1968 United States presidential election in Virginia explained

See main article: 1968 United States presidential election.

Election Name:	1968 United States presidential election in Virginia
Country:	Virginia
Type:	presidential
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	1964 United States presidential election in Virginia
Previous Year:	1964
Next Election:	1972 United States presidential election in Virginia
Next Year:	1972
Election Date:	November 5, 1968
Turnout:	50.1% (voting age)^[1]
Image1:	Nixon_30-0316a_(cropped).jpg
Nominee1:	Richard Nixon
Party1:	Republican Party (United States)
Home State1:	New York
Running Mate1:	Spiro Agnew
Electoral Vote1:	12
Popular Vote1:	590,319
Percentage1:	43.41%
Nominee2:	Hubert Humphrey
Party2:	Democratic Party (United States)
Home State2:	Minnesota
Running Mate2:	Edmund Muskie
Electoral Vote2:	0
Popular Vote2:	442,387
Percentage2:	32.53%
Image3:	George Wallace (D-AL) (3x4).jpg
Nominee3:	George Wallace
Party3:	American Independent Party
Home State3:	Alabama
Running Mate3:	Curtis LeMay
Electoral Vote3:	0
Popular Vote3:	320,272
Percentage3:	23.55%
President
Before Election:	Lyndon B. Johnson
Before Party:	Democratic Party (United States)
After Election:	Richard Nixon
After Party:	Republican Party (United States)
Map Size:	435px
Colour3:	ff9955

The 1968 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 5, 1968. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1968 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States.

For over sixty years Virginia had had the most restricted electorate in the United States due to a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.^[2] Virginia would be almost entirely controlled by the conservative Democratic Byrd Organization for four decades,^[3] although during the Organization's last twenty years of controlling the state it would direct many Virginia voters away from the national Democratic Party due to opposition to black civil rights and to the fiscal liberalism of the New Deal.^[4] After the Twenty-Fourth Amendment and Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections the state's electorate would substantially expand since the lower classes were no longer burdened by poll taxes. At the same time, the postwar Republican trend of the Northeast-aligned Washington D.C. and Richmond suburbs, which had begun as early as 1944, would accelerate^[5] and become intensified by the mobilisation of working-class Piedmont whites against a national Democratic Party strongly associated with black interests.^[6]

Campaign

51% of white voters supported Nixon, 28% supported Wallace, and 21% supported Humphrey. The Virginia Conservative Party, a pro-segregationist political party in a 1967 party convention unanimously named George Wallace as president and Ronald Reagan as vice president. Wallace nor Reagan wanted to be on their ticket. Wallace did not like the idea as he thought it would take away votes from his party and efforts were made to remove them with it eventually being successful but the Conservative Party did support Wallace in the end.^[7]

Predictions

The following newspapers gave these predictions about how Virginia would vote in the 1968 presidential election:

Source	Ranking	As of
Fort Worth Star-Telegram^[8]		September 14, 1968
Pensacola News Journal^[9]		September 23, 1968
Daily Press^[10]		October 11, 1968
The Charlotte News^[11]		October 12, 1968
Shreveport Times^[12]		November 3, 1968
The Selma Times-Journal^[13]		November 3, 1968
The Roanoke Times^[14]		November 3, 1968
Fort Lauderdale News^[15]		November 4, 1968

Analysis

Virginia was won by Republican nominee and former Vice President Richard Nixon of California with 43.41 percent of the vote, against incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota with 32.53 percent and former Alabama Governor George Wallace who gained 23.55 percent. Nixon also won the national election with 43.42 percent of the vote. Regardless, all candidates had strong regional support in the state; Nixon's votes came mostly from Northern Virginia and the Appalachian Mountain areas, while Humphrey's votes were mainly from the Tidewater region and unionized coal counties in Southwest Virginia,^[16] which had both benefited from increased voter registration under the Voting Rights Act and been centres of opposition to the Byrd Organization in previous generations. Wallace received his core support in the Southern Virginia counties,^[17] where the core of Byrd machine power had been located.^[18]

, this is the last occasion when Powhatan County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. It is also the last occasion when Lunenburg County, Mecklenburg County and Pittsylvania County have not voted for the Republican nominee.^[19] Essex County would not vote Democratic again until 1996, and James City County would not vote Democratic again until 2020.^[20]

Nixon's victory was the first of ten consecutive Republican victories in the state, as Virginia would not vote for a Democratic candidate again until Barack Obama in 2008. Since 2008, Virginia has consistently voted for the Democratic presidential candidate.

