1985 Zimbabwean parliamentary election explained

Country:Zimbabwe
Type:parliamentary
Previous Election:1980 Southern Rhodesian general election
Previous Year:1980
Next Election:1990 Zimbabwean general election
Next Year:1990
Election Date:1–2 July 1985 (common roll)
27 June 1985 (white roll)
Image1:President Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe bezoekt Nederland Robert Mugabe, kop, Bestanddeelnr 932-1922.jpg
Leader1:Robert Mugabe
Party1:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
Last Election1:57
Seats1:64
Seat Change1: 7
Popular Vote1:2,233,320
Percentage1:77.2%
Leader2:Joshua Nkomo
Colour2:010100
Party2:Zimbabwe African People's Union
Last Election2:20
Seats2:15
Seat Change2: 5
Popular Vote2:556,996
Percentage2:19.3%
Image3:IanSmith1990crop.png
Party3:Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe
Last Election3:20
Seats3:15
Seat Change3: 5
Popular Vote3:18,704
Percentage3:55.4%
Prime Minister
Posttitle:Prime Minister-designate
Before Election:Robert Mugabe
Before Party:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
After Election:Robert Mugabe
After Party:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front

Parliamentary elections were held in Zimbabwe in June and July 1985. The result was a victory for the ruling ZANU–PF party led by Robert Mugabe, which increased its majority in parliament.

Electoral system

The House of Assembly consisted of 100 seats, 20 of which were reserved for white voters, and the remaining 80 were elected on a 'common roll' consisting of all adult citizens except those on the white roll. Since Zimbabwean independence in 1980, an electoral roll for the common roll seats had been compiled. Single-member constituencies were drawn up for the common roll seats instead of election by lists in regions used in the 1980 elections. The common roll seats were elected on 1–2 July.

The white roll seats had been drawn up in 1978 but the large exodus of white Zimbabweans (especially from rural areas) had led to a wide disparity in electorate sizes. The Delimitation Commission therefore redrew the map and renamed many of the seats to match changes in place names. Another change to the system was that preferential voting was reinstituted for the white roll seats, so that a candidate had to win more than half of the votes (after transfers) to be elected. The white roll seats were elected on 27 June.

Campaign

Common roll

The previous election had shown that ZANU (PF) had monopolised popular support among the Shona areas, and the chances of it losing the election were minimal. However, ZANU (PF) needed to affirm its support and demonstrate that it retained the confidence of the people that it was making genuine progress. Popular support for PF-ZAPU, outside the Ndebele areas, was minimal, and the United African National Council of Abel Muzorewa had lost support to ZANU (PF) following the effective transition into government of Robert Mugabe.

White roll

The white MPs in the previous Assembly, who had all started off as members of the Rhodesian Front (later renamed the Republican Front), had split over their reaction to the ZANU (PF) government with more than half resigning their membership in March 1982 to become Independents who partially supported ZANU (PF). Eventually, in April 1985, the Independent Zimbabwe Group was formed in preparation for the election. Generally, whites in Harare and Bulawayo had little complaint about the conduct of government, having seen minimal change in their lifestyles.

There was therefore a genuine contest in the Zimbabwean white community between the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe (the renamed Rhodesian Front), advocating strong defence of white interests, and the Independent Zimbabwe Group, advocating conciliation and partnership with ZANU (PF).

Conduct

There was violence and Ndebele–Shona ethnic animosities during the elections.

