| Eurovision Song Contest | |
| Year: | 1991 |
| Final: | 4 May 1991 |
| Presenters: | Gigliola Cinquetti Toto Cutugno |
| Musdirector: | Bruno Canfora |
| Director: | Riccardo Donna |
| Exsupervisor: | Frank Naef |
| Exproducer: | Silvia Salvetti |
| Host: | Italian: [[RAI|Radiotelevisione italiana]]|i=unset (RAI) |
| Venue: | Italian: [[Cinecittà]]|i=unset Studios Rome, Italy |
| Winner: | "Swedish: [[Fångad av en stormvind]]|i=unset" |
| Vote: | Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs |
| Entries: | 22 |
| Debut: | None |
| Bluenosemis: | Y |
| Grey: | Y |
The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was the 36th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 4 May 1991 at Stage 15 of the Italian: [[Cinecittà]]|i=unset Studios in Rome, Italy. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Italian: [[RAI|Radiotelevisione italiana]]|i=unset (RAI), and presented by Gigliola Cinquetti and Toto Cutugno, the contest was held in Italy following the country's victory at the with the song "Insieme 1992
Twenty-two countries participated in the event: made its first Eurovision Song Contest appearance in sixteen years, having last participated in, while the decided not to participate due to the date of this year's event coinciding with the country's annual Remembrance of the Dead commemorations. It was also the first time that was represented as a single state following the reunification of East and West Germany.
For the first time since, the contest resulted in a draw for first place, with both and being awarded the same number of points. The contest's tie-break procedure was implemented for the first time in its history, which resulted in Sweden being declared the winner due to their entry, "Swedish: [[Fångad av en stormvind]]|i=unset", written by Stephan Berg and performed by Carola, having received a greater number of top scores from the other competing countries than the French entry; it was Sweden's third contest victory overall. Alongside France,, and rounded out the top five countries.
The 1991 contest took place in Rome, Italy, following the country's victory at the with the song "Insieme 1992
The Italian organisers had originally intended that the contest be held in the Italian: [[Teatro Ariston]]|i=unset in Sanremo, where the annual Sanremo Music Festival is held. The Sanremo festival had been a major influence and inspiration for the formation of the Eurovision Song Contest, and RAI had wanted to pay tribute to the contest's origins by hosting the event in the town.[4] The choice of Sanremo and Ariston as host of the event was initially rejected by the EBU, citing concerns regarding the size of the venue as well as organisational and security shortcomings.[5] In an effort to address some of the concerns, the Italian: [[comune]] of Sanremo proposed hosting the event in three locations across the Ariston area, with the Teatro Ariston, Italian: Piazza Colombo|i=unset and the old flower market on Italian: Corso Garibaldi|i=unset being combined using temporary structures to form a single venue.[6] [7] Although plans to hold the contest in Sanremo continued to be developed as late as January 1991, by February doubts over the feasibility of holding the event in Sanremo became insurmountable, due to instability in the Middle East and the outbreak of the Gulf War, and ultimately the organisers opted to relocate the contest to a more secure location, eventually confirming on 18 February that the event would be held in Rome.[8] Despite the relocation Sanremo remained a partner of the 1991 contest and pre-recorded footage of the city was featured during the live broadcast.[9]
A total of twenty-two countries participated in the 1991 contest. Of the countries that participated in 1990, the were the only country that failed to make a return, as the date of the contest clashed with the country's Remembrance of the Dead commemorations. which had last participated in the contest sixteen years before, in ultimately filled the vacant slot.[10] The nation had for a number of years attempted to make a return to the contest, however was prevented from doing so due to the cap on participation numbers set by the EBU. This marked the first time that competed as a unified country, following the reunification of East and West Germany into a single state; until this point all German entrants in previous contests had represented the former West Germany.[11]
Several artists that had previously competed in the contest returned to participate in this year's event: Stefán Hilmarsson, who competed alongside for, was a member of Beathoven that had participated for the nation in ; Thomas Forstner made a second appearance for following the ; Carola also returned to the contest for the second time for after her participation in ; and the members of 's Just 4 Fun featured two previous participating artists, namely Eiríkur Hauksson, who had competed in the for Iceland as part of the group ICY, and Hanne Krogh, who had represented Norway twice before, in as a solo artist and in as a member of the group Bobbysocks!, the latter appearance ultimately winning the contest outright. Additionally, Kit Rolfe performed as backing vocalist for the 's Samantha Janus, having previously been lead vocalist of the group Belle and the Devotions that had represented the UK at the .
| + Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[12] [13] | |||||||
| Country | Broadcaster | Artist | Song | Language | Songwriter(s) | Conductor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORF | Thomas Forstner | "German: Venedig im Regen|i=unset" | German | Richard Oesterreicher | |||
| BRTN | Clouseau | "Dutch; Flemish: Geef het op|i=unset" | Dutch | Roland Verlooven | |||
| CyBC | Elena Patroklou | "S.O.S." | Greek | Alexander Kirov Zografov | |||
| DR | Anders Frandsen | "Danish: Lige der hvor hjertet slår|i=unset" | Danish | Michael Elo | Henrik Krogsgaard | ||
| YLE | Kaija | "Finnish: Hullu yö|i=unset" | Finnish | Olli Ahvenlahti | |||
| French: [[France 2|Antenne 2]]|i=unset | Amina | "French: [[Le Dernier qui a parlé...|C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison]]|i=unset" | French | Jérôme Pillement | |||
| SFB | Atlantis 2000 | "German: Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben|i=unset" | German | Hermann Weindorf | |||
| ERT | Sophia Vossou | "Greek, Modern (1453-);: Anixi|i=unset" (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Άνοιξη) | Greek | Andreas Mikroutsikos | Haris Andreadis | ||
| RÚV | Stefán and Eyfi | "Nína" | Icelandic | Eyjólfur Kristjánsson | Jón Ólafsson | ||
| RTÉ | Kim Jackson | "Could It Be That I'm in Love" | English | Liam Reilly | Noel Kelehan | ||
| IBA | Duo Datz | "Hebrew: Kan|i=unset" (Hebrew: כאן) | Hebrew | Uzi Hitman | Kobi Oshrat | ||
| RAI | Peppino di Capri | "Neapolitan: Comme è ddoce 'o mare|i=unset" | Neapolitan | Bruno Canfora | |||
| CLT | Sarah Bray | "French: Un baiser volé|i=unset" | French | Francis Goya | |||
| PBS | Paul Giordimaina and Georgina | "Could It Be" | English | Paul Abela | |||
| NRK | Just 4 Fun | "Mrs. Thompson" | Norwegian | Pete Knutsen | |||
| RTP | Dulce | "Portuguese: Lusitana paixão|i=unset" | Portuguese | Fernando Correia Martins | |||
| TVE | Sergio Dalma | "Spanish; Castilian: [[Bailar pegados]]|i=unset" | Spanish | Eduardo Leiva | |||
| SVT | Carola | "Swedish: [[Fångad av en stormvind]]|i=unset" | Swedish | Stephan Berg | Anders Berglund | ||
| SRG SSR | Sandra Simó | "Italian: Canzone per te|i=unset" | Italian | Renato Mascetti | Flaviano Cuffari | ||
| TRT | Can Uğurluer, İzel Çeliköz and Reyhan Karaca | "Turkish: İki Dakika|i=unset" | Turkish | Turhan Yükseler | |||
| BBC | Samantha Janus | "A Message to Your Heart" | English | Paul Curtis | Ronnie Hazlehurst | ||
| JRT | Baby Doll | "Brazil" (Бразил) | Serbo-Croatian | Slobodan Marković |
The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 was produced by the Italian public broadcaster Italian: [[RAI|Radiotelevisione italiana]]|i=unset (RAI). Silvia Salvetti served as executive producer, served as director, Luciano Ricceri served as designer, and Bruno Canfora served as musical director leading an assembled orchestra of 57 musicians. A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.
The running order draw, to determine in which position each country would perform, was held on 18 February 1991, the same date that Rome was confirmed as the host city of the contest and the announcement of the twenty-two competing countries.
Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 29 April 1991. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals of 40 minutes' duration were held on 29 and 30 April, with the second rehearsals, each lasting 35 minutes, held on 1 and 2 May. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 3 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 4 May. An audience was present for the second dress rehearsal on the evening of 3 May.
The production value of the 1991 contest came in for much criticism during the build-up and following the event, which may be partly explained by the relatively late change in contest venue from Sanremo to Rome. Rehearsals in the contest venue regularly started late as the orchestra failed on many occasions to arrive at the venue on time, and during the live broadcast, a number of technical mishaps occurred, including lighting failure during several of the entries and the failure of the venue's sound system during the Swedish entry. The voting sequence was also notably haphazard and several mistakes required rectification during the show, with the EBU's executive supervisor Frank Naef regularly called upon by the hosts for clarification.
Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented.[14] [15] A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest.[16] Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.[17]
The results of the 1991 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in : each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry.[18] The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between men and women and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing. In a change to the rules compared to previous editions, half of the jury members in each country were now represented by music experts, comprising among other professions singers, composers, lyricists, musicians, conductors, music journalists, record company employees and radio or television producers. Only two members in each country were allowed to come from record companies, and no employees of the participating broadcasters themselves were allowed to sit on the juries.
Each entry was preceded by a video postcard which served as an introduction to each country, as well as providing an opportunity for transition between entries and allow stage crew to make changes on stage.[19] [20] The postcards for the 1991 contest featured pre-recorded clips of the competing artists performing short sections from Italian songs, superimposed onto images of Italian landmarks and locations which were intended to represent the artists' personalities. The song each artist performed during their postcard is listed below by order of performance, alongside the originator of the song in brackets:
The opening of the contest featured a pre-recorded music video of the American singer Sara Carlson performing "Celebration", which was followed by live performances from the contest hosts of their Eurovision winning songs, Cutugno's "Insieme 1992
The winner was represented by the song "Swedish: [[Fångad av en stormvind]]|i=unset", written by Stephan Berg and performed by Carola.[24] It was Sweden's third contest victory, following wins in and .[25] For the first time since, and for only the second time ever in the contest's history, the voting sequence resulted in a draw for first place, with both and Sweden finishing with 146 points each. The tie-break rules introduced for the were thus enacted: for any ties for first place the country which received the most 12 points would be declared the winner; if a tie still remained after examining the 12 points, each country's 10 points would then be compared to determine a winner. Both France and Sweden had scored four 12 point scores, however as Sweden had scored five 10 points compared to France's two they were declared the winners. During the traditional winner's reprise performance, Carola performed part of the winning song in English, with lyrics written by Richard Hampton.
| + Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[26] | ||||||
| Country | Artist | Song | Points | Place | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Baby Doll | "Brazil" | 1 | 21 | ||
| 2 | Stefán and Eyfi | "Nína" | 26 | 15 | ||
| 3 | and Georgina | "Could It Be" | 106 | 6 | ||
| 4 | "Greek, Modern (1453-);: Anixi|i=unset" | 36 | 13 | |||
| 5 | "Italian: Canzone per te|i=unset" | 118 | 5 | |||
| 6 | "German: Venedig im Regen|i=unset" | 0 | 22 | |||
| 7 | "French: Un baiser volé|i=unset" | 29 | 14 | |||
| 8 | Carola | "Swedish: [[Fångad av en stormvind]]|i=unset" | 146 | 1 | ||
| 9 | Amina | "French: [[Le Dernier qui a parlé...|C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison]]|i=unset" | 146 | 2 | ||
| 10 | , İzel Çeliköz and Reyhan Karaca | "Turkish: İki Dakika|i=unset" | 44 | 12 | ||
| 11 | "Could It Be That I'm in Love" | 47 | 10 | |||
| 12 | Dulce | "Portuguese: Lusitana paixão|i=unset" | 62 | 8 | ||
| 13 | "Danish: Lige der hvor hjertet slår|i=unset" | 8 | 19 | |||
| 14 | Just 4 Fun | "Mrs. Thompson" | 14 | 17 | ||
| 15 | "Hebrew: Kan|i=unset" | 139 | 3 | |||
| 16 | Kaija | "Finnish: Hullu yö|i=unset" | 6 | 20 | ||
| 17 | Atlantis 2000 | "German: Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben|i=unset" | 10 | 18 | ||
| 18 | Clouseau | "Dutch; Flemish: Geef het op|i=unset" | 23 | 16 | ||
| 19 | "Spanish; Castilian: [[Bailar pegados]]|i=unset" | 119 | 4 | |||
| 20 | "A Message to Your Heart" | 47 | 10 | |||
| 21 | "S.O.S." | 60 | 9 | |||
| 22 | "Neapolitan: Comme è ddoce 'o mare|i=unset" | 89 | 7 |
Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country.[14] [27] Known spokespersons at the 1991 contest are listed below.
| + Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991[31] [32] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| scope="col" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yugoslavia | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Iceland | 26 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Malta | 106 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 12 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | |||||||
| Greece | 36 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Switzerland | 118 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 4 | ||||
| Austria | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Luxembourg | 29 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Sweden | 146 | 6 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 4 | 12 | 6 | ||||||
| France | 146 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 12 | |||||
| Turkey | 44 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
| Ireland | 47 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | ||||||||||
| Portugal | 62 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Denmark | 8 | 3 | 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Norway | 14 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Israel | 139 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 5 | |||||
| Finland | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Germany | 10 | 6 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Belgium | 23 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | ||||||||||||||||
| Spain | 119 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 12 | ||||
| United Kingdom | 47 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 6 | |||||||||||
| Cyprus | 60 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 12 | 4 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Italy | 89 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 3 | 12 | 7 | |||||||||||
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. France and Sweden each received the maximum score of 12 points from four of the voting countries, with Cyprus and Israel receiving three sets of 12 points each, and Italy, Malta, Spain and Switzerland each receiving two sets of maximum scores.
| + Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 | ||
| N. | Contestant | Nation(s) giving 12 points |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | ,,, | |
| ,,, | ||
| 3 | ,, | |
| ,, | ||
| 2 | , | |
| , | ||
| , | ||
| , |
| + Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries | ||||
| Country | Broadcaster | Channel(s) | Commentator(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORF | FS1 | [33] | ||
| BRTN | TV1, TV2 | André Vermeulen | [34] | |
| Radio 2 | [35] | |||
| RTBF | RTBF1 | |||
| CyBC | RIK, Greek, Modern (1453-);: A Programma|i=unset | [36] [37] | ||
| DR | DR TV | [38] | ||
| DR P3 | Jesper Bæhrenz and | |||
| KNR | KNR | [39] | ||
| SVF | [40] | |||
| YLE | TV1 | Erkki Pohjanheimo | [41] | |
| Finnish: [[Radiomafia]]|i=unset | Kai Ristola | |||
| Swedish: [[Yle Vega|Riksradion]]|i=unset | Johan Finne, and | |||
| French: [[France 2|Antenne 2]]|i=unset | Léon Zitrone | [42] [43] | ||
| ARD | German: [[Das Erste|Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen]]|i=unset | Max Schautzer | ||
| ERT | ET1 | [44] | ||
| RÚV | Icelandic: [[RÚV (TV channel)|Sjónvarpið]]|i=unset, Icelandic: [[Rás 2]]|i=unset | Arthúr Björgvin Bollason | [45] | |
| RTÉ | RTÉ 1 | Pat Kenny | [46] [47] | |
| RTÉ Radio 1 | Larry Gogan | [48] | ||
| IBA | Israeli Television, Hebrew: {{ill|Reshet Gimel|he|רשת ג' | [49] | ||
| RAI | Italian: [[Rai 1|Rai Uno]]|i=unset | [50] | ||
| CLT | RTL TV, RTL Lorraine | [51] [52] | ||
| PBS | TVM | [53] | ||
| NRK | Norwegian: [[NRK1|NRK Fjernsynet]]|i=unset, NRK P2 | John Andreassen and Jahn Teigen | [54] [55] | |
| RTP | RTP Canal 1 | [56] | ||
| TVE | TVE 2 | [57] [58] | ||
| SVT | TV2 | Harald Treutiger | ||
| SR P3 | and Kalle Oldby | |||
| SRG SSR | TV DRS | [59] | ||
| French: [[RTS 1 (Swiss TV channel)|TSR Chaîne nationale]]|i=unset | Lolita Morena | [60] | ||
| Italian: [[RSI La 1|TSI Canale nazionale]]|i=unset | ||||
| TRT | TV1 | [61] | ||
| BBC | BBC1, BBC TV Europe | Terry Wogan | [62] | |
| BBC Radio 2 | Ken Bruce | [63] | ||
| JRT | TV Belgrade 1, TV Titograd 1, TV Novi Sad, | [64] [65] | ||
| HTV 1, TV Sarajevo 1, Slovenian: {{ill|TV SLO 1|sl|lt=TV Slovenija 1, TV Skopje 1 | Ksenija Urličić | |||
| + Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries | |||||
| Country | Broadcaster | Channel(s) | Commentator(s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBS | SBS TV | [66] | |||
| TV5 | TV5 Québec Canada | [67] | |||
| ČST | ČTV, | [68] | |||
| ETV | [69] | ||||
| MTV | MTV1 | István Vágó | [70] | ||
| TP | TP1 | [71] | |||
| TVR | TVR 1 | [72] | |||
| KBS | 1TV | [73] | |||
| CT USSR | Programme One | [74] | |||