Results

1968 United States presidential election in Virginia^[21]
Party		Candidate	Votes	Percentage	Electoral votes
	Republican	Richard Nixon	590,319	43.41%	12
	Democratic	Hubert Humphrey	442,387	32.53%	0
	American Independent	George Wallace	320,272	23.55%	0
	Socialist Labor	Henning A. Blomen	4,671	0.34%	0
	Peace and Freedom	Dick Gregory	1,680	0.12%	0
	Prohibition	E. Harold Munn	599	0.04%	0
Totals			1,359,928	100.00%	12

Results by county or independent city

County/City^[22]	Richard Nixon Republican		Hubert Humphrey Democratic		George Wallace American Independent		Various candidates Other parties		Margin		Total votes cast
		%		%		%		%		%
	Accomack		3,231		35.19%		2,467		26.87%		3,460		37.69%		23		0.25%		-229		-2.50%		9,181
	Albemarle		4,512		53.45%		2,255		26.71%		1,657		19.63%		17		0.20%		2,257		26.74%		8,441
	Alexandria		13,265		41.69%		14,351		45.11%		4,131		12.98%		69		0.22%		-1,086		-3.42%		31,816
	Alleghany		1,649		43.47%		988		26.05%		1,153		30.40%		3		0.08%		496		13.07%		3,793
	Amelia		857		33.90%		830		32.83%		832		32.91%		9		0.36%		25		0.99%		2,528
	Amherst		2,656		39.80%		1,543		23.12%		2,449		36.69%		26		0.39%		207		3.11%		6,674
	Appomattox		1,753		43.42%		756		18.73%		1,512		37.45%		16		0.40%		241		5.97%		4,037
	Arlington		28,163		45.92%		26,107		42.57%		6,746		11.00%		310		0.51%		2,056		3.35%		61,326
	Augusta		6,313		57.92%		2,028		18.61%		2,483		22.78%		76		0.70%		3,830		35.14%		10,900
	Bath		872		45.97%		494		26.04%		529		27.89%		2		0.11%		343		18.08%		1,897
	Bedford		2,807		35.80%		1,574		20.08%		3,316		42.30%		143		1.82%		-509		-6.50%		7,840
	Bedford City		1,047		43.99%		569		23.91%		679		28.53%		85		3.57%		368		15.46%		2,380
	Bland		938		50.38%		560		30.08%		361		19.39%		3		0.16%		378		20.30%		1,862
	Botetourt		2,598		50.54%		1,272		24.75%		1,267		24.65%		3		0.06%		1,326		25.79%		5,140
	Bristol		1,930		44.09%		1,531		34.98%		911		20.81%		5		0.11%		399		9.11%		4,377
	Brunswick		1,139		22.13%		1,910		37.11%		2,088		40.57%		10		0.19%		-178		-3.46%		5,147
	Buchanan		3,699		37.68%		5,003		50.97%		1,067		10.87%		47		0.48%		-1,304		-13.29%		9,816
	Buckingham		1,027		32.05%		984		30.71%		1,185		36.99%		8		0.25%		-158		-4.94%		3,204
	Buena Vista		814		49.04%		387		23.31%		456		27.47%		3		0.18%		358		21.57%		1,660
	Campbell		5,731		44.73%		1,996		15.58%		4,425		34.54%		659		5.14%		1,306		10.19%		12,811
	Caroline		1,162		26.25%		2,165		48.92%		1,084		24.49%		15		0.34%		-1,003		-22.67%		4,426
	Carroll		4,909		64.16%		1,773		23.17%		958		12.52%		11		0.14%		3,136		40.99%		7,651
	Charles City		320		16.33%		1,457		74.34%		176		8.98%		7		0.36%		-1,137		-58.01%		1,960
	Charlotte		1,042		24.43%		1,045		24.50%		2,163		50.72%		15		0.35%		-1,118		-26.22%		4,265
	Charlottesville		5,601		49.41%		3,831		33.80%		1,781		15.71%		122		1.08%		1,770		15.61%		11,335
	Chesapeake		6,234		25.18%		6,843		27.64%		11,084		44.77%		599		2.42%		-4,241		-17.13%		24,760
	Chesterfield		22,015		56.03%		5,715		14.54%		11,504		29.28%		58		0.15%		10,511		26.75%		39,292
	Clarke		1,127		42.62%		768		29.05%		742		28.06%		7		0.26%		359		13.57%		2,644
