| Country: | Maryland |
| Date: | November 3, 1992 |
| Referendum Question 6 | |
| Abortion Law Revision | |
| Yes: | 1114377 |
| No: | 690542 |
| Total: | 1804919 |
| Map: | 1992 Maryland Question 6 results by county.svg |
| Mapdivision: | county |
| Mapcaption: | Yes No |
| Notes: | Source: Maryland State Board of Elections[1] |
Question 6 was a voter referendum to allow voters to approve or reject a law passed by the Maryland General Assembly in 1991 to codify the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade. The referendum was approved by 61.7% of voters on November 3, 1992.
A draft of the referendum language had been sent to both pro-choice and pro-life groups by Maryland Attorney General J. Joseph Curran Jr. to prevent controversy over the wording of the question. He asked the groups to comment on the draft by June 19, 1992,[2] and, after receiving feedback, rewrote the question to use "less cryptic" language.[3] The ballot language was revised for a third and final time before being submitted to the Maryland Secretary of State to appear on the general election ballot.[4]
After the language was approved, the Vote kNOw Coalition filed a lawsuit asking for the ballot language to be rewritten.[5] Judge Bruce C. Williams rejected the language and ordered the attorney general to rewrite the ballot wording[6] in a ruling that was later struck down by the Maryland Court of Appeals.[7]
The ballot measure read as follows:
The choices read as follows:
See main article: article and Abortion in Maryland. In 1968, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill that would require abortions in the state to be performed in a hospital and approved by a hospital review committee.[8] This legislation would later be overturned by the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade, which prevented the government from placing restrictions on abortions before fetal viability.
Legislative debate on abortion had intensified following the Supreme Court's decision in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, which imposed restrictions on state funding for abortions, with pro-choice lawmakers introducing a bill to codify the Roe decision amid fears that the Supreme Court would overturn its previous decision, thereby reinstating Maryland's restrictive 1968 law.[9] Senate President Thomas V. Miller Jr., who self-identified as a pro-life, pledged to remain neutral on the debate but said that he personally favored laws that restricted abortion, adding that if the procedure was necessary, "you've got Washington, D.C., 35 miles down the road". House Speaker R. Clayton Mitchell Jr. also declined to bring any abortion bills up for a vote, saying that he would wait until the Senate takes action on the issue before he'd bring it up.
By 1990, abortion advocates had secured a majority in the Maryland Senate and introduced legislation that would codify the Roe decision, but it was unclear if the legislation had the votes to defeat a filibuster.[10] Pro-choice lawmakers were initially unable to reach the 32 votes required to break the Republican-led filibuster, with the Senate voting 28-18 to continue debate on the bill.[11] Legislators continued to filibuster the bill for eight days before coming to an agreement to couple the abortion rights legislation with another bill that would prevent the bill from going into effect until voters approved of it in a statewide referendum.[12] However, both bills were killed by state delegate William A. Clark in the House Environmental Matters Committee, who argued in voting against the two bills that action on the House floor would be "chaotic" and force legislators "to go on record on the vote".[13] In that year's state Senate elections, pro-abortion group Choice PAC primaried four incumbent Democratic state senators who filibustered the abortion rights bill, giving advocates the votes they needed to pass the bill during next year's legislative session.[14]
