1978 in the United States explained
Events from the year 1978 in the United States.
Incumbents
Federal government
Events
January
February
- February 1 - Hollywood film director Roman Polanski flees to France to avoid sentencing after pleading guilty to unlawful sex with a minor.
- February 5 - 7 - The Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 hits the New England region and the New York metropolitan area, killing about 100 and causing over US$520 million in damage.
- February 6 - The first Home Depot opens in Marietta, Georgia.
- February 8 - United States Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time.[2]
- February 9 - The Budd Company unveils its first SPV-2000 self-propelled railcar in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[3]
- February 11 - Sixteen Unification Church couples wed in New York, New York.
- February 15 - Serial killer Ted Bundy is recaptured in Pensacola, Florida.[4]
- February 16
- The Hillside Strangler, a serial killer prowling Los Angeles, claims a 10th and final victim.
- The first computer bulletin board system (CBBS) is created in Chicago.
- February 24 - Five men with mild mental-health issues from Yuba City, California disappear in the snow on their way home from a basketball game. In June, four of the bodies are discovered in the Sierra. The fifth, Gary Mathias, is never found. The circumstances surrounding their deaths remains a mystery.
March
April
- April 2 - The CBS soap opera Dallas is launched. It is set to be aired later this year in several countries, including the United Kingdom by the BBC.[5]
- April 3 - The 50th Academy Awards ceremony, hosted by Bob Hope for the final time, is held at Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. Woody Allen's Annie Hall wins Best Picture, with Allen winning Best Director. George Lucas' Star Wars wins six awards, while Fred Zinnemann's Julia and Herbert Ross' The Turning Point both receive eleven nominations each.
- April 7 - President Jimmy Carter decides to postpone production of the neutron bomb - a weapon which kills people with radiation but leaves buildings relatively intact.
- April 10 - The Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania is dedicated, having begun production of the Rabbit, the North American version of the Volkswagen Golf, the previous week.[6] Volkswagen thus becomes the second non-American automobile manufacturer (after Rolls-Royce in 1921–1931) to open a plant in the United States.[7] (The plant closes in 1988.)[8]
- April 18 - The U.S. Senate votes 68–32 to turn the Panama Canal over to Panamanian control on December 31, 1999.
- April 25 - St. Paul, Minnesota becomes the second U.S. city to repeal its gay rights ordinance after Anita Bryant's successful 1977 anti-gay campaign in Dade County, Florida.
- April 27 - Willow Island disaster – In the deadliest construction accident in United States history, 51 construction workers are killed when a cooling tower under construction collapses at the Pleasants Power Station in Willow Island, West Virginia.[9] [10]
- April 28 - WAC abolished; women integrated into regular Army.
May
- May 5 - Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds gets his 3,000th major league hit.
- May 20 - Mavis Hutchinson, 53, becomes the first woman to run across the U.S.; her trek took 69 days.
- May 25 - A bomb explodes in the security section of Northwestern University, wounding a security guard (the first Unabomber attack).
- May 26 - In Atlantic City, New Jersey, Resorts International, the first legal casino in the eastern United States, opens.
- May 28 - Indianapolis 500: Al Unser wins his third race, and the first for car owner Jim Hall.
June
- June 6 - California voters approve Proposition 13, which slashes property taxes nearly 60%.
- June 9 - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints extends the priesthood and temple blessings to "all worthy males", ending a general policy of excluding "Canaanites" from priesthood ordination and temple ordinances.
- June 10 - Affirmed becomes only the 11th horse to ever win the Triple Crown by defeating Alydar in the 110th running of the Belmont Stakes.[11]
- June 12 - Serial killer David Berkowitz, the "Son of Sam," is sentenced to 365 years in prison.
- June 16 - The musical film Grease is released, starring 24-year-old New Jersey born actor John Travolta and 29-year-old British-Australian actress and singer Olivia Newton-John.[12]
- June 19 - Garfield, which eventually becomes the world's most widely syndicated comic strip, makes its debut nationwide.
- June 25 - The rainbow flag of the LGBT movement flies for the first time (in its original form) at the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade.
- June 28
- June 29 - Actor Bob Crane is found bludgeoned to death in his Scottsdale, Arizona, apartment. The crime is never solved.
