Two referendums, related to the Third and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution Bills, were held in Ireland on 16 October 1968, each on a proposed amendment of the Irish constitution relating to the electoral system.[1] Both proposals were rejected.
The Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill 1968 define the apportionment of constituency boundaries in a manner which would have allowed a greater degree of divergence of the ratio between population and constituencies.[2]
The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill 1968 proposed to alter the electoral system for elections to Dáil Éireann from proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote to the First-past-the-post voting system.[3]
Elections to Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives in the Oireachtas, are governed by Article 16 of the Constitution.[4]
In 1959, the Fianna Fáil government of Éamon de Valera put the Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill to a referendum, which proposed to replace the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV) with first-past-the-post (FPTP). The referendum was defeated by 51.8% to 48.8%, on the same day on which de Valera had won the presidential election.
John O'Donovan, a former Fine Gael TD, challenged the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1959, which had been proposed by a previous Fianna Fáil government, on the basis that there were "grave inequalities" with "no relevant circumstances to justify" them.[5] In O'Donovan v. Attorney-General (1961), Gardner Budd held for the High Court that the Act was unconstitutional. The court, interpreting the "so far as it is practicable" condition of the Constitution, suggested a 5% variation as the limit without exceptional circumstances.[6]
In 1968, the Fianna Fáil government of Jack Lynch proposed two constitutional amendments on the electoral system for election to Dáil Éireann: the Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill, which would have allowed for greater divergence in the ratio of population to constituencies, and the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, a second proposal to introduce FPTP voting in single-member constituencies. The opposition parties Fine Gael and Labour Party described the two bills in 1968 as a combined attempt by Fianna Fáil to rig the electoral system in its favour.
The third bill was proposed in the Dáil by Taoiseach Jack Lynch on 21 February 1968.[7] It passed its Second Reading on 3 April by 72 votes to 59.[8] It passed final stages in the Dáil on 20 June.[9] On 30 July 1968, it passed final stages in the Seanad by 26 votes to 17.[10] Referendums on both the Third Amendment Bill and the Fourth Amendment Bill were held on 16 October 1968.
The fourth bill to amend the constitution was also Lynch on 21 February 1968.[11] It was opposed by Fine Gael and the Labour Party. On 3 July, it passed final stages in the Dáil by 66 to 56.[12] On 30 July 1968, it passed final stages in the Seanad by 25 to 18.[13] [14]