Results

By constituency

Common roll

ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotes%
MANICALAND (11 seats)
BUHERA NORTHVundukai Kenneth ManyondaZANU (PF)25,31398.6
Stanford ChipfumbuPF-ZAPU2240.9
Benedict TokoyoUANC1390.5
BUHERA SOUTHKumbirai Manyika KangaiZANU (PF)34,39798.4
Misheck Pfende MutongoreyaZANU3761.1
John ChirindaPF-ZAPU1660.5
CHIMANIMANISimon Musutani SitholeZANU (PF)34,73376.7
Maziwanza Nason TinarwoZANU9,74221.5
Oscar Tashora MandipazaPF-ZAPU8031.8
CHIPINGEGoodson Guhu Mushakaanhu SitholeZANU16,46150.0
William Hlebeni NdanganaZANU (PF)15,62547.5
Benjamin SibiyaPF-ZAPU8382.5
MAKONI EASTNaomi Pasiharigutwi NhiwatiwaZANU (PF)51,77296.7
Peter Gumindega MaenzaniseUANC1,0842.0
Benjamin ZindogaPF-ZAPU4930.9
Amon ZwingowaniseyiZANU1870.3
MAKONI WESTMoven Enock MahachiZANU (PF)20,20395.7
Langton Farisayi CharidzaUANC5842.8
Muzadzi Tinarwo TamwaramwaPF-ZAPU1960.9
Davidson JahwiZANU1320.6
MUTARE EASTLazarus Gumisai Chauyachauya NzarayebaniZANU (PF)33,86894.6
Morgan MasiyamhuruUANC1,0943.1
Michael Tarisayi RuswaPF-ZAPU4251.2
Mwabvira Arnold SawanaZANU4071.1
MUTARE URBANEdgar Ziwinayi TekereZANU (PF)30,07683.3
Kagoro Felix KadzombeUANC3,69410.2
Ford MagadaPF-ZAPU1,1783.3
David MungunyanaZANU1,1503.2
MUTARE WESTMoton Dizzy Paul MaliangaZANU (PF)28,55196.4
Webster Chamuda Mufambi ZimunyaUANC7842.6
Matthew MasiyakurimaPF-ZAPU1430.5
David Musiyagamu NgarizeZANU1360.5
MUTASAVictoria Fikile ChitepoZANU (PF)28,52994.0
King Itai David MutasaUANC1,5555.1
Misheck Tenia Samuel ChinamasaPF-ZAPU2730.9
NYANGAChimbidzayi Ezekiel Caleb SanyangareZANU (PF)34,22396.9
Paraitanga Samson ChatsamaPF-ZAPU5921.7
Noel Gabriel MukonoUANC4981.4
MASHONALAND CENTRAL (5 seats)
BINDURA/SHAMVAJoice Teurai Ropa NhongoZANU (PF)42,82298.3
Arthur MuchenaPF-ZAPU4151.0
Ishmael Chemael Stephen HajabuUANC3440.8
DARWINMusanhu George Peter Clever Wilfred RutanhiraZANU (PF)23,02298.5
Frank RwangaPF-ZAPU2361.0
Timothy Mukwengwe MufungaZANU1100.5
GURUVERackson Shasha Dizha MuchekiZANU (PF)39,55698.2
Msandaira Jairos MufurusaUANC4531.1
Mudavanhu John GatsiPF-ZAPU2730.7
MAZOWEChenhamo Chakezha ChimutengwendeZANU (PF)46,55698.0
Henry MhanduUANC4490.9
Jacob Machingauta MhanduPF-ZAPU3800.8
Baldwin Murape MuchenjeZANU1010.2
RUSHINGAPaddington ZvorwadzaZANU (PF)47,21398.7
Naison KakomweUANC3680.8
Potenky Chikaka TakundwaPF-ZAPU2510.5
MASHONALAND EAST (18 seats)
CHINAMORAHerbert Sylvester Masiyiwa UshewokunzeZANU (PF)43,88095.8
Kenneth George Bopoto-NgwerumePF-ZAPU1,1052.4
Pendeka Stanlake NyadudyaUANC7991.7
CHITUNGWIZAWitness Pasichigare Magunda MangwendeZANU (PF)37,43490.6
Claver Cliff Takawira ManhomboUANC2,6866.5
Oziah MuchuchuPF-ZAPU8882.1
