1987 South African general election explained

Country:South Africa
Flag Year:1982
Type:Parliamentary
Previous Election:1981 South African general election
Previous Year:1981
Election Date:6 May 1987
Next Election:1989 South African general election
Next Year:1989
Seats For Election:166 of the 178 seats in the House of Assembly
Majority Seats:84
Registered:3,031,414
Turnout:67.84% (7.94pp)
Image1:PW Botha 1962.jpg
Leader1:P. W. Botha
Party1:National Party (South Africa)
Last Election1:57.66%, 131 seats
Seats1:123
Seat Change1: 8
Popular Vote1:1,075,505
Percentage1:52.70%
Swing1: 4.96pp
Leader2:Andries Treurnicht
Party2:Conservative Party (South Africa)
Last Election2:Did not exist
Seats2:22
Seat Change2:New party
Popular Vote2:547,559
Percentage2:26.83%
Swing2:New party
Image3:Colin Eglin (cropped).jpg
Leader3:Colin Eglin
Party3:Progressive Federal Party
Last Election3:19.65%, 26 seats
Seats3:19
Seat Change3: 7
Popular Vote3:288,574
Percentage3:14.14%
Swing3: 5.51pp
State President
Before Election:P. W. Botha
Before Party:National Party (South Africa)
After Election:P. W. Botha
After Party:National Party (South Africa)

General elections were held in South Africa on 6 May 1987. The State of Emergency cast a cloud over the elections, which were again won by the National Party (NP) under the leadership of P. W. Botha, although for the first time it faced serious opposition from the right of the South African political spectrum. The election resulted in the creation of the Second Botha Cabinet, which held power until 1989.

The right-wing opposition came in the form of the Conservative Party (CP), which opposed even the limited powersharing with Indian and Coloured South Africans that had been implemented by the NP as part of a package of constitutional reforms in 1984. The CP was led by a former chairman of the Broederbond and NP cabinet minister, Andries Treurnicht, infamously known as Minister of Education under the Soweto riots. Following the election, in which the CP extended its 17 splinter MPs to win 22 seats, it replaced the Progressive Federal Party (PFP) as the official opposition in the House of Assembly.[1]

The election year also saw important political developments to the left of the NP. During 1987 Denis Worrall resigned as the South African ambassador in London to return to politics. Together with Wynand Malan (who had resigned from the NP) and Esther Lategan he formed the Independent Movement to fight the general election. Only Malan won a seat and the partnership consequently disintegrated. Denis Worrall and others subsequently went on to form the Independent Party (IP), while Esther Lategan and others formed the National Democratic Movement.

Partially as a result of the split in the votes to the liberal anti-NP parties, the PFP lost seven of its parliamentary seats as well as its role of official opposition. The New Republic Party (NRP), formerly the United Party continued its disintegration and lost seven of its eight seats.

Results

Of the 12 appointed and indirectly elected seats, ten were taken by the National Party and one each by the Conservative Party and Progressive Federal Party.[2]

The results of the election by constituency were as follows:[3]