August
September
October
- October 2 - The New York Yankees defeat the Boston Red Sox 5–4 at Fenway Park to clinch the AL East after being 14 games out of first place only two months earlier. The Yankees would eventually go on to defeat the Kansas City Royals and Los Angeles Dodgers and win the World Series.
- October 4 - Pier 39 opens on Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco, as a tourist attraction.
- October 10 - President Jimmy Carter signs a bill that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar.
- October 14 - President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law which allows homebrewing of beer in the United States.
- October 17 - The New York Yankees clinch their 22nd World Series championship, defeating the Dodgers 7–2 in Los Angeles and winning the Series 4 games to 2.
- October 25 - John Carpenter's low-budget slasher film, Halloween, starring Jamie Lee Curtis and Donald Pleasence, is released.
- October 27 - President Jimmy Carter signs the Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act, adjusting the government's economic goals to include full employment, growth in production, price stability, and balance of trade and budget.
November
December
- December 3 - The Southern Crescent passenger train derails at Shipman, Virginia, killing six and injuring 60.[15]
- December 4 - Dianne Feinstein succeeds the murdered George Moscone as San Francisco, California's first woman mayor (she serves until January 8, 1988).
- December 11 - Lufthansa heist: Six men rob a Lufthansa cargo facility in New York City's Kennedy airport.
- December 13 - The first Susan B. Anthony dollar enters circulation.
- December 15
- December 22 - Chicago serial killer John Wayne Gacy, who is subsequently convicted of the murder of 33 young men, is arrested.
- December 28 – United Airlines Flight 173 during a flight leg from Denver, Colorado, to Portland, Oregon, makes a forced emergency landing in a suburban neighborhood in Portland after running out of fuel, killing 10 of 189 people on board.[16]
Full date unknown
Ongoing
Births
January
- January 2 - Karina Smirnoff, Ukrainian-born dancer
- January 3
- January 5
- January 6
- January 7 - Kevin Mench, baseball player
- January 9
- January 10
- January 11
- January 12
- January 13
- January 14
- January 15 - Eddie Cahill, actor
- January 18
- January 19
- January 20 - Joy Giovanni, wrestler, model, and actress
- January 21
- January 23
- January 24 - Kristen Schaal, actress, comedian, and writer
- January 25
- January 26
- January 27
- January 28 - Big Freedia, musician
- January 29
- January 30 - Donald Barrett, drummer
- January 31
February
- February 1 - Dusty Bergman, baseball player
- February 2
- February 3
- February 5
- February 7
- February 8 - Donald Betts, politician
- February 9
- February 10
- February 11
- February 12 - Busdriver, rapper
- February 13 - Mike Brown, football player
- February 14
- February 16
- February 17 - Jacob Wetterling, kidnapping victim
- February 18 - Winny Brodt-Brown, ice hockey player
- February 19
- February 20
- February 21
- February 22
- February 24
- February 25
- February 26 - Molly Antopol, fiction and nonfiction writer
- February 27
- February 28 - Geoffrey Arend, actor
March
- March 1
- March 2
- March 3
- March 4 - Nate Ackerman, British-born mathematician and wrestler
- March 6
- March 7 - Mike Reese, politician (d. 2021)
- March 8 - Nick Zano, actor
- March 9
- March 10 - Benjamin Burnley, singer and frontman for Breaking Benjamin
- March 12
- March 13
- March 14 - Anna Astvatsaturian Turcotte, Azerbaijani-born writer, lecturer, philanthropist, and activist
- March 15 - Marshal Dutton, singer/songwriter, guitarist, and frontman for Hinder
- March 16
- March 17
- March 18 - Antonio Margarito, Mexican-born boxer
- March 19 - Jason Barrett, politician
- March 20
- Mike Bynum, baseball player
- Mark Alan Lee, Navy SEAL (d. 2006)
- March 21
- March 22 - Josh Heupel, football player
- March 23
- March 24 - Amir Arison, actor
- March 27 - Dee Brown, baseball player
- March 28 - Case Brittain, attorney and politician
- March 29
- March 30 - Josh Bard, baseball player