Fakazani Nelson MabvuuZANU2470.6
Mark MuchabaiwaNDU520.1
DZIVARASEKWATapfumaneyi Maurice NyagumboZANU (PF)44,27789.2
Simon Tagarira ChaurukaPF-ZAPU2,6705.4
Raymond Chikarara Nyaude MadzimaUANC2,5945.2
Finlay BandaNDU950.2
GLEN VIEWIdah MashonganyikaZANU (PF)31,50688.5
Abel Tendekayi MuzorewaUANC2,8768.1
Felix Magalela Mafa SibandaPF-ZAPU8382.4
Elton Zinduku PamberiZANU4001.1
GOROMONZIKenneth ButeZANU (PF)28,87396.7
Thomas TapaUANC5691.9
Solomon Pfakacha Gundo MabikaPF-ZAPU4271.4
HARAREBernard Thomas ChidzeroZANU (PF)39,18088.4
Nevison Chakaipa Mukanganga NyashanuPF-ZAPU2,6255.9
Ferris Simon Tandari MushongaUANC2,1724.9
Mabaudi Wiseman ZengeniZANU2680.6
James Clever Mavunga ShereniNFZ500.1
Abednigo Munyamana GwavuNDU390.1
HIGHFIELDRobert Gabriel MugabeZANU (PF)33,54884.2
William Chadzukwa MadziwaUANC3,8859.7
Ruth Lottie Nomondo ChinamanoPF-ZAPU2,3605.9
Peter Munyaradzi MandazaNFZ310.1
Xavier ChihotaNDU300.1
Enock BonyongweZANUdisq.align="right"-
ManyameRobert Mubayiwa MarereZANU (PF)32,97189.3
Zarous TakaperaUANC2,3886.5
Takaruza NyakudyaPF-ZAPU1,2423.4
Alice MarangeZANU3010.8
MARONDERASydney Tigere SekeremayiZANU (PF)30,82296.6
Joseph Tawonerwi CharumbiraUANC6792.1
Taderera Chimurenga MaingehamaPF-ZAPU4141.3
MBAREEdward Munatsireyi PswarayiZANU (PF)31,11288.7
Robert Manuel MarowaUANC2,7657.9
Denga Haven HundaPF-ZAPU9022.6
Idah Gaga MazaniZANU2540.7
Rosten GoreNDU370.1
MUDZIAbraham KabasaZANU (PF)30,29093.5
Justin Chibundu GutuzaUANC1,7265.3
Nicholas Mtero MhlambiPF-ZAPU2670.8
Tennyson Tennis Shereni MaguraZANU1010.3
MUFAKOSEJohn ZhakataZANU (PF)36,87585.1
Edward Stewart MazaiwanaUANC4,1369.5
Anthony MasawiPF-ZAPU2,3425.4
MUKUVUSIAmos Bernard Muvengwa MidziZANU (PF)41,20087.3
David Charles Zvinaiye MukomeUANC3,5877.6
Sottayi Tapfumaneyi Davidson KatserePF-ZAPU2,1364.5
James Noah ChitungoZANU2950.6
MUREWA NORTHRudo Shalom Peace MungwashuZANU (PF)43,17599.0
Adah MurapePF-ZAPU4221.0
MUREWA SOUTHIshemunyoro Godi KarimanziraZANU (PF)28,99798.1
Mujuru Josiah BanhamombeUANC3501.2
Johannes Munuwepayi MangwendePF-ZAPU2130.7
MUTOKORichard Baradza Sygnah KatsandeZANU (PF)23,99598.4
Emmie NcubeUANC2711.1
Reginald Nyamadzaro KarumazondoPF-ZAPU1260.5
WEDZAJoseph Muchineripi JekanyikaZANU (PF)32,15398.2
Beki Dickson MandizvidzaUANC4121.3
Muchabaiwa DzvokoraPF-ZAPU1890.6
ZENGEZAJohn MadzingaZANU (PF)37,24092.5
Tonderayi Peter ChitenguUANC1,8944.7
Elkanah Ben TjumaPF-ZAPU9692.4
Elias NyandoroZANU1360.3
Shepherd GurupiraNDU420.1
MASHONALAND WEST (8 seats)
CHEGUTU EASTMudzingwa Noah KadenheZANU (PF)41,45995.7
Titus Garikayi MukaratiUANC1,1592.7
Loveless MadiyePF-ZAPU7181.7
CHEGUTU WESTEnos Chamunorwa ChikoworeZANU (PF)28,15391.1
