199 Explained

Year 199 (CXCIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was sometimes known as year 952 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 199 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

By place

Roman Empire

• Mesopotamia is partitioned into two Roman provinces divided by the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene.^[1]
• Emperor Septimius Severus lays siege to the city-state Hatra in Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls.^{[2] [3]}
• Two new legions, I Parthica and III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison.^[4]

China

• Battle of Yijing: Chinese warlord Yuan Shao defeats Gongsun Zan.

Korea

• Geodeung succeeds Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date).

By topic

Religion

• Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I, as the 15th pope.^[5]

Deaths

• • • February 7 Gao Shun, Chinese general and advisor
  • Lü Bu, Chinese general and warlord
• Chen Ji, Chinese official, scholar and politician
• Gongsun Zan, Chinese general and warlord^[6]
• Qin Yilu (or Qin Yi), Chinese general
• Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, Korean ruler
• Tian Kai, Chinese official and general
• Yuan Shu, Chinese general and warlord^[7]

Notes and References

1. Book: Boatwright. Mary Taliaferro. Gargola. Daniel J.. Talbert. Richard J. A.. The Romans: from village to empire. 2004. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-511875-9. 410.
2. Book: Kohn, George C.. Dictionary of wars. 2007. Infobase Publishing. 978-0-8160-6577-6. 451. 3rd.
3. Book: Bunson, Matthew. Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. 2002. Infobase Publishing. 978-0-8160-4562-4. 252. 2nd.
4. Book: Erdkamp, Paul. A Companion to the Roman Army. 2010. John Wiley and Sons. 978-1-4443-3921-5. 272.
5. Book: Bunson, Matthew. OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history. 2004. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. 978-1-59276-026-8. 986–987.
6. Book: Huang, Hongquan. Anthology of Song Dynasty Ci-poetry. 1988. People's Liberation Army Pub. House. 542. 9787506506663.
7. Book: Léon, Wieger. Werner, Edward Theodore Chalmers. China throughout the ages. 1928. Hsien Press. 449.