- March 31 - Sonia Chang-Díaz, politician
April
- April 1
- April 2
- April 3 - Mehrsa Baradaran, Iranian-born law professor
- April 4 - Jason Ellison, baseball player
- April 5
- April 6
- April 12
- April 13
- April 15
- April 16 - Duane Betts, singer/songwriter and guitarist for The Allman Betts Band
- April 17
- April 18
- April 19
- April 20
- April 21
- April 22
- DJ Drama, DJ, record executive, and music promoter
- Manu Intiraymi, actor
- April 23 - Ian Brennan, screenwriter, director and actor
- April 24
- April 25 - Ben Bridwell, singer/songwriter and frontman for Band of Horses
- April 26
- April 27 - Jim James, guitarist and frontman for My Morning Jacket
- April 28 - Robert Oliveri, actor
- April 29 - Bob and Mike Bryan, tennis team and twin brothers
- April 30 - Kim Black, Olympic swimmer
May
June
- June 1
- June 2
- June 4
- June 5 - Nick Kroll, actor and comedian
- June 6
- June 7
- June 8 - Maria Menounos, actress, journalist, and television presenter
- June 9
- June 10
- June 11 - Joshua Jackson, Canadian-born actor
- June 12
- June 13
- June 14
- June 18
- June 19
- June 20
- June 21 - Michelle Au, anesthesiologist and politician
- June 22 - Champ Bailey, football player
- June 23
- June 24
- June 25
- June 26
- June 27
- June 28 - Courtney Burton, boxer
- June 29
- June 30
July
- July 1
- July 2 - Kathryn Sophia Belle, philosopher and professor
- July 3
- July 4
- July 6
- July 7
- July 8
- July 9
- July 10 - Jesse Lacey, singer/songwriter
- July 12
- Jim Arthur, football coach
- Topher Grace, actor
- Michelle Rodriguez, actress
- July 13 - Jessica Barth, actress
- July 14 - Mike Burns, baseball player
- July 15
- July 16 - Brian Bianchini, model and actor (d. 2004)
- July 17
- July 18
- July 19
- July 20
- July 21
- July 22
- July 23 - Lauren Groff, fiction writer
- July 24 - Michael Boireau, football player
- July 25
- July 26 - Major Applewhite, football player and coach
- July 27
- July 28 - Julian Peterson, football player
- July 29 - Mike Adams, baseball player
- July 30
- July 31
August
- August 3 - Shanelle Workman, actress
- August 4
- August 5
- August 6
- Marisa Miller, supermodel
- Freeway, rapper
- August 8
- August 10
- August 11 – Chris Kelly, rapper, “Mac Daddy” of the hip-hop duo Kris Kross (d. 2013)
- August 12
- August 13 - Michael Bennett, football player
- August 15
- August 18
- August 19
- August 20
- August 21 - Reuben Droughns, football player
- August 23
- Kenny Bartram, freestyle motocross rider
- Kobe Bryant, basketball player (d. 2020)
- Julian Casablancas, singer/songwriter and musician
- August 24 - Beth Riesgraf, actress
- August 25 - Kel Mitchell, actor
- August 26
- August 28
- August 30
- August 31 - Adam Laxalt, politician
September
- September 2 - Courtland Bullard, football player
- September 4
- September 6
- September 7 - Sarah E. Buxton, politician
- September 8 - Steve Barnett, politician
- September 9
- September 10 - Russ Buller, pole vaulter
- September 11 - Ed Reed, football player
- September 12
- September 13
- September 14
- September 15 - Charles Grigsby, singer
- September 16
- September 17 - Karen Akunowicz, chef, cookbook author, and television personality
- September 18 - Billy Eichner, actor and comedian
- September 20 - Jason Bay, Canadian-born baseball player
- September 21 - Josh Thomson, mixed martial artist
- September 23
- September 24 - Chris Bala, ice hockey player
- September 25
- September 26 - Kara Medoff Barnett, business executive and arts administrator, executive director of the American Ballet Theatre
- September 27
- September 28
- September 29 - Mohini Bhardwaj, Olympic artistic gymnast
- September 30 - Candice Michelle, wrestler and model
October
- October 1
- October 2 - Deanna Ballard, politician
- October 3
- October 4
- October 5
- October 6
- October 7 - Omar Benson Miller, actor
- October 8 - Sri Preston Kulkarni, politician
- October 9
- October 10
- October 11
- October 14
- October 15 - Wes Moore, author, entrepreneur, television producer, and Army veteran
- October 16 - Mersim Beskovic, soccer player
- October 18
- October 20
- October 21
- October 23