Chinyauro AbrahamPF-ZAPU1,9666.4
Abraham ChirwaUANC7962.6
KADOMACharles NdhlovuZANU (PF)20,74695.1
Elijah Mketwa MoyoPF-ZAPU6753.1
Kashamadzo Maxwell MachingambiUANC3051.4
Tichataura James MudzimbaZANU820.4
KARIBAStone ChakabvapasiUANCElection postponed
due to the death of
Robson Dayford Manyika
Johnson GumpoPF-ZAPU
Robson Dayford ManyikaZANU (PF)
KAROIEdgar Mapiye KwendaZANU (PF)26,85392.8
Joram Rwapedza MakarangaUANC1,3254.6
Erison DenderaPF-ZAPU7512.6
MAKONDE EASTSabina Gabriel MugabeZANU (PF)54,59996.4
Kenneth Madzvanya ManoPF-ZAPU1,3952.5
Josiah Zinhanga MudzengiUANC6601.2
MAKONDE NORTHSwithun Tachiona MombeshoraZANU (PF)22,47392.3
Kimpton MasangoPF-ZAPU1,2225.0
Isaac Gwanzura ShumbaUANC6402.6
MAKONDE WESTNathan Marwirakuwa ShamuyariraZANU (PF)43,92093.7
Kiliyoni Songe BabuyilePF-ZAPU1,7183.7
Dube Willie MarumahokoUANC9882.1
Peter MombeshoraZANU2520.5
MASVINGO (11 seats)
BIKITAGabriel Mharadze MachingaZANU (PF)38,80699.1
David Kufakunesu ChikukutuZANU2030.5
John MushavaPF-ZAPU1440.4
CHIREDZI NORTHHenry Hebert PoteZANU (PF)42,28797.5
Stephen MasekoPF-ZAPU6341.5
West ZimutoZANU4361.0
CHIREDZI SOUTHTitus Hatlani MalulekaZANU (PF)33,77891.1
Titos Risenga ChaukePF-ZAPU2,7117.3
Helani Aaron Jack Mapulange HobwanaZANU5971.6
CHIVIJosaya Dunira HungweZANU (PF)22,20899.5
Chinatsira Jonas ZvovurerePF-ZAPU830.4
Edward Goko WatungwaZANU190.1
GUTU NORTHOliver Musa MunyaradziZANU (PF)30,95799.8
Julia VimbaniPF-ZAPU530.2
GUTU SOUTHShuvai MahofaZANU (PF)35,68599.5
Jainos Kufakunesu MutazuPF-ZAPU1750.5
MASVINGO NORTHDzingai MutumbukaZANU (PF)53,43897.4
Aaron Betserai HonyePF-ZAPU1,1502.1
Leonard Mhangarai Ringisai NyembaZANU2830.5
MASVINGO SOUTHEddison Jonas Mudadirwa ZvobgoZANU (PF)42,67299.3
Jemitias Hungwe MatendePF-ZAPU2910.7
MWENEZIJustin Murebwa MachavaZANU (PF)26,89795.9
Simon Zinyoka MoyoPF-ZAPU1,1404.1
NDANGA EASTSimbi Veke MubakoZANU (PF)27,79599.5
Hundson Negro DopePF-ZAPU1300.5
NDANGA/ZIMUTOMayor UrimboZANU (PF)32,31999.7
Peter MatumbikePF-ZAPU1050.3
MATABELELAND NORTH (9 seats)
BINGAFrancis MunkombwePF-ZAPU38,87990.5
Jacob Francis MudendaZANU (PF)3,4147.9
Josephat MdzingwaUANC6601.5
BULAWAYOLot Sitshebo SendaPF-ZAPU26,71063.8
Amina HugesZANU (PF)13,53732.3
Gladys TiriboyiUANC1,3873.3
Phineas Toreveti MurefuZANU2530.6
HWANGE/TSHOLOTSHODavid Joseph Mfanyana KwidiniPF-ZAPU29,53883.3
Obert Moses MpofuZANU (PF)5,92616.7
LUPANEMicah Mahamba BhebePF-ZAPU30,52397.4
Selina Maria WestZANU (PF)8252.6
MAGWEGWEJoshua Mqabuko NkomoPF-ZAPU32,14181.8
Reuben Mutambarinwa ZemuraZANU (PF)6,48316.5
Morgan Kugaraunzwana MachiyaUANC6821.7
MPOPOMASydney Donald MalungaPF-ZAPU37,08973.3