Cape Province

Constituency1981
result
1987 winning partyTurnoutVotes
PartyVotesShareMajorityNPPFPCPHNPNRPIndependentsTotal
Albany PFPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,64250.8%84469.9%5,6424,79858911,105
Algoa NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,38262.6%4,68265.8%7,3821,4492,70022911,793
Aliwal NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,37958.6%2,46769.9%4,3796781,9123087,299
Beaufort West NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,56864.1%2,48675.5%4,5682,0824187,128
Bellville NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,08775.0%5,63663.4%7,0878701,4529,455
Caledon NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,10080.0%4,63671.4%7,1002,464 9,731
Cape Town Gardens PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP4,51146.8%48658.8%4,5114,9979,643
Ceres NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,33367.4%2,86075.4%5,3332,4737,909
Claremont PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP100%Unopposed
Constantia PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP8,00863.2%3,45265.1%4,5568,00812,661
Cradock NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,53255.8%2,39676.0%4,5321,1842,1362518,124
De Aar NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,58457.6%1,28378.3%4,5843,3017,964
De Kuilen NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP10,24473.4%8,21869.4%10,2441,3262,02628413,963
Durbanville NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP10,98361.1%6,08477.0%10,9834,8991,63628017,986
East London City NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,03567.7%3,78260.3%7,0353,25310,388
East London North NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,56964.3%3,87366.5%7,5693,696467 11,773
False Bay NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,64477.9%7,40465.7%8,6441,240 1,16111,093
George NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,31264.4%6,27869.7%8,3122,0341,91857112,901
Gordonia NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,60660.2%2,18172.2%4,6062,4255937,649
Graaff-Reinet NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,26854.5%1,92878.7%4,2682,3401811,035 7,835
Green Point PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP3,60849.9%3952.9%3,5693,6087,232
Groote Schuur PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP100%Unopposed
Helderberg NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,43946.7%3982.2%8,4391,1898,400 18,076
Humansdorp NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,74055.2%3,79873.0%6,7402,1692,94232912,207
Kimberley North NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,53956.1%2,65069.2%5,5399892,8894339,881
Kimberley South NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,75762.3%4,05270.9%6,7578252,70552210,845
King William's Town NRPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,12761.5%2,73164.7%7,1724,441 11,671
Kuruman NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,15452.0%35277.7%4,1543,8027,986
Maitland NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,50864.0%4,28060.7%7,5083,22877414411,737
Malmesbury NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,90171.1%7,41566.5%8,9011,4861,43563812,514
Mossel Bay NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,10865.4%3,43576.5%7,1083,67310,873
Namaqualand NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,48962.6%1,84971.5%4,4892,6407,176
Newton Park NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,84058.6%3,38675.6%7,8404,45498313,375
Oudtshoorn NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,35856.5%1,29673.5%5,3584,0629,476
Paarl NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,75371.0%5,60667.6%7,7539892,14710,919
Parow NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,12276.0%6,44865.3%8,1225711,67427410,689
Piketberg NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,21073.3%5,31476.3%8,2102,89611,200
Pinelands PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP6,95859.5%2,42272.9%4,5366,95811,690
Port Elizabeth Central PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP4,71452.6%59661.4%4,1184,7148,961
Port Elizabeth North NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,50771.3%4,50355.2%6,5072,0044439,128
Prieska NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP3,94961.0%2,06972.4%3,9491,8805656,476
Queenstown NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,63951.1%2,16273.0%4,6391,5702,4779,078
Sea Point PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP8,01071.5%4,93465.7%3,0768,01011,207
Simonstown NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,28850.6%26870.2%7,2887,02014,412
Stellenbosch NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,29656.5%1,78169.7%5,2964943,515 9,376
Sundays River NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,08861.1%2,86875.6%6,0883053,2203119,957
Swellendam NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,81260.9%3,18878.0%5,8122,6241,0429,541
Tygervallei NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,35081.4%7,17857.1%8,3506671,17210,264
Uitenhage NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,95357.1%1,87866.4%5,9534,07519710,428
Vasco NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,16073.2%5,24360.6%7,1601,9176769,780
Vryburg NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,50056.4%1,37478.8%4,5003,1263087,980
Walmer PFPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,15151.7%53969.2%6,1515,61211,895
Walvis Bay National Party (South Africa)}}|NP1,78272.6%1,14052.7%1,7826422,454
Wellington NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,87772.6%6,79864.1%8,8778332,07935512,230
Worcester NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,55375.9%5,30867.5%7,5532,2459,953
Wynberg PFPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,26450.0%9762.3%5,2645,16710,537
Total for all constituenciesTurnout
NPPFPCPHNPNRPIndependentsTotal
Votes
64.5% 333,499 90,966 80,366 13,772 12,272 13,417544,292
61.3%16.7% 14.8% 2.5% 2.3% 2.5%100.0%
Seats
488 0 0 0 056
85.7%14.3% 0% 0% 0% 0%100.0%