- October 24
- October 25
- October 26
- October 27
- October 28
- October 29 - Travis Henry, football player
- October 30 - Matthew Morrison, actor, dancer, and singer
- October 31 - Brian Hallisay, actor
November
- November 1
- November 2 - William D. Swenson, Army Lt. Colonel and Medal of Honor Recipient
- November 3
- November 5 - Bubba Watson, golfer
- November 6
- November 7
- November 8 - Michael Boggs, Christian musician
- November 9
- November 10
- Diplo, DJ and music producer
- Eve, rapper
- November 11 - Aaron Bruno, singer/songwriter and frontman for Awolnation
- November 12 - Lena Yada, model and professional wrestling manager
- November 13
- November 14
- November 15 - Floyd Womack, football player
- November 16
- November 17 - Reggie Wayne, football player
- November 18 - Daniel Chong, animator
- November 19
- November 20
- November 22
- November 23 - Destin Daniel Cretton, director
- November 24
- November 25 - Joe Borchard, baseball player
- November 26 - Cristin O'Keefe Aptowicz, nonfiction writer and poet
- November 27 - Josh Blue, comedian
- November 28
- November 29
- November 30
December
- December 1
- December 4
- December 5
- Neil Druckmann, Israeli-born video game writer and programmer, founder of Naughty Dog
- David Hodges, singer/songwriter and record producer
- December 6
- December 7
- December 8
- December 9
- December 10
- December 11 - Courtney Henggeler, actress
- December 12
- December 13 - Cameron Douglas, actor
- December 14 - Cedric Bonner, football player
- December 15
- December 16
- December 17
- December 18
- December 19 - Patrick Casey, screenwriter and actor
- December 20 - Jacqueline Saburido, Venezuelan-born social activist (d. 2019)
- December 22
- December 23
- December 24 - Tony Angelo, drift racer and stunt driver
- December 25 - Jeremy Strong, actor
- December 27 - Yasemin Besen–Cassino, sociologist and professor
- December 28
- December 29
- December 30
- Sari Anderson, multisport and endurance athlete
- Devin Brown, basketball player
- Vanessa Short Bull, beauty pageant titleholder
- Tyrese Gibson, singer/songwriter, rapper, actor, model, and screenwriter
- Andrea Tantaros, television host, political analyst, and commentator
- December 31
Full date unknown
- Eric Abrahamsen, translator for the Chinese language
- Stella Abrera, Philippine-born ballerina
- Adeem, rapper
- Deborah Ager, poet
- Tanya Aguiñiga, artist
- Allison Ahlfeldt, Paralympic volleyball player
- Nilo Alcala, Philippine-born composer
- Dick Allen, bowler
- Kalliope Amorphous, artist
- Ryan G. Anderson, convicted terrorist
- Apexer, artist
- Bomani Armah, vocalist
- Josh Azzarella, artist
- Christian Baldini, opera and orchestra conductor
- Audrey Barcio, artist
- Simon Barrett, actor, producer, and screenwriter
- Zoltan Bathory, Hungarian-born guitarist for Five Finger Death Punch
- Matt Bean, journalist
- Claire Beckett, photographer
- Vaughn Bell, artist
- Christopher Belmonte, radio personality
- Stacey Bendet, fashion designer and founder of Alice + Olivia
- Ruha Benjamin, Indian-born sociologist and professor
- Paul Bennecke, political consultant
- Jenn Bennett, German-born author and novelist
- Kathryn Biber, lawyer and political counsel
- Melanie Bilenker, artist
- Margot Black, tenant rights organizer, activist, grass-roots lobbyist, and political candidate
- Sara Black, artist
- Craig Blais, poet
- M. Blash, director, screenwriter, actor, and visual artist
- Evan Blass, blogger, editor, and phone leaker
- J. T. Blatty, photojournalist and Army Captain
- Kevin Blechdom, experimental electronic musician and performance artist
- Jaswinder Bolina, poet
- William Michael Boyle, author
- Alex Brewer, artist
- Sean Brock, chef
- Kelsey Brookes, artist
- Julia Brown, artist
- Laurie Brown, photographer
- Kasey Buckles, professor of economics
- Noah Buschel, director and screenwriter
- Rhett Ayers Butler, journalist and author
Deaths
- January 6 - John D. MacArthur, businessman and philanthropist (born 1897)
- January 9 - Robert Daniel Murphy, diplomat (born 1894)
- January 13
- January 14
- January 18