Josias Chirongo ChidyamakonoZANU (PF)11,16322.1
Walter Nqabeni MthimkhuluUANC2,0684.1
Nason TeneneZANU2560.5
NKAYIWelshman MabhenaPF-ZAPU25,87495.8
Samsom Msindo NdebeleZANU (PF)7602.8
Solomon TonganiUANC3661.4
NYAMANDHLOVUJohn Landa NkomoPF-ZAPU36,09885.8
Shadreck Fortrixon NdlovuZANU (PF)4,67911.1
Christopher Fumirai MarigaUANC1,0442.5
Enock MusiyandakaZANU2340.6
PELANDABAJoseph Wilfred MsikaPF-ZAPU28,20181.2
Amanda NtuliZANU (PF)5,36115.4
Kefas Isaac MuchenjeUANC9912.9
Zachariah Tongai ChigumiraZANU1780.5
MATABELELAND SOUTH (6 members)
BEITBRIDGEKembo MohadiPF-ZAPU13,68056.6
John Masole MbedgiZANU (PF)10,47643.4
BULALIMA/MANGWEIsaac Lentswi NyathiPF-ZAPU31,33496.4
Callistus Dingiswayo NdlovuZANU (PF)9232.8
Egpher MuhlauriUANC2590.8
GWANDAEdward NdlovuPF-ZAPU21,79892.8
Aleck NdlovuZANU (PF)1,6847.2
INSIZANaison Khutshwekhaya KwidiniPF-ZAPU27,80489.1
Enos Muzombi NkalaZANU (PF)3,39210.9
MATOBOStephen Jeqe Nyongolo NkomoPF-ZAPU32,04589.6
Jitile Gibbious Hindoga DubeZANU (PF)3,0008.4
Abraham Mazwi KhumaloUANC7242.0
MZINGWANEThenjiwe Virginia LesabePF-ZAPU33,50986.7
Joshua Maqwala MasilelaZANU (PF)5,12813.3
MIDLANDS (12 seats)
CHARTER EASTErnest Rusununguko KadungureZANU (PF)34,27698.8
Edson Muzanenhamo MutsinzeUANC2710.8
Abednego Dan NjawayaPF-ZAPU1590.5
CHIRUMANZUFrederick Musiiwa Makamure ShavaZANU (PF)29,19798.3
Dzingirayi MunodawafaUANC2680.9
Samson Hlanga MpandukiPF-ZAPU2520.8
GOKWE EASTByron Reuben Mtonhodzi HoveZANU (PF)32,35479.6
Mabasa Edward ChilimanziPF-ZAPU6,79616.7
Edson MziteUANC1,4853.7
GOKWE WESTJesiniahs Dick MakanganiseZANU (PF)32,35479.6
Kesia MadzoreraPF-ZAPU6,79616.7
Jackson John ManyokaUANC1,4853.7
GWERU DISTRICTErnest Simbarashe TongogaraZANU (PF)21,29358.2
William Henry KonaPF-ZAPU14,19438.8
Raphel GondoUANC9022.5
Charles RumhembeZANU1810.5
GWERU URBANSimon Vengayi MuzendaZANU (PF)25,53280.8
Sophia AgamemnonosPF-ZAPU5,70818.1
Sylvester Bernard Kutesera MutasaUANC1,1063.5
Mark Mfenei MavhureZANU2620.8
KWEKWE EASTEmmerson Dambudzo MnangagwaZANU (PF)37,01786.0
Elias HanandaPF-ZAPU4,73311.0
Kenneth Kumbirayi KaparepareUANC1,3133.0
KWEKWE WESTJosiah Tavagwisa ChinyatiZANU (PF)18,60050.6
Stephen Kenneth Sesulelo VumaPF-ZAPU17,25746.9
Luckson Chando MugaraUANC7662.1
Samuel MaaraZANU1500.4
MBERENGWA NORTHRichard Chemist HoveZANU (PF)33,89797.2
Solomon MtinsiPF-ZAPU8682.5
Laimon MukosiUANC1200.3
MBERENGWA SOUTHBen Ndiringe MatagaZANU (PF)27,55488.4
Norman MabenaPF-ZAPU3,63111.6
SHURUGWISimbarashe Simbanenduku MumbegegwiZANU (PF)26,24297.5
Misheck MachonisaPF-ZAPU4901.8
Stanley MupetiUANC1830.7
ZVISHAVANEJulia Tukai ZvobgoZANU (PF)26,15291.8
Lydia DhlaminiUANC2,1117.4
Mzondiwa DubePF-ZAPU2330.8