The third bill proposed to change the text of Article 16.2.3° from:[15] to:[16]
In the information supplied to voters, the subject matter of the referendum was described as follows:[17]
| Electorate | Votes | Proportion of votes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
| Carlow–Kilkenny | 58,039 | 71.4% | 15,552 | 23,397 | 39.9% | 60.1% | |
| Cavan | 33,996 | 70.8% | 9,706 | 13,225 | 42.3% | 57.7% | |
| Clare | 48,008 | 62.7% | 14,323 | 13,996 | 50.6% | 49.4% | |
| Cork Borough | 59,607 | 66.2% | 14,954 | 23,229 | 39.2% | 60.8% | |
| Cork Mid | 51,423 | 72.2% | 14,446 | 21,326 | 40.4% | 59.6% | |
| Cork North-East | 59,515 | 70.9% | 16,789 | 23,649 | 41.5% | 58.5% | |
| Cork South-West | 34,625 | 69.9% | 8,823 | 14,121 | 38.5% | 61.5% | |
| Donegal North-East | 34,698 | 66.6% | 11,440 | 10,658 | 51.8% | 48.2% | |
| Donegal South-West | 35,596 | 62.2% | 10,744 | 10,340 | 51.0% | 49.0% | |
| Dublin County | 77,837 | 63.4% | 15,755 | 32,073 | 32.9% | 67.1% | |
| Dublin North-Central | 37,771 | 57.9% | 5,804 | 15,353 | 27.4% | 72.6% | |
| Dublin North-East | 80,453 | 65.9% | 15,888 | 36,150 | 30.5% | 69.5% | |
| Dublin North-West | 41,984 | 61.0% | 7,429 | 17,656 | 29.6% | 70.4% | |
| Dublin South-Central | 52,371 | 57.6% | 8,407 | 20,696 | 28.9% | 71.1% | |
| Dublin South-East | 41,190 | 63.9% | 7,557 | 18,240 | 29.3% | 70.7% | |
| Dublin South-West | 57,590 | 59.6% | 9,726 | 23,633 | 29.2% | 70.8% | |
| Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown | 62,723 | 63.4% | 11,677 | 27,349 | 29.9% | 70.1% | |
| Galway East | 53,105 | 62.6% | 14,716 | 16,643 | 46.9% | 53.1% | |
| Galway West | 33,722 | 52.7% | 8,652 | 8,477 | 50.5% | 49.5% | |
| Kerry North | 34,785 | 64.1% | 9,264 | 11,880 | 43.8% | 56.2% | |
| Kerry South | 35,323 | 66.1% | 10,706 | 11,535 | 48.1% | 51.9% | |
| Kildare | 46,099 | 66.9% | 11,607 | 17,906 | 39.3% | 60.7% | |
| Laois–Offaly | 55,879 | 66.9% | 14,163 | 21,345 | 39.9% | 60.1% | |
| Limerick East | 46,883 | 67.2% | 11,245 | 18,701 | 37.6% | 62.4% | |
| Limerick West | 33,546 | 72.4% | 11,253 | 11,905 | 48.6% | 51.4% | |
| Longford–Westmeath | 43,795 | 67.8% | 10,714 | 17,309 | 38.2% | 61.8% | |
| Louth | 37,781 | 66.9% | 9,738 | 14,495 | 40.2% | 59.8% | |
| Mayo North | 30,802 | 53.8% | 7,220 | 8,497 | 45.9% | 54.1% | |
| Mayo South | 41,324 | 62.2% | 10,604 | 13,963 | 43.2% | 56.8% | |
| Meath | 36,192 | 68.5% | 9,499 | 14,037 | 40.4% | 59.6% | |
| Monaghan | 32,580 | 69.8% | 8,744 | 12,862 | 40.5% | 59.5% | |
| Roscommon | 42,971 | 69.2% | 11,637 | 16,243 | 41.7% | 58.3% | |
| Sligo–Leitrim | 42,362 | 65.8% | 11,101 | 15,000 | 42.5% | 57.5% | |
| Tipperary North | 34,076 | 70.9% | 9,606 | 13,179 | 42.2% | 57.8% | |
| Tipperary South | 46,045 | 74.0% | 14,803 | 17,534 | 45.8% | 54.2% | |
| Waterford | 37,519 | 69.7% | 10,360 | 14,551 | 41.6% | 58.4% | |
| Wexford | 48,050 | 69.6% | 11,433 | 20,542 | 35.8% | 64.2% | |