Natal

Constituency1981
result
1987 winning partyTurnoutVotes
PartyVotesShareMajorityNPPFPCPNRPHNPIndependentsTotal
Amanzimtoti NRPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,39251.0%1,88466.6%6,3921,5974,50812,538
Berea PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP7,07164.4%3,16066.1%3,9117,07110,982
Durban Central PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP5,59256.6%1,36058.7%4,2325,5929,888
Durban North NRPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP7,71857.0%2,11071.6%5,6087,71813,548
Durban Point NRPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,01756.7%1,23051.4%5,0173,7878,849
Greytown PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP7,10648.1%67670.4%6,4307,1061,17514,773
Klip River NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,95654.0%3,48071.9%5,9561,9302,46763411,045
Mooi River NRPNew Republic Party (South Africa)}}|NRP6,10351.7%1,80771.7%4,2961,3576,10311,800
Newcastle NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,71347.0%1,06466.0%5,7138224,64990412,152
Pietermaritzburg North PFPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,65252.5%1,12168.3%6,6525,531414 12,666
Pietermaritzburg South PFPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,43654.0%1,50969.2%7,4365,92735213,778
Pinetown PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP8,29358.0%2,39469.8%5,8998,29314,297
Port Natal NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,09257.1%3,70364.5%7,0923,3891,87512,415
South Coast NRPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,77849.6%1,41972.2%5,7721,4694,35911,640
Umbilo NRPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,05052.0%48057.4%5,0504,5709,716
Umfolozi NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,38145.7%1,74362.5%4,3812,6382,531 9,584
Umhlanga NRPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,19551.9%55767.4%6,1955,63811,933
Umhlatuzana NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,23464.8%3,51966.1%8,2344,71571813,712
Umlazi NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,03565.0%4,88263.0%8,0353,153966167 12,363
Vryheid NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,99261.9%4,13569.8%6,9922,8571,25711,300
Total for all constituenciesTurnout
NPPFPCPNRPHNPIndependentsTotal
Votes
66.2% 119,293 66,885 21,050 23,327 4,446 2,531237,532
50.2%28.2% 8.9% 9.8% 1.9% 1.1%100.0%
Seats
145 0 1 0 020
70%25% 0% 5% 0% 0%100.0%

Orange Free State

Constituency1981
result
1987 winning partyTurnoutVotes
PartyVotesShareMajorityNPCPHNPPFPTotal
Bethlehem NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,92356.1%2,03877.8%6,9234,88543312,337
Bloemfontein East NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,51860.8%3,11865.8%8,5185,40014,008
Bloemfontein North NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,15262.0%4,35369.9%7,1522,7991,53211,535
Bloemfontein West NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,37165.8%3,65875.5%7,3713,71311,198
Fauresmith NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP4,22651.3%1,04863.4%4,2263,1787928,237
Heilbron NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,71350.4%68071.4%5,7135,03356711,346
Kroonstad NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,96061.7%2,72472.2%6,9604,23611,283
Ladybrand NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,87053.3%84280.4%5,8705,02811,012
Parys NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,41247.9%18376.7%6,4126,22969613,397
Sasolburg NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,33448.9%2,67372.9%7,3342,9334,66114,995
Smithfield NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,16255.0%1,68470.4%5,1622,1367109,388
Virginia NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,70855.0%3,04762.7%6,7083,6611,23755112,191
Welkom NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,89152.7%2,30964.7%7,8915,58293852914,968
Winburg NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,25757.9%2,52474.6%7,2574,73347112,540
Total for all constituenciesTurnoutTotal
NPCPHNPPFP
Votes
71.1% 93,497 59,546 10,505 2,612166,160
56.3%35.8% 6.3% 1.6%100.0%
Seats
140 0 014
100.0%0% 0% 0%100.0%