- January 20 - Gilbert Highet, classicist, academic, writer, intellectual, critic and literary historian (born 1906 in Scotland)
- January 23
- January 30 - Thomas Finney, lawyer and political strategist (born 1925)[17]
- February 9 - Warren King, cartoonist (born 1916)
- February 14 - Claude Binyon, screenwriter and director (born 1905)
- February 16 - Edward Lindberg, Olympic track athlete (born 1886)
- February 18 - Maggie McNamara, actress (born 1928)
- February 22
- February 28
- March 13 - John Cazale, film actor (born 1935)
- March 18
- March 19 - Faith Baldwin, romantic novelist and poet (born 1893)
- March 22
- March 23 – Bill Kenny, vocalist (born 1914)
- March 31 – Charles Best, American-Canadian medical scientist (born 1899)
- April 9 - Michael Wilson, screenwriter (born 1914)
- April 16 - Lucius D. Clay, military governor of Germany from 1947 to 1949 (born 1897)
- April 19 - Joe Dougherty, first voice of Porky Pig (born 1898)
- April 21 - Thomas Wyatt Turner, civil rights activist, biologist and educator; first African American to receive a doctorate from Cornell (born 1877)
- April 22 - Will Geer, actor, activist, and musician (born 1902)
- May 1 - Edgar Church, comic book collector (born 1888)
- May 6 - Ethelda Bleibtrey, Olympic swimmer (born 1902)[18]
- May 12 - Louis Zukofsky, modernist poet (born 1904)
- May 14 – Bill Lear, inventor and businessman (born 1902)
- May 16 - William Steinberg, conductor (born 1899)
- May 22
- June 3 - Frank Stanford, poet, suicide (born 1948)
- June 18 - Walter C. Alvarez, physician and writer (born 1884)
- June 29 – Bob Crane, actor, drummer, disc jockey, and radio personality (born 1928)
- July 10 – John D. Rockefeller III, philanthropist (born 1906)
- July 18 - Claude P. Dettloff, photographer (born 1899)
- July 26 – Mary Blair, artist, animator, and designer (born 1911)
- July 31 – Enoch Light, violinist, danceband leader, recording engineer (born 1907)
- August 2 – Totie Fields, comedian (born 1930)
- August 4 – Frank Fontaine, comedian and singer (born 1920)
- August 5 – Queenie Smith, actress (born 1898)
- August 14 – Joe Venuti, jazz violinist (born 1903)
- August 21 – Charles Eames, architect and designer (born 1907)
- August 24
- August 26 – Charles Boyer, film actor (born 1899 in France)
- August 27 – Gordon Matta-Clark, artist, cancer (born 1943)
- August 28 – Bruce Catton, Civil War historian, Pulitzer Prize winner in 1954 (born 1899)
- August 31 – Lee Garmes, cinematographer (born 1899)
- September 6 – Tom Wilson, record producer (born 1931)
- September 9 – Jack L. Warner, Canadian-American film executive (born 1892)
- September 11 – Mike Gazella, baseball player (born 1895])
- September 12 – Frank Ferguson, actor (born 1899)
- September 24
- September 30 - Edgar Bergen, actor and ventriloquist (born 1903)
- October 4 – Roy L. Dennis, American teenager with craniodiaphyseal dysplasia (born 1961)
- October 8 - Bertha Parker Pallan, Native American archaeologist (born 1907)
- October 10 - Ralph Metcalfe, sprinter and U.S. Congressman (born 1910)
- October 12 - Nancy Spungen, groupie and girlfriend of Sid Vicious, killed (born 1958)
- October 16
- October 19 - Gig Young, actor (born 1913)
- October 23 – Maybelle Carter, musician (born 1909)
- November 7
- November 8 - Norman Rockwell, painter and illustrator (born 1894)
- November 15 - Margaret Mead, cultural anthropologist (born 1901)[20]
- November 18
- November 25 - Elaine Esposito, coma victim (born 1934)
- November 27 - Harvey Milk, politician and gay activist, killed (born 1930)
- December 3 - William Grant Still, "the Dean" of African American composers (born 1895)
- December 10 - Ed Wood, American filmmaker, actor, writer, producer and director (born 1924)
- December 15 – Chill Wills, actor (born 1902)
- December 16 — Blanche Calloway, singer, composer, and bandleader (born 1902)
- December 17 – Don Ellis, musician and bandleader (born 1934)
- December 27 - Chris Bell, guitarist, singer and songwriter (born 1951)
- December 28 - Harry Winston, diamond dealer (born 1896)
See also
Notes and References
- Book: Decisions of the United States Courts Involving Copyright. 1985. U.S. Government Printing Office. 311–.