| Wicklow | 37,124 | 65.3% | 8,100 | 15,108 | 34.9% | 65.1% | |
| Total | 1,717,389 | 65.8% | 424,185 | 656,803 | 39.2% | 60.8% | |
| Electorate | Votes | Proportion of votes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
| Carlow–Kilkenny | 58,039 | 71.4% | 15,253 | 23,174 | 39.7% | 60.3% | |
| Cavan | 33,996 | 70.7% | 9,710 | 13,318 | 42.2% | 57.8% | |
| Clare | 48,008 | 62.6% | 14,193 | 14,131 | 50.1% | 49.9% | |
| Cork Borough | 59,607 | 66.3% | 14,784 | 23,448 | 38.7% | 61.3% | |
| Cork Mid | 51,423 | 72.2% | 14,337 | 21,440 | 40.1% | 59.9% | |
| Cork North-East | 59,515 | 70.9% | 16,784 | 23,659 | 41.5% | 58.5% | |
| Cork South-West | 34,625 | 69.9% | 8,691 | 14,281 | 37.8% | 62.2% | |
| Donegal North-East | 34,698 | 66.7% | 11,414 | 10,701 | 51.6% | 48.4% | |
| Donegal South-West | 35,596 | 62.2% | 10,692 | 10,397 | 50.7% | 49.3% | |
| Dublin County | 77,837 | 63.3% | 15,820 | 31,999 | 33.1% | 66.9% | |
| Dublin North-Central | 37,771 | 57.9% | 5,877 | 15,187 | 27.9% | 72.1% | |
| Dublin North-East | 80,453 | 65.9% | 16,147 | 36,010 | 31.0% | 69.0% | |
| Dublin North-West | 41,984 | 61.1% | 7,467 | 17,633 | 29.7% | 70.3% | |
| Dublin South-Central | 52,371 | 57.6% | 8,449 | 20,790 | 28.9% | 71.1% | |
| Dublin South-East | 41,190 | 63.9% | 7,726 | 18,044 | 30.0% | 70.0% | |
| Dublin South-West | 57,590 | 59.6% | 9,667 | 23,780 | 28.9% | 71.1% | |
| Dún Laoghaire and Rathdown | 62,723 | 63.4% | 11,875 | 27,135 | 30.4% | 69.6% | |
| Galway East | 53,105 | 62.6% | 14,713 | 16,708 | 46.8% | 53.2% | |
| Galway West | 33,722 | 52.7% | 8,606 | 8,574 | 50.1% | 49.9% | |
| Kerry North | 34,785 | 64.1% | 9,246 | 11,887 | 43.8% | 56.2% | |
| Kerry South | 35,323 | 66.1% | 10,698 | 11,605 | 48.0% | 52.0% | |
| Kildare | 46,099 | 66.9% | 11,560 | 17,883 | 39.3% | 60.7% | |
| Laois–Offaly | 55,879 | 66.9% | 14,128 | 21,433 | 39.7% | 60.3% | |
| Limerick East | 46,883 | 67.3% | 11,190 | 18,793 | 37.3% | 62.7% | |
| Limerick West | 33,546 | 72.4% | 11,272 | 11,908 | 48.6% | 51.4% | |
| Longford–Westmeath | 43,795 | 67.8% | 10,674 | 17,414 | 38.0% | 62.0% | |
| Louth | 37,781 | 66.9% | 9,785 | 14,453 | 40.4% | 59.6% | |
| Mayo North | 30,802 | 53.8% | 7,167 | 8,556 | 45.6% | 54.4% | |
| Mayo South | 41,324 | 62.2% | 10,513 | 14,025 | 42.8% | 57.2% | |
| Meath | 36,192 | 68.5% | 9,500 | 14,084 | 40.3% | 59.7% | |
| Monaghan | 32,580 | 69.8% | 8,645 | 12,925 | 40.1% | 59.9% | |
| Roscommon | 42,971 | 69.2% | 11,635 | 16,299 | 41.7% | 58.3% | |
| Sligo–Leitrim | 42,362 | 65.8% | 11,034 | 15,097 | 42.2% | 57.8% | |
| Tipperary North | 34,076 | 71.0% | 9,600 | 13,217 | 42.1% | 57.9% | |
| Tipperary South | 46,045 | 74.0% | 14,749 | 17,712 | 45.4% | 54.6% | |
| Waterford | 37,519 | 69.8% | 10,353 | 14,555 | 41.6% | 58.4% | |
| Wexford | 48,050 | 69.6% | 11,411 | 20,588 | 35.7% | 64.3% | |
| Wicklow | 37,124 | 65.3% | 8,131 | 15,055 | 35.1% | 64.9% | |
| Total | 1,717,389 | 65.8% | 423,496 | 657,898 | 39.2% | 60.8% | |