White roll

ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotes%
AVONDALEJohn Alfred LandauIZG88350.4
Terence Michael OattCAZ87049.6
BORROWDALEAnthony ReadIZG1,00462.5
John Ronald ProbertCAZ60337.5
BULAWAYO CENTRALIan Douglas SmithCAZ1,44172.4
Patrick Francis ShieldsIZG54827.6
BULAWAYO NORTHGuybon CummingCAZ1,33072.1
Esmay Dorothy ScottIZG51527.9
BULAWAYO SOUTHGraham Austen BiffenCAZ1,35474.9
Dr Robert Graeme NixonIZG45425.1
CENTRALAntonius Frans BerkhoutCAZ1,11176.6
Frank George CaponIZG33923.4
EASTERNDesmond ButlerCAZ1,10761.9
David Gerald MeikleIZG68038.1
HATFIELDDennis Evan JohnsonCAZ71646.6
Richard CartwrightIZG40026.0
Herbert Joseph Thompson FoyaInd33721.9
John Warner JarmanInd845.5
Second count
Dennis Evan JohnsonCAZ72149.2
Richard CartwrightIZG40627.7
Herbert Joseph Thompson FoyaInd33923.1
John Warner JarmanInd
Third count
Dennis Evan JohnsonCAZ72963.8
Richard CartwrightIZG41436.2
Herbert Joseph Thompson FoyaInd
John Warner JarmanInd
HIGHLANDSCharles William DukeCAZ91349.5
Peter Arnold NaudéIZG70238.1
Danial Ronald MeyerInd22812.4
Second count
Charles William DukeCAZ92456.0
Peter Arnold NaudéIZG72744.0
Danial Ronald MeyerInd
KADOMA-CHEGUTUGerald Christopher SmithCAZ84950.1
George Alfred PioIZG84749.9
KOPJEShaw DysonCAZ75356.7
Dennis DivarisIZG57443.3
MAKONIJohn Maurice KayIZG70751.8
Shelagh Gertrude Van ReenenCAZ65848.2
MARLBOROUGHWilliam Michie IrvineIZG1,07056.8
James Keith BorrowsCAZ81343.2
MAZOWE-MUTOKOMark Henry Heathcote PartridgeCAZ79346.4
William Douglas Christopher ReedIZG76845.0
André Sothern HollandInd1478.6
Second count
Mark Henry Heathcote PartridgeCAZ79650.2
William Douglas Christopher ReedIZG78949.8
André Sothern HollandInd
MIDLANDSCyril Vernon Crofts TapsonCAZ81454.5
Henry Swan ElsworthIZG67945.5
MOUNT PLEASANTJonas Christian AndersenInd1,01750.2
Pieter Kenyon Fleming-Voltelyn van der BylCAZ54426.8
Raymond Alexander Lindsay GrantIZG46623.0
NORTHERNBertram AnkersCAZ91256.9
Esmond Meryl MicklemIZG69243.1
RUNDEJohan Christiaan Adriaan WelmanCAZ99464.8
Peter John FieldIZG54035.2
SOUTHERNDavid Clive MitchellCAZ1,13066.4
Max RosenfelsIZG57333.6
WESTERNStephen Andrew LockeCAZ99956.3
Robert Arnold FarleyIZG37120.9
Lonley Lolley SeckelPF-ZAPU31117.5
Aaron Michael MilnerInd613.4
Lawrence Alastair BronsonInd331.9

Changes during the Assembly

In the delayed poll in Kariba constituency, two candidates were nominated: Kenneth Madzvanya Mano (PF-ZAPU) and Enos Mzombi Nkala (ZANU (PF)). Nkala subsequently withdrew, although a poll was required (it took place on 5–7 July) and Mano was declared elected.

Charles Duke (CAZ, Highlands) joined ZANU (PF) in June 1986.

Ian Smith (CAZ, Bulawayo Central) was suspended from the Assembly for one year on 2 April 1987 over statements he had made in South Africa which were critical of the Mugabe government.

Three members elected from the white roll constituencies joined ZANU (PF) on 28 July 1987. They were John Landau (IZG, Avondale), Jock Kay (IZG, Makoni), and Tony Read (Ind, Borrowdale).

In September 1987, having achieved the support of 75% of the House of Assembly as required under the Lancaster House Agreement, the constitution was amended to abolish the white roll constituencies. Twenty further members (including many of the former white MPs who were supportive of ZANU (PF)) were co-opted onto the House of Assembly to replace them.

References