- Web site: Advice and Consent: The Panama Canal Treaties. archives.gov. June 16, 2018.
- Book: Crouse, Chuck. Budd Car, the RDC Story. 1990. Weekend Chief Publishing. Mineola, NY. 0-9612814-2-1. 141.
- Web site: Pensacola Police Make a Mark in History. Pensacola Police Department. pensacolapolice.com. 2011-04-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065319/http://www.pensacolapolice.com/details.asp?pid=2482. April 26, 2012.
- Web site: Critique: 'Dallas' Episode 1 – 'Digger's Daughter' . Baker . Chris . 2 April 2012 . Dallas Decoder . 22 August 2021.
- News: Wylie . William H. . Westmoreland Rabbits On Parade . 91 . 287 . A-1, A-6 . . 10 April 1978 . 24 August 2021.
- U.S. Rabbit All Set to Hop . https://web.archive.org/web/20080129131413/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948086,00.html . 29 January 2008 . 10 April 1978 . . 24 August 2021.
- News: Local workers recall East Huntingdon plant closing . https://archive.today/20130131113533/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/westmoreland/s_584609.html . 31 January 2013 . Acton . Robin . 24 August 2008 . . 24 August 2021.
- News: 51 Killed in Collapse of Scaffold At Power Plant in West Virginia . Peterson . Iver . 28 April 1978 . The New York Times . A1 . 3 September 2021.
- News: 'It was gone': String of problems led to 51 deaths at Willow Island . https://web.archive.org/web/20080501181924/http://wvgazette.com/News/WillowIsland/200804250422 . 1 May 2008 . Ward . Ken Jr. . Ken Ward Jr. . 27 April 2008 . . 17 August 2021.
- Web site: History of Belmont Stakes Racing Festival - Belmont Stakes - Belmont Stakes. www.belmontstakes.com.
- Web site: Grease (1978) - IMDb. www.imdb.com.
- Web site: Stingley paralyzed after being clocked by Tatum . August 12, 1978 . July 12, 2021 . ESPN Classic . Larry . Schwartz . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070420020134/http://espn-i.starwave.com/classic/s/moment010812-stingley-paralyzed.html . April 20, 2007.
- Book: James Stuart Olson . James Stuart Olson . Historical Dictionary of the 1970s . 1999 . Greenwood Publishing Group . 978-0-313-30543-6 . Chronology . https://books.google.com/books?id=YKkF8vQRcp0C&pg=PA369 . registration .
- News: Investigators probe fatal train wreck. Anchorage Daily News. 1978-12-05. 2016-09-19. https://archive.today/20120713124241/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5DUeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=er4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1100,475596&dq=crescent+shipman&hl=en. 2012-07-13. dead.
- Web site: 2018-11-15 . The deadly Portland plane crash that changed airline industry . 2023-12-04 . KOIN.com . en-US.
- Web site: Thomas Finney, Lawyer, Political Strategist, Dies . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . 12 July 2023 . February 1, 1978.
- Web site: Ethelda Bleibtrey . Britannica . 8 March 2021.
- https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=CA075 The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
- Web site: Margaret Mead Biography, Theory, Books, & Facts . Encyclopedia Britannica . 16 February 2020 . en.