=52.09%bgcolor= align=right width=47.91%5,719
bgcolor=silver width=7.86%%7.86%
Bagac
bgcolor= align=left width=56.38%bgcolor= align=right width=43.62%3,043
bgcolor=silver width=4.59%4.59%
Balanga
bgcolor= align=left width=50.95%bgcolor= align=right width=49.05%10,111
bgcolor=silver width=13.58%13.58%
Dinalupihan
bgcolor= align=left width=34.17%bgcolor= align=right width=65.83%9,848
bgcolor=silver width=9.85%9.85%
Hermosa
bgcolor= align=left width=38.88%bgcolor= align=right width=61.12%6,971
bgcolor=silver width=7.51%7.51%
Limay
bgcolor= align=left width=51.98%bgcolor= align=right width=48.02%5,434
bgcolor=silver width=7.45%7.45%
Mariveles
bgcolor= align=left width=53.08%bgcolor= align=right width=46.92%8,636
bgcolor=silver width=12.12%12.12%
Morong
bgcolor= align=left width=50.49%bgcolor= align=right width=49.51%3,196
bgcolor=silver width=4.25%4.25%
Orani
bgcolor= align=left width=47.90%bgcolor= align=right width=52.10%9,113
bgcolor=silver width=11.52%11.52%
Orion
bgcolor= align=left width=63.74%bgcolor= align=right width=36.26%5,153
bgcolor=silver width=9.36%9.36%
Pilar
bgcolor= align=left width=50.44%bgcolor= align=right width=49.56%5,082
bgcolor=silver width=6.75%6.75%
Samal
bgcolor= align=left width=28.60%bgcolor= align=right width=71.40%5,586
bgcolor=silver width=5.15%5.15%
Bataan
bgcolor= align=left width=48.70%bgcolor= align=right width=51.30%77,892
100%
The commission gave Garcia five working days to submit his pre-proclamation protests. They gave February 10, 1994 the earliest date that they can resolve the issue.[15] People from Bataan expressed disappointment with the delay of the proclamation, as Garcia protested the inclusion of 99 election returns from Dinalupihan.[16]

The COMELEC heard Garcia's petitions to disqualify Roman.[17] They then dismissed all petitions, but ordered recanvassing of votes from the questioned municipalities.[18] In March 1994, the Supreme Court stopped the COMELEC and the Bataan provincial board of canvassers to proclaim Roman as the winner until the COMELEC has decided on the disqualification case against him. The COMELEC would have proclaimed Roman as the winner on the following week if not for the court preventing them from doing so.[19] By April, the COMELEC's first division dismissed another petition from Garcia, this time saying that it was Roman who was behind the "boycott the (recall) polls" leaflets from helicopters on polling day, supposedly dissuading his voters from turning out.[20] A day later, the Supreme Court dismissed Roman's petition to lift the restraining order on the proclamation of the winner.[21]

On June 17, 1994. the COMELEC en banc reaffirmed its dismissal of Garcia's petition regarding the leaflets dropped on polling day; notably, chairman Christian Monsod was the sole dissenting vote.[22] On the next day, the Supreme Court dismissed the petition of Garcia suspending Roman's proclamation as the winner.[23] On June 28, 1994, the COMELEC proclaimed Roman as the winner of the election. The governor-elect offered to make Garcia, his cousin, a consultant to the government.[24]

Aftermath

Roman successfully defended the governorship in 1995, 1998 and 2001, with him getting 97% of the vote in the last election. There were petitions to disqualify Roman in 2001 as he had supposedly served three consecutive terms, but the Supreme Court ruled that terms won on recall elections do not count as it is an interruption of a full term.[25] Garcia pursued a congressional career, serving from 1995 to 2004.[26] In 2004, Garcia won the governorship, as his son Albert defeated Roman for congressman from Bataan's 2nd district.[27] Garcia was reelected in 2007 and 2010, returned to Congress in 2013, and was elected as vice governor in 2016 when he died prior to taking office.

The method of using the preparatory recall assembly to initiate recall petitions was repealed under Republic Act No. 9244 in 2004.[28]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: May 2, 2012 . Title Two – Chapter 5 . May 10, 2015 . comelec.gov.ph.
  2. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . December 20, 1993 . Bataan votes today . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com.
  3. Web site: Esconde . Ernie B. . September 5, 1993 . Comelec to spend P7-M in Bataan special polls . September 3, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  4. Web site: Esconde . Ernie . September 27, 1993 . Bataan execs move to recall Garcia again . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  5. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . November 29, 1993 . Comelec seeks P6.4-M for Bataan special polls . August 27, 2022 . news.google.com.
  6. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . December 6, 1993 . Comelec calls Bataan candidates to meeting . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  7. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . December 14, 1993 . Bataan candidates trade raps . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com.
  8. Web site: December 16, 1993 . Tet's offensive to halt recall poll foiled anew . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  9. Web site: December 18, 1993 . Both Garcia, Roman faces charges of vote-buying . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  10. Web site: Esconde . Ernie . December 19, 1993 . All is set for Bataan recall polls tomorrow . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  11. Web site: Robles . Jojo . Atadero . Arnold . December 21, 1993 . INC boycotts Bataan polls . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  12. Web site: Robles . Jojo . December 22, 1993 . Garcia lawyers stall count . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  13. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . Esconde . Ernie . Villanueva . Marichu . December 23, 1993 . Roman win seen . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  14. Web site: December 24, 1993 . Bataan winner: Waiting game . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  15. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . December 25, 1993 . Comelec gives Garcia protest deadline . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com.
  16. Web site: December 26, 1993 . Proclamation delay alarms Bataan folk . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  17. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . 1993-12-29 . Now it's Roman's turn at Comelec griddle . 2023-10-08 . Google Newspaper archive . Manila Standard.
  18. Web site: 1994-01-18 . Tet loses 5 cases, but wins reprieve . 2023-10-08 . Google Newspaper archive . Manila Standard.
  19. Web site: Lanuza . Angelo . 1994-03-03 . SC stops Roman's proclamation . 2023-07-15 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  20. Web site: Comelec junks Tet Garcia's bid to disqualify Ding Roman . 2023-10-08 . news.google.com.
  21. Web site: 1994-04-22 . SC rejects Roman's bid to allow proclamation . 2023-10-08 . Google Newspaper archive . Manila Standard.
  22. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . 1994-06-18 . Comelec throws away suit against Roman . 2023-10-08 . Google Newspaper archive . Manila Standard.
  23. Web site: Lanuza . Angelo E. . 1994-06-22 . Roman gets go-signal to assume gubernatorial post in Bataan . 2023-10-08 . Google Newspaper archive . Manila Standard.
  24. Web site: Atadero . Arnold . June 29, 1993 . Roman offers job to Tet . August 26, 2022 . news.google.com . The Manila Standard.
  25. Web site: January 7, 2003 . SC upholds Roman win as Bataan governor . August 26, 2022 . Philstar.com.
  26. Web site: Macatuno . Allan . June 20, 2016 . In Bataan, 'Pitbull of Congress' buried . August 27, 2022 . INQUIRER.net . en.
  27. Web site: May 17, 2004 . Garcias trounce rivals in Bataan . August 27, 2022 . Philstar.com.
  28. Web site: Bueza . Michael . Fast Facts: The recall process . November 4, 2021 . Rappler . en.

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