1986 in science explained

The year 1986 in science and technology involved many significant events, some not listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

• January 24 – NASA Voyager 2 space probe makes first encounter with Uranus.
• January 28 – NASA Space Shuttle Challenger explodes on launch, killing all seven astronauts aboard. Their bodies are located by United States Navy divers on March 9.
• February 19 – The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station.
• March 8 – Japanese spacecraft Suisei flies by Halley's Comet, studying its UV hydrogen corona and solar wind.
• October 10 – Aten asteroid 3753 Cruithne, in co-orbital configuration with Earth, is identified by Duncan Waldron.

Biology

• May – First reported methods for constructing a monoclonal antibody containing parts from mouse and human antibodies, a required first step toward the development of humanized antibodies used later as medical therapeutics (such as Infliximab).^{[1] [2]}
• English epidemiologist David Barker proposes his fetal origins hypothesis.^[3]

Computer science

• January 16 – The Internet Engineering Task Force, a standards organization that develops and promotes Internet standards, holds its first meeting, consisting of 21 United States government-funded researchers.
• January 19 – The first MS-DOS-based personal computer virus, Brain, starts to spread.^[4]
• April 3 – IBM unveils the PC Convertible, the first laptop computer.
• June 23 – Eric Thomas develops LISTSERV, the first email list management software.^[5]
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is visualized by Mark Crispin.
• 3D printing is developed by Charles Hull.
• Pixar is founded.

Mathematics

• Summer – Kenneth Alan Ribet demonstrates proof of the ε-conjecture, subsequently known as Ribet's theorem^[6] confirming Gerhard Frey's suggestion that the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture implies Fermat's Last Theorem.^[7]
• Lawrence Paulson makes the first release of Isabelle (proof assistant).^[8]
• Lee Sallows introduces the alphamagic square.^[9]

Technology

• January 11 – The Gateway Bridge is opened in Brisbane, Australia, the world's largest prestressed concrete single box bridge.
• April 26 – Chernobyl disaster: An RBMK at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic reaches prompt criticality.
• December 23 – Rutan Voyager becomes the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling, landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California after a nine-day trip piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager.

Awards

• Crafoord Prize in Geosciences

Gerald Wasserburg and Claude Jean Allègre

• Fields Prize in Mathematics

Simon Donaldson, Gerd Faltings and Michael Freedman

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
  • Chemistry – Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi
  • Medicine – Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
• Turing Award – John Hopcroft, Robert Tarjan
• Wollaston Medal for Geology – Claude Jean Allègre

Births

• November 8 – Aaron Swartz (suicide 2013), American computer programmer and Internet hactivist.

Deaths

• January 7 – Rex Wailes (b. 1901), English engineer and historian of technology.
• January 28
  • Crew of United States Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS-51-L:
    • Greg Jarvis (b. 1944)
    • Christa McAuliffe (b. 1948)
    • Ronald McNair (b. 1950)
    • Ellison Onizuka (b. 1946)
    • Judith Resnik (b. 1949)
    • Dick Scobee (b. 1939)
    • Michael J. Smith (b. 1945)
  • Dorothée Pullinger (b. 1894), French-born British production engineer.
• April 22 – Dame Honor Fell (b. 1900), English biologist.
• July 6 – William Rashkind (b. 1922), American cardiologist.
• July 21 – Zhang Yuzhe (b. 1902), Chinese astronomer.
• October 22 – Albert Szent-Györgyi (b. 1893), Hungarian physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• October 31 – Edward Adelbert Doisy (b. 1893), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• June 7 – Robert S. Mulliken (b. 1896), American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• November 25 – Sir Ivan Magill (b. 1888), British anesthesiologist.

Notes and References

1. Jones, Peter T. . Dear, Paul H. . Foote, Jefferson . Neuberger, Michael S. . Winter, Greg . 1986. Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse. Nature. 321. 6069. 522–525. 3713831. 10.1038/321522a0. 1986Natur.321..522J. 4315811 .
2. Waldman . Thomas A. . 2003 . Immunotherapy: past, present and future . . 9 . 269–277 . 3 . 10.1038/nm0303-269 . 12612576 . 9745527 . free .
3. Barker. David. Osmond. C.. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. The Lancet. London. 1986. 1077–1081. 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91340-1. 2871345. 327. 8489. 35375657.
4. Web site: PC virus celebrates 20th birthday. Leyden. John. January 19, 2006. The Register. July 29, 2011.
5. Web site: 1986. 2013-01-25.
6. Ken. Ribet. On modular representations of Gal(/Q) arising from modular forms. . 100. 1990. 2. 431–471. 1990InMat.100..431R. 10.1007/BF01231195. 10.1007/BF01231195. 120614740.
7. Frey. Gerhard. Links between stable elliptic curves and certain Diophantine equations. 853387. 1986. Annales Universitatis Saraviensis. Series Mathematicae. 0933-8268. 1. 1. iv+40.
8. 10.1016/0743-1066(86)90015-4. Natural deduction as higher-order resolution. The Journal of Logic Programming. 3. 3. 1986. Paulson. L. C.. 237–258. cs/9301104. 27085090.
9. Encyclopedia: alphamagic square. Encyclopedia of Science. 2012-05-12. October 10, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024434/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/alphamagic_square.html. dead.