	Clifton Forge		925		43.59%		734		34.59%		462		21.77%		1		0.05%		191		9.00%		2,122
	Colonial Heights		2,650		48.96%		650		12.01%		2,106		38.91%		7		0.13%		544		10.05%		5,413
	Covington		1,551		43.14%		1,195		33.24%		846		23.53%		3		0.08%		356		9.90%		3,595
	Craig		581		46.18%		419		33.31%		256		20.35%		2		0.16%		162		12.87%		1,258
	Culpeper		2,229		47.49%		1,239		26.40%		1,217		25.93%		9		0.19%		990		21.09%		4,694
	Cumberland		844		34.70%		978		40.21%		602		24.75%		8		0.33%		-134		-5.51%		2,432
	Danville		6,796		40.27%		4,495		26.64%		5,391		31.95%		192		1.14%		1,405		8.32%		16,874
	Dickenson		3,412		46.01%		3,355		45.25%		639		8.62%		9		0.12%		57		0.76%		7,415
	Dinwiddie		1,451		27.60%		1,551		29.50%		2,245		42.70%		10		0.19%		-694		-13.20%		5,257
	Emporia		812		37.06%		657		29.99%		716		32.68%		6		0.27%		96		4.38%		2,191
	Essex		791		36.55%		897		41.45%		468		21.63%		8		0.37%		-106		-4.90%		2,164
	Fairfax		57,462		48.98%		44,796		38.18%		14,805		12.62%		256		0.22%		12,666		10.80%		117,319
	Fairfax City		2,963		48.70%		2,153		35.39%		959		15.76%		9		0.15%		810		13.31%		6,084
	Falls Church		2,005		45.76%		1,860		42.45%		504		11.50%		13		0.30%		145		3.31%		4,382
	Fauquier		2,845		43.76%		2,099		32.29%		1,536		23.63%		21		0.32%		746		11.47%		6,501
	Floyd		2,275		64.32%		715		20.21%		537		15.18%		10		0.28%		1,560		44.11%		3,537
	Fluvanna		913		42.56%		569		26.53%		660		30.77%		3		0.14%		253		11.79%		2,145
	Franklin		3,036		36.54%		2,025		24.37%		3,219		38.75%		28		0.34%		-183		-2.21%		8,308
	Franklin City		951		42.15%		792		35.11%		511		22.65%		2		0.09%		159		7.04%		2,256
	Frederick		3,696		49.58%		1,612		21.63%		2,137		28.67%		9		0.12%		1,559		20.91%		7,454
	Fredericksburg		2,142		42.27%		2,036		40.17%		878		17.32%		12		0.24%		106		2.10%		5,068
	Galax		1,257		54.44%		748		32.39%		304		13.17%		0		0.00%		509		22.05%		2,309
	Giles		2,722		43.36%		2,045		32.58%		1,372		21.86%		138		2.20%		677		10.78%		6,277
	Gloucester		1,619		37.10%		1,210		27.73%		1,526		34.97%		9		0.21%		93		2.13%		4,364
	Goochland		1,216		35.13%		1,389		40.13%		836		24.15%		20		0.58%		-173		-5.00%		3,461
	Grayson		3,563		54.09%		1,926		29.24%		1,090		16.55%		8		0.12%		1,637		24.85%		6,587
	Greene		856		55.26%		255		16.46%		433		27.95%		5		0.32%		423		27.31%		1,549
	Greensville		529		16.71%		1,367		43.19%		1,256		39.68%		13		0.41%		111		3.51%		3,165
	Halifax		2,634		28.94%		2,199		24.16%		4,235		46.53%		34		0.37%		-1,601		-17.59%		9,102
	Hampton		10,532		32.30%		11,308		34.68%		10,690		32.79%		76		0.23%		618		1.89%		32,606
	Hanover		5,425		50.01%		2,079		19.17%		3,330		30.70%		13		0.12%		2,095		19.31%		10,847
	Harrisonburg		2,859		65.69%		1,036		23.81%		453		10.41%		4		0.09%		1,823		41.88%		4,352
	Henrico		34,212		62.52%		8,600		15.71%		11,868		21.69%		46		0.08%		22,344		40.83%		54,726
	Henry		3,946		25.92%		4,175		27.42%		6,802		44.68%		301		1.98%		-2,627		-17.26%		15,224
	Highland		619		57.90%		284		26.57%		166		15.53%		0		0.00%		335		31.33%		1,069
	Hopewell		2,942		43.63%		1,568		23.25%		2,092		31.02%		141		2.09%		850		12.61%		6,743