Transvaal

ConstituencyRegion1981
result
1987 winning partyTurnoutVotes
PartyVotesShareMajorityNPCPPFPHNPNRPIndependentsTotal
Alberton PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,69555.0%1,94666.0%7,6955,74938714,001
Barberton East NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP6,05046.7%28472.4%5,7666,0501,09012,965
Benoni PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,49849.3%2,79865.2%6,4982,9153,70013,173
Bethal East NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP10,33152.7%1,61269.1%8,71910,33147419,606
Bezuidenhout PWV PFPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,35458.9%2,44258.8%7,5344,91212,492
Boksburg PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,19850.5%2,79066.1%7,1984,4082,05555614,264
Brakpan PWV NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP6,82749.6%28866.7%6,5396,82725113,755
Brentwood PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,95550.4%2,01168.1%7,9555,9441,83615,780
Brits West NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,31154.4%1,66775.8%5,6447,31143013,438
Bryanston PWV PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP7,39851.1%2,53368.7%4,8657,3982,128 14,469
Carletonville PWV NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP5,97047.7%9864.4%5,8725,97057112,514
Delmas East NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,21644.7%27572.8%6,9417,2161,05879316,140
Edenvale PWV PFPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,90250.0%16865.1%6,9026,73413,808
Ermelo East NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP6,64149.4%67174.3%5,9706,64176613,446
Florida PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,50953.1%4,25178.9%7,5093,1582,591833 14,148
Geduld PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,04554.8%1,72365.7%8,0456,32214,686
Germiston PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,50753.2%2,44059.8%6,4073,9671,40438612,238
Germiston District PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,60456.7%2,39458.9%7,6045,21035013,420
Gezina PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,58452.3%1,32864.9%6,5845,25656612,582
Helderkruin PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP9,81549.9%4,61771.2%9,8155,1984,57219,676
Hercules PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,11439.2%86170.0%6,1145,2534,12315,587
Hillbrow PWV PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP3,45542.8%8943.3%3,4551,1963,3668,074
Houghton PWV PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP8,63563.1%3,85167.4%4,7848,63513,689
Innesdal PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,27449.9%1,02475.5%7,2746,25087114,564
Jeppe PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,20667.3%4,23142.2%6,2061,9751,0109,216
Johannesburg North PWV PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP8,60966.4%4,48868.2%4,1218,60912,960
Johannesburg West PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,95157.3%3,56651.6%5,9512,3851,91110,383
Kempton Park PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,80956.4%2,37965.8%7,8095,43036213,851
Klerksdorp West NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,98043.6%1,85269.1%8,8326,98016,020
Koedoespoort PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,28455.0%3,16772.1%8,2845,1171,25015,060
Krugersdorp PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,23849.7%5565.4%7,2387,18314,577
Langlaagte PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,52456.4%2,63358.5%6,5243,89184926711,574
Lichtenburg West NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,59557.5%2,59079.5%5,0057,59556513,206
Losberg PWV NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP8,40454.7%1,88667.8%6,5188,40415,374
Lydenburg East NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,71147.2%14373.8%5,8545,71143912,110
Maraisburg PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,30249.7%83752.6%5,3024,46561728210,666
Meyerton PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,97546.9%36066.6%7,9757,6151,33316,998
Middelburg East NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP8,12348.6%52973.3%8,1237,5311,01016,719
Modderfontein PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP10,25857.0%5,31867.8%10,2584,9402,37135817,996
Nelspruit East NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,33551.3%2,12670.9%7,3355,2091,00671314,303
Nigel PWV NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,47449.9%64169.8%6,8337,47456514,969
North Rand PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP9,94040.7%1,19770.2%9,9405,5438,74324,428
Overvaal PWV NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP8,15553.2%1,07465.4%7,0818,15515,325
Parktown PWV PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP7,83965.9%3,95365.3%3,8867,83911,887
Pietersburg North NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP8,34653.3%1,15176.1%7,1958,34615,648
Potchefstroom West NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,88251.8%55870.9%6,8826,32413,278
Potgietersrus North NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,76150.2%1,23881.5%6,5237,7611,13615,470
Pretoria Central PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,39457.0%2,47054.0%5,3942,9245025689,469
Pretoria East PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP14,38956.0%8,24280.1%14,3896,1474,57344425,672
Pretoria West PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,99849.1%1,32658.6%6,9985,6721,50914,262
Primrose PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,61257.3%2,39266.2%7,6125,22027513,293
Randburg PWV NPIndependent politician}}|Ind8,24055.8%2,64669.7%5,5938848,24014,767
Randfontein PWV NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,99954.8%1,73265.7%6,2677,99926714,591
Rissik PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,04056.7%3,84664.6%7,0403,1942,04912,411
Roodeplaat PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP8,28949.6%1,64576.0%8,2896,6441,58916,712
Roodepoort PWV NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP6,87049.4%71465.1%6,1566,87073911913,914
Rosettenville PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,26965.6%5,04255.2%7,2692,2271,46011,087
Rustenburg West NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,73645.2%81665.9%6,7365,9205021,73414,918
Sandton PWV PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP10,98068.5%6,10665.5%4,87410,98016,030
Schweizer-Reneke West NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP5,62248.3%19178.8%5,4315,62254411,636
Soutpansberg North NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,17049.6%25082.0%6,9207,17026714,444
Springs PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,52348.1%88467.2%6,5235,6391,32513,558
Standerton East NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,09650.2%95270.9%6,1447,09683414,138
Stilfontein West NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP5,50444.6%20965.5%5,5045,2951,28912,331
Sunnyside PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP6,29853.4%3,23365.9%6,2983,0652,36511,795
Turffontein PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP9,01061.5%5,85960.9%9,0103,1512,33314,641
Vanderbijlpark PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP9,09257.0%2,34666.6%9,0926,74615,956
Ventersdorp West NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP6,70454.1%1,53173.0%6,7045,17344812,390
Vereeniging PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,12052.0%1,52466.1%7,1205,59693313,684
Verwoerdburg PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP10,94058.5%4,99178.2%10,9405,9491,74818,698
Waterberg North NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP7,12251.8%2,37577.4%4,7177,1221,84513,749
Waterkloof PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,79048.5%2,65080.9%7,7903,0385,14016,074
Westdene PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP7,53155.9%4,35368.0%7,5312,6663,17813,483
Witbank East NPConservative Party (South Africa)}}|CP8,31949.3%84268.6%7,4778,31988616,891
Wonderboom PWV NPNational Party (South Africa)}}|NP9,49649.1%59975.5%9,4968,89784119,342
Yeoville PWV PFPProgressive Federal Party}}|PFP7,70762.2%3,15960.4%4,5487,70712,394
Total for all constituenciesTurnout
NPCPPFPHNPNRPIndependentsTotal
Votes
66.8% 529,216 381,066 123,662 34,815 4,011 11,2011,083,971
48.8%35.2% 11.4% 3.2% 0.4% 1.0%100.0%
Seats
4721 7 0 0 176
61.8%27.6% 8.9% 0% 0% 1.3%100.0%

Reactions

Anglican Archbishop and Nobel Peace Prize winner Desmond Tutu noted after the election, "We have entered the dark ages of the history of our country".[4]

Donald Simpson, writing in the South African newspaper, The Star, went as far as to predict that the National Party would lose the next election and that the Conservative Party would become the new government of South Africa.[5]

Notes and References

  1. News: South Africa: A Lurch to the Right. Smith. William E. 18 May 1987. Time Magazine. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130819185356/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964393,00.html. 19 August 2013.
  2. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/SOUTH_AFRICA_1987_E.PDF South Africa
  3. Book: Government Gazette 10751. May 22, 1987.
  4. News: South Africa Takes Step Backward. 9 May 1987. Sun-Sentinel. 27 September 2013. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160826000004/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-05-09/news/8701290678_1_blacks-national-party-dominant-white-chamber. 26 August 2016.
  5. The Star, 24 May 1987