1975 in science explained

The year 1975 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

• April 19 – Aryabhata, India's first satellite, is launched using Soviet boosters.
• July 17 – Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: An American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock with each other in orbit marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
• August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.

Biology

• August 7 – César Milstein and Georges Köhler report their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science.^{[1] [2]}
• Living specimens of the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus wagneri), previously known only from fossils, are identified in Paraguay.^[3]

Climatology

• August 8 – The term global warming is probably first used in its modern sense by Wallace Smith Broecker.^{[4] [5] [6]}

Computer science

• January – Altair 8800 is released, sparking the era of the microcomputer.
• March 5 – Hackers in Silicon Valley hold the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club.
• April 4 – Bill Gates and Paul Allen form a company at this time called Micro-Soft in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to develop and sell their Altair BASIC interpreter software for the Altair 8800.^[7]
• The MOS Technology 6502 is introduced. An 8-bit microprocessor designed by a small team led by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology, it is, by a considerable margin, the least expensive full-featured microprocessor on the market.

Mathematics

• Benoit Mandelbrot coins the term fractal.
• The Harada–Norton group is discovered.^{[8] [9]}
• John N. Mather and Richard McGehee prove that for the Newtonian collinear four-body problem there exist solutions which become unbounded in a finite time interval.^{[10] [11] [12]}
• The Monty Hall problem in probability is first posed, by Steve Selvin.^{[13] [14]}

Medicine

• October 16 – The last naturally occurring case of smallpox is diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old Rahima Banu in Bangladesh.^[15]
• Lyme disease first recognised at Lyme, Connecticut.
• Mini–mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test introduced to screen for dementia or other cognitive dysfunction.^[16]

Technology

• Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak in the United States produces the first self-contained (portable) digital camera.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Aage Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, James Rainwater
  • Chemistry – John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
  • Medicine – David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
• Turing Award – Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon

Births

• July 11 – Naomi McClure-Griffiths, American-born astrophysicist.
• July 17 – Terence Tao, Australian-born mathematician.
• November 14 – Martin Hairer, Swiss-born Austrian-British mathematician.
• Catherine A. Lozupone, American microbiologist.

Deaths

• February 8 – Sir Robert Robinson b. 1886), British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• February 10 – Elizabeth Kozlova (b. 1892), Russian ornithologist
• February 14 – Sir Julian Huxley (b. 1887), English biologist and author.
• April 19 – Percy Lavon Julian (b. 1899), African American research chemist.
• May 14 – Ernst Alexanderson (b. 1878), Swedish American television pioneer.
• May 18 – Christopher Strachey (b. 1916), English computer scientist.
• June 8 – Douglas Guthrie (b. 1885), Scottish otolaryngologist and medical historian.
• June 27 – Sir Geoffrey Taylor (b. 1886), English physicist.
• September 5 – Alice Catherine Evans (b. 1881), American microbiologist.
• October 10 – August Dvorak (b. 1894), American educational psychologist.
• October 23 – Gordon Hamilton Fairley (b. 1930), British oncologist.
• November – Priscilla Fairfield Bok (b. 1896), American astronomer.
• November 19 – Tokushichi Mishima (b. 1893), Japanese inventor and metallurgist.
• December 13 – Mary Locke Petermann (b. 1908), American cellular biochemist.
• December 28 – Frances McConnell-Mills (b. 1900), American toxicologist.

References

1. Kohler, G. . Milstein, C. . 1975. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 256. 5517. 495–497. 1172191. 10.1038/256495a0. 1975Natur.256..495K. 4161444 .
2. Waldman. Thomas A.. 2003. Immunotherapy: past, present and future. Nature Medicine. 9. 269–277. 10.1038/nm0303-269. 12612576. 3. 9745527 . free.
3. Web site: Naish. Darren. Darren Naish. New, obscure, and nearly extinct rodents of South America, and... when fossils come alive. Tetrapod Zoology. 2008-11-24. 2008-12-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20081216010917/http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology. 16 December 2008 . live.
4. Wallace S.. Broecker. Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?. Science. 189. 1975-08-08. 460–463. 10.1126/science.189.4201.460 . 1975Sci...189..460B. 4201. 17781884. 16702835 .
5. News: Stefan. Happy 35th birthday, global warming!. RealClimate. 2010-07-28. 2012-01-28. [Broecker's article is] the first of over 10,000 papers for this search term according to the ISI database of journal articles.
6. News: Johnson. Brad. Wally's World. Foreign Policy. 2010-08-03. 2012-01-28.
7. April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership. Wired.com. 2016-01-25. Alfred. Randy.
8. Harada. Koichiro. Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975). Academic Press. Boston, MA. 0401904. 1976. On the simple group F of order 2 ^{14} ⋅ 3 ^{6} ⋅ 5 ^{6} ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 19 . 119–276.
9. Book: Norton, Simon P.. F and other simple groups. PhD Thesis. University of Cambridge. 1975.
10. Book: Mather, J. N. . McGehee, R. . Solutions of the collinear four body problem which become unbounded in finite time . Dynamical Systems, Theory and Applications. 38. 1975. 573–597. 10.1007/3-540-07171-7_18. Lecture Notes in Physics . 1975LNP....38..573M . 978-3-540-07171-6 .
11. Off to infinity in finite time. Saari, Donald G.. Xia, Zhihong (Jeff). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 1995. 42. 5.
12. Alain. Chenciner. The three body problem. 2. 10. 2111. 2007. Scholarpedia. 10.4249/scholarpedia.2111. 2007SchpJ...2.2111C. free.
13. Selvin. Steve. A problem in probability (letter to the editor). The American Statistician. 29. 1. 67–71. February 1975. 10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121 .
14. Selvin. Steve. On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor). American Statistician. 29. 3. 134 . August 1975.
15. Image caption of U.S. Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library image number 7762.
16. 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. 1202204. "Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12. 3. 189–98. 1975. Folstein. Marshal F. Folstein. Susan E. McHugh. Paul R.