1964 Alaska earthquake explained

1964 Alaska earthquake
Timestamp:1964-03-28 03:36:16
Isc-Event:869809
Anss-Url:iscgem869809
Local-Time:17:36:16 AKST.
Magnitude: 9.2–9.3
Pga:~ 0.18 g [1]
Depth:25km (16miles)
Duration:4–5 minutes
Countries Affected:United States, Canada
Type:Megathrust
Tsunami:Major. Run-up of 67m (220feet) at Shoup Bay, Alaska.
Casualties:131 killed
Damage:$311 million (1964 USD) [$2.94 billion (2022 USD)]

The 1964 Alaskan earthquake, also known as the Great Alaskan earthquake and Good Friday earthquake, occurred at 5:36 PM AKST on Good Friday, March 27, 1964. Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing structures, and tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 131 deaths.

Lasting four minutes and thirty-eight seconds, the magnitude 9.2–9.3 megathrust earthquake remains the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in North America,[2] and the second most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900. 600miles of fault ruptured at once and moved up to, releasing about 500 years of stress buildup. Soil liquefaction, fissures, landslides, and other ground failures caused major structural damage in several communities and much damage to property. Anchorage sustained great destruction or damage to many inadequately earthquake-engineered houses, buildings, and infrastructure (paved streets, sidewalks, water and sewer mains, electrical systems, and other man-made equipment), particularly in the several landslide zones along Knik Arm. 200miles southwest, some areas near Kodiak were permanently raised by 30feet. Southeast of Anchorage, areas around the head of Turnagain Arm near Girdwood and Portage dropped as much as 8feet, requiring reconstruction and fill to raise the Seward Highway above the new high tide mark.

In Prince William Sound, Port Valdez suffered a massive underwater landslide, resulting in the deaths of 32 people between the collapse of the Valdez city harbor and docks, and inside the ship that was docked there at the time. Nearby, a 27feet tsunami destroyed the village of Chenega, killing 23 of the 68 people who lived there; survivors out-ran the wave, climbing to high ground. Post-quake tsunamis severely affected Whittier, Seward, Kodiak, and other Alaskan communities, as well as people and property in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California.[3] Tsunamis also caused damage in Hawaii and Japan. Evidence of motion directly related to the earthquake was also reported from Florida and Texas.

Geology

On March 27, 1964, at 5:36 p.m. AKST (March 28, at 3:36 a.m. UTC), a fault between the Pacific and North American plates ruptured near College Fjord in Prince William Sound. The epicenter of the earthquake was 12.4miles north of Prince William Sound, 78miles east of Anchorage and 40miles west of Valdez. The focus occurred at a depth of approximately 15.5miles. Ocean floor shifts created large tsunamis (up to 220feet in height), which resulted in many of the deaths and much of the property damage.[4] Large rockslides were also caused, resulting in great property damage. Vertical displacement of up to 38feet occurred, affecting an area of 100000sqmi within Alaska.

Studies of ground motion have led to a peak ground acceleration estimate of 0.14–0.18 g.[5] The earthquake was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Shaking was felt across much of Alaska and parts of western Yukon and British Columbia in Canada.

The Alaska earthquake was a subduction zone (megathrust) earthquake, caused by an oceanic plate sinking under a continental plate. The fault responsible was the Aleutian Megathrust, a reverse fault caused by a compressional force. This caused much of the uneven ground which is the result of ground shifted to the opposite elevation.[6] Uplift occurred across from southern Kodiak to Prince William Sound and further east of the sound. The maximum uplift was in Montague Island, where the ground was raised relative to sea level. The uplift