At the start of the 1991 legislative session, Miller promised that the abortion bill would be "the first major issue the Senate takes up" that year.[15] The new bill included a parental notification clause that Miller believed the public would be more accepting of it was to head to a referendum.[16] Anti-abortion state senators conceded that they did not have the votes to hold a filibuster on the bill, but said they would propose amendments to the bill that would outlaw abortions for sex-select reasons, ban abortion services advertising, and requiring parental consent for abortions performed on underage girls.[17] All amendments to the bill were rejected after five and a half hours of debate,[18] and the bill eventually passed and was signed into law by Governor William Donald Schaefer.[19] Afterwards, anti-abortion activists, led by former Lieutenant Governor Samuel Bogley and his Right to kNOw Coalition,[20] [21] said they planned to collect enough signatures to petition the law in the 1992 general election.[22] In late June, the coalition submitted 143,622 voter signatures—more than four times the 33,373 valid signatured required—to petition the law, which were certified by the Maryland State Board of Elections in July.[23] [24]
Pro-choice groups led raised $1.6 million during the campaign to support Question 6, with most contributions being transferred to the Maryland for Choice committee, while abortion opponents raised $1.46 million, almost all of which was through the Vote kNOw Coalition.[25] The pro-life campaign involved criticizing the 1991 abortion bill as "extremist", while abortion advocates called it a "moderate compromise". Anti-Question 6 ballots were also distributed in Roman Catholic churches and other congregations, and television commercials opposing Question 6, including one featuring neurosurgeon Ben Carson,[26] [27] were ran on WMAR-TV and WBAL-TV. Carson later condemned the advertisement and asked for it to be taken down, saying that he had not known that he was making a political advertisement.[28]
Turnout in the 1992 general elections were boosted by Question 6 and tax issues,[29] which the Maryland Republican Party believed would hurt President George H. W. Bush, who was pro-life.[30]
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Margin of error | For | Against | Undecided | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| George Washington University | October 20–24, 1992 | 403 (RV) | ± 4.0% | 70% | 20% | 10% | |
| Mason-Dixon Research | October 1992 | 809 (RV) | ± 3.5% | 52% | 36% | 12% | |
| Mason-Dixon Research | August 28–30, 1992 | 802 (RV) | ± 3.5% | 54% | 29% | 17% | |
| Mason-Dixon Research | June 3–5, 1992 | 815 (LV) | ± 3.5% | 60% | 32% | 8% | |
| KPC Research | February 10–15, 1992 | 1,210 (RV) | ± 2.8% | 57% | 31% | 12% |
Source: Maryland State Board of Elections
| By county | For | Against | Total votes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||
| Allegany | 9,478 | 38.60% | 15,079 | 61.40% | 24,557 | 100.00% | |
| Anne Arundel | 108,394 | 60.40% | 71,077 | 39.60% | 179,471 | 100.00% | |
| Baltimore | 180,818 | 61.38% | 113,755 | 38.62% | 294,573 | 100.00% | |
| Baltimore City | 132,697 | 66.37% | 67,237 | 38.62% | 199,934 | 100.00% | |
| Calvert | 10,944 | 56.62% | 8,385 | 43.38% | 19,329 | 100.00% | |
| Caroline | 3,482 | 49.52% | 3,550 | 50.48% | 7,032 | 100.00% | |
| Carroll | 26,362 | 51.00% | 25,328 | 49.00% | 51,690 | 100.00% | |
| Cecil | 11,015 | 48.73% | 11,590 | 51.27% | 22,605 | 100.00% | |
| Charles | 14,994 | 50.32% | 14,804 | 49.68% | 29,798 | 100.00% | |
| Dorchester | 4,789 | 54.26% | 4,037 | 45.74% | 8,826 | 100.00% | |
| Frederick | 32,721 | 54.26% | 29,042 | 47.02% | 61,763 | 100.00% | |
| Garrett | 2,683 | 30.13% | 6,223 | 69.87% | 8,906 | 100.00% | |
| Harford | 41,125 | 53.07% | 36,360 | 46.93% | 77,485 | 100.00% | |
| Howard | 63,141 | 64.80% | 34,305 | 35.20% | 97,446 | 100.00% | |
| Kent | 4,026 | 65.01% | 2,167 | 34.99% | 6,193 | 100.00% | |
| Montgomery | 246,361 | 70.12% | 104,982 | 29.88% | 351,343 | 100.00% | |
| Prince George's | 153,741 | 66.25% | 78,328 | 33.75% | 232,069 | 100.00% | |
| Queen Anne's | 7,542 | 60.38% | 4,948 | 39.62% | 12,490 | 100.00% | |
| St. Mary's | 9,852 | 46.87% | 11,166 | 53.13% | 21,018 | 100.00% | |
| Somerset | 2,350 | 41.89% | 3,260 | 58.11% | 5,610 | 100.00% | |
| Talbot | 7,643 | 63.77% | 4,342 | 36.23% | 11,985 | 100.00% | |
| Washington | 19,187 | 47.19% | 21,473 | 52.81% | 40,660 | 100.00% | |
| Wicomico | 12,975 | 52.24% | 11,861 | 47.76% | 24,836 | 100.00% | |
| Worcester | 8,057 | 52.66% | 7,243 | 47.34% | 15,300 | 100.00% | |
| Total | 1,114,377 | 61.74% | 690,542 | 38.26% | 1,804,919 | 100.00% | |