1981 in science explained

The year 1981 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

Biology

• September – Pantanal Matogrossense National Park designated in Brazil.
• Publication of Stephen Jay Gould's critique of biological determinism, The Mismeasure of Man, in the United States.

Chemistry

• A German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt bombard a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium-54 to produce 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium-262

Computer science

• March 5 – The ZX81, a pioneering British home computer, is launched by Sinclair Research, going on to sell over 1.5 million units worldwide.
• April 3 – The Osborne 1, the first successful portable computer, is unveiled at the West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco.
• July 9 – Nintendo releases the arcade game Donkey Kong featuring the debut of Mario.
• August 12 – The IBM Personal Computer is released.^[1]
• September 12 – The Chaos Computer Club, a European association of hackers, is established in Berlin by Wau Holland and others.

Mathematics

• Alexander Merkurjev proves the norm residue isomorphism theorem for the case and .

Medicine

• April 26 – Dr. Michael R. Harrison of the University of California, San Francisco, performs the world's first human open fetal surgery.
• June 5 – AIDS pandemic begins when the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports an unusual cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.^[2]
• Bruce Reitz leads the team that performs the first successful heart–lung transplant on Mary Gohlke at Stanford Hospital.^[3]
• LeCompte maneuver first performed.^[4]
• English psychiatrist Lorna Wing introduces the term "Asperger syndrome".^[5]

Space exploration

• April 12 – The first launch of a Space Shuttle: Columbia launches on the STS-1 mission.
• October 6 – UoSAT-1, the first modern microsatellite, is launched into Low Earth orbit.^[6]

Technology

• July 7 – Electric aircraft Solar Challenger, designed by an American team led by Paul MacCready and piloted by Stephen Ptacek, makes a 163-mile (262 km) crossing of the English Channel using only solar power from wing-mounted photovoltaic cells.
• July 17 – Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: Structural failure due to a late design change causes two internal suspended walkways at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri to collapse, killing 114.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
  • Chemistry – Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann
  • Medicine – Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
• Turing Award – Edgar F. Codd

Deaths

• January 5
  • Frederick Osborn (b. 1889), American philanthropist and eugenicist.
  • Harold Urey (b. 1893), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[7]
• February 26 – Jennie Smillie Robertson (b. 1878), Canadian gynecological surgeon.
• March 8 – Joseph Henry Woodger, British theoretical biologist (b. 1894)^[8]
• March 9 – Max Delbrück (b. 1906), German biologist.^[9]
• April 3 – Leo Kanner (b. 1894), Austrian American clinical child psychiatrist.
• May 11 – Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
• July 4 - Niels Erik Nørlund (b. 1885), Danish mathematician.
• July 27 – Elizabeth Rona (b. 1890), Hungarian American nuclear chemist.
• July 31 – Ernest Melville DuPorte (b. 1891), Black Canadian insect morphologist.
• September 8 – Hideki Yukawa, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)^[10]
• September 9 – Jacques Lacan (b. 1901), French psychoanalyst.^[11]
• November 15 – Walter Heitler (b. 1904), German physicist
  Fellow of the Royal Society^[12]
• November 17
  • Wilhelm Pelikan (b. 1893), Austrian chemist.^[13]
  • Sibyl M. Rock (b. 1909), American mathematician.
• November 22 – Hans Krebs (b. 1900), German medical doctor and biochemist; discoverer of the citric acid cycle.^[14]
• December 6 – Harry Harlow (b. 1905), American psychologist.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Mary. Bellis. IBM History. http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120427191240/http://inventors.about.com/od/computersandinternet/a/Ibm%2DHistory.htm. dead. April 27, 2012. About.com. 2011-11-30.
2. Pneumocystis pneumonia — Los Angeles. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 30. 21. 250–2. June 1981. 6265753. Centers for Disease Control. Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
3. Web site: 5 Questions: Bruce Reitz recalls first successful heart-lung transplant. News Center. en. 2 February 2019.
4. LeCompte. Y.. Neveux. J. Y.. Leca. F.. Zannini. L.. Tu. T. V.. Duboys. Y.. Jarreau. M. M.. November 1982. Reconstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract without prosthetic conduit. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 84. 5. 727–33. 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)38962-7 . 0022-5223. 7132411. free.
5. Wing. L.. Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account. Psychological Medicine. 11. 1. 115–29. 1981. 10.1017/S0033291700053332. 7208735. 16046498 . 2007-08-15.
6. Cook. Mike. June 1986. Way into the world of satellite telemetry. The Micro User. 4. 4. 100–1. Database Publications. Stockport, UK. 0265-4040.
7. Cohen . K. P. . Runcorn . S. K. . Keith Runcorn. Suess . H. E. . Thode . H. G. . Harry Thode. Harold Clayton Urey 29 April 1893-5 January 1981 . 10.1098/rsbm.1983.0022 . . 29 . 622–659 . 1983 . 769815. free .
8. Popper . Karl . 1981 . Obituary: Joseph Henry Woodger . . 32 . 3 . 328–330 . 10.1093/bjps/32.3.328 .
9. William Hayes . William Hayes (geneticist). 10.1098/rsbm.1982.0003 . Max Ludwig Henning Delbruck. 4 September 1906-10 March 1981 . . Royal Society. London. 28 . 58–90. 1982 . 769892 . free .
10. Kemmer . N. . Nicholas Kemmer. 10.1098/rsbm.1983.0023 . Hideki Yukawa. 23 January 1907 – 8 September 1981 . . 29 . 660–676. 1983 . 769816. free .
11. Encyclopedia: Jacques Lacan. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Adrian. Johnston. 2018.
12. Mott . N. . Nevill Francis Mott. 10.1098/rsbm.1982.0007 . Walter Heinrich Heitler. 2 January 1904 – 15 November 1981 . . 28 . 140–151. 1982 . 769896. free .
13. https://steinerbooks.presswarehouse.com/browse/author/523454f0-d006-4472-8f4d-27fd69d3d317/Wilhelm-Pelikan?page=1 Wilhelm Pelikan
14. Kornberg. H.. Williamson. D. H.. Hans Adolf Krebs. 25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1984. 30. 350–385. 10.1098/rsbm.1984.0013. 11616005. free.