	Isle of Wight		1,312		23.28%		1,977		35.08%		2,328		41.31%		18		0.32%		-351		-6.23%		5,635
	James City		1,443		35.50%		1,521		37.42%		1,083		26.64%		18		0.44%		-78		-1.92%		4,065
	King and Queen		568		27.40%		882		42.55%		614		29.62%		9		0.43%		268		12.93%		2,073
	King George		829		37.77%		730		33.26%		632		28.79%		4		0.18%		99		4.51%		2,195
	King William		1,046		43.03%		764		31.43%		615		25.30%		6		0.25%		282		11.60%		2,431
	Lancaster		1,640		44.93%		1,134		31.07%		876		24.00%		0		0.00%		506		13.86%		3,650
	Lee		4,450		47.35%		4,105		43.67%		827		8.80%		17		0.18%		345		3.68%		9,399
	Lexington		1,170		56.12%		734		35.20%		177		8.49%		4		0.19%		436		20.92%		2,085
	Loudoun		4,577		45.91%		3,262		32.72%		2,117		21.23%		14		0.14%		1,315		13.19%		9,970
	Louisa		1,510		38.09%		1,290		32.54%		1,149		28.99%		15		0.38%		220		5.55%		3,964
	Lunenburg		1,181		29.44%		1,180		29.41%		1,630		40.63%		21		0.52%		-449		-11.19%		4,012
	Lynchburg		9,943		54.34%		4,305		23.53%		3,649		19.94%		402		2.20%		5,638		30.81%		18,299
	Madison		1,188		48.71%		478		19.60%		763		31.28%		10		0.41%		425		17.43%		2,439
	Martinsville		2,618		35.98%		2,727		37.48%		1,856		25.51%		75		1.03%		-109		-1.50%		7,276
	Mathews		1,309		47.14%		691		24.88%		773		27.84%		4		0.14%		536		19.30%		2,777
	Mecklenburg		2,750		29.01%		2,667		28.14%		4,022		42.44%		39		0.41%		-1,272		-13.43%		9,478
	Middlesex		809		39.62%		575		28.16%		655		32.08%		3		0.15%		154		7.54%		2,042
	Montgomery		7,098		61.47%		2,700		23.38%		1,712		14.83%		37		0.32%		4,398		38.09%		11,547
	Nansemond		2,101		20.94%		4,174		41.60%		3,723		37.11%		35		0.35%		451		4.49%		10,033
	Nelson		1,130		32.98%		1,120		32.69%		1,163		33.95%		13		0.38%		-33		-0.97%		3,426
	New Kent		526		27.63%		765		40.18%		609		31.99%		4		0.21%		156		8.19%		1,904
	Newport News		12,774		34.46%		13,370		36.07%		10,763		29.04%		162		0.44%		-596		-1.61%		37,069
	Norfolk		22,302		33.88%		28,477		43.26%		14,500		22.03%		550		0.84%		-6,175		-9.38%		65,829
	Northampton		1,410		35.48%		1,418		35.68%		1,129		28.41%		17		0.43%		-8		-0.20%		3,974
	Northumberland		1,438		41.18%		1,077		30.84%		968		27.72%		9		0.26%		361		10.34%		3,492
	Norton		495		39.07%		555		43.80%		215		16.97%		2		0.16%		-60		-4.73%		1,267
	Nottoway		1,614		33.42%		1,529		31.66%		1,673		34.64%		14		0.29%		-59		-1.22%		4,830
	Orange		1,727		47.17%		879		24.01%		1,050		28.68%		5		0.14%		677		18.49%		3,661
	Page		3,667		53.93%		2,125		31.25%		995		14.63%		13		0.19%		1,542		22.68%		6,800
	Patrick		2,187		41.46%		1,105		20.95%		1,974		37.42%		9		0.17%		213		4.04%		5,275
	Petersburg		3,478		31.14%		5,519		49.41%		2,158		19.32%		14		0.13%		-2,041		-18.27%		11,169
	Pittsylvania		5,096		25.62%		5,427		27.29%		9,302		46.77%		65		0.33%		-3,875		-19.48%		19,890
	Portsmouth		9,402		25.15%		15,734		42.09%		12,127		32.44%		118		0.32%		3,607		9.65%		37,381
	Powhatan		722		27.11%		1,004		37.70%		929		34.89%		8		0.30%		75		2.81%		2,663
	Prince Edward		1,857		39.80%		1,567		33.58%		1,224		26.23%		18		0.39%		290		6.22%		4,666
	Prince George		1,559		32.75%		1,272		26.72%		1,920		40.33%		10		0.21%		-361		-7.58%		4,761
	Prince William		7,944		42.51%		5,566		29.79%		5,160		27.61%		16		0.09%		2,378		12.72%		18,686
	Pulaski		4,409		53.35%		2,497		30.21%		1,346		16.29%		13		0.16%		1,912		23.14%		8,265
	Radford		2,077		55.40%		1,206		32.17%		461		12.30%		5		0.13%		871		23.23%		3,749
	Rappahannock		594		43.58%		394		28.91%		372		27.29%		3		0.22%		200		14.67%		1,363
	Richmond		1,011		48.86%		490		23.68%		563		27.21%		5		0.24%		448		21.65%		2,069
	Richmond City		26,380		39.57%		32,857		49.28%		7,325		10.99%		106		0.16%		-6,477		-9.71%		66,668
	Roanoke		12,439		58.89%		3,902		18.47%		4,745		22.46%		38		0.18%		7,694		36.43%		21,124
	Roanoke City		15,368		51.21%		9,281		30.93%		5,269		17.56%		90		0.30%		6,087		20.28%		30,008
	Rockbridge		2,280		56.80%		845		21.05%		885		22.05%		4		0.10%		1,395		34.75%		4,014
	Rockingham		7,779		66.40%		2,111		18.02%		1,817		15.51%		8		0.07%		5,668		48.38%		11,715
	Russell		3,858		43.49%		3,554		40.06%		1,369		15.43%		91		1.03%		304		3.43%		8,872
	Salem		3,955		57.77%		1,369		20.00%		1,507		22.01%		15		0.22%		2,448		35.76%		6,846
	Scott		5,345		53.54%		3,144		31.49%		1,474		14.76%		21		0.21%		2,201		22.05%		9,984
	Shenandoah		5,461		62.91%		1,654		19.05%		1,561		17.98%		5		0.06%		3,807		43.86%		8,681
	Smyth		5,297		54.32%		2,631		26.98%		1,808		18.54%		15		0.15%		2,666		27.34%		9,751
	South Boston		1,298		50.17%		620		23.97%		662		25.59%		7		0.27%		636		24.58%		2,587
	Southampton		1,376		26.15%		1,803		34.26%		2,070		39.34%		13		0.25%		-267		-5.08%		5,262
	Spotsylvania		1,675		34.00%		1,647		33.43%		1,589		32.26%		15		0.30%		28		0.57%		4,926
	Stafford		2,572		39.68%		1,698		26.20%		2,197		33.89%		15		0.23%		375		5.79%		6,482
	Staunton		4,434		61.40%		1,729		23.94%		1,054		14.60%		4		0.06%		2,705		37.46%		7,221
	Suffolk		1,277		37.95%		1,044		31.03%		1,039		30.88%		5		0.15%		233		6.92%		3,365
	Surry		523		22.10%		1,126		47.59%		708		29.92%		9		0.38%		418		17.67%		2,366
	Sussex		1,105		29.12%		1,541		40.62%		1,135		29.92%		13		0.34%		406		10.70%		3,794
	Tazewell		4,434		39.11%		4,734		41.75%		2,023		17.84%		147		1.30%		-300		-2.64%		11,338
	Virginia Beach		16,316		43.23%		10,101		26.76%		10,962		29.04%		363		0.96%		5,354		14.19%		37,742
	Warren		2,297		43.37%		1,513		28.57%		1,479		27.93%		7		0.13%		784		14.80%		5,296
	Washington		6,665		51.16%		3,243		24.89%		3,092		23.73%		29		0.22%		3,422		26.27%		13,029
	Waynesboro		3,301		61.38%		1,446		26.89%		613		11.40%		18		0.33%		1,855		34.49%		5,378
	Westmoreland		1,402		39.99%		1,156		32.97%		943		26.90%		5		0.14%		246		7.02%		3,506
	Williamsburg		1,156		46.73%		991		40.06%		247		9.98%		80		3.23%		165		6.67%		2,474
	Winchester		2,695		55.76%		1,360		28.14%		770		15.93%		8		0.17%		1,335		27.62%		4,833
	Wise		5,004		39.70%		5,942		47.14%		1,635		12.97%		25		0.20%		-938		-7.44%		12,606
	Wythe		3,638		52.25%		1,765		25.35%		1,377		19.78%		183		2.63%		1,873		26.90%		6,963
	York		3,356		36.93%		2,370		26.08%		3,330		36.64%		32		0.35%		26		0.29%		9,088
Totals	590,319	43.36%	442,387	32.49%	321,833	23.64%	6,952	0.51%	147,932	10.87%	1,361,491

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic

• Cumberland
• Essex
  • • Northampton Powhatan Sussex

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Democratic to American Independent

• Accomack
• Bedford
• Chesapeake
• Dinwiddie
• Franklin
• Henry
• Isle of Wight
• Southampton

Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to American Independent

• Brunswick
• Buckingham
• Charlotte
• Halifax
• Lunenburg
• Mecklenburg
• Nottoway
• Pittsylvania
• Prince George

Works cited

• Book: Black . Earl . Earl Black (political scientist) . Black . Merle . Merle Black . The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected . . 1992 . 0674941306.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Population Estimates and Projections .
2. Book: Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. 178–181. 0-300-01696-4.
3. Book: Key, Valdimer Orlando. Southern Politics in State and Nation. 1949. 20–25.
4. Book: Ely, James W.. The crisis of conservative Virginia: the Byrd organization and the politics of massive resistance. 16. 0870491881.
5. Book: Atkinson, Frank B.. The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980. 2006. 9780742552098. Rowman & Littlefield.
6. Book: [[Kevin Phillips (political commentator)|Phillips]], Kevin P.. The Emerging Republican Majority. 260–266. 0870000586. 1969.
7. Book: Sweeney, James R. . The Virginia Conservative Party, 1965-1969 . 1999 . 1967-1968.
8. News: Broder. David S.. As Campaign Heats Up, Electoral Vote Pattern Favors GOP. Fort Worth Star-Telegram. The Washington Post. September 14, 1968. 6-A.
9. News: Who’s on Top? Humphrey? Nixon? Wallace? — Here’s a Capsule Version of election Outlook Across Nation. Pensacola News Journal. September 23, 1968. 8B.
10. News: Murray. David. Wallace Might Take 6 Southern States. 51. Daily Press. Newport News, Virginia.
11. News: In South It’s Nixon vs. Wallace. The Charlotte News. Charlotte, North Carolina. October 12, 1968. 1, 3.
12. News: Broder. David S.. After Hoopla Finished, Nixon Still Winning, Survey Shows. Shreveport Times. November 3, 1968. 4-B.
13. News: Summary of 50 States on Coming Election. The Selma Times-Journal. Selma, Alabama. November 3, 1968. 5.
14. News: Carico . Melville . November 3, 1968 . Election Fever Grips Virginia . 1 . . Roanoke, Virginia.
15. News: Lawrence. David. As Editors’ Forecast Returns: Nixon 37, Humphrey 7, Wallace 7. . November 4, 1968. 11A.
16. Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 207
17. Web site: Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.. 1968 Presidential General Election Results – Virginia.
18. Ely. The crisis of conservative Virginia, pp. 12-13
19. Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
20. Book: Menendez, Albert J.. 2005. Jefferson, North Carolina. McFarland & Company. The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. 326–331. 0786422173.
21. Web site: Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1968 . Clerk of the House of Representatives . 46 & 47.
22. Web site: 1968 President General Election . August 10, 2024 . Virginia Department of Elections: Historical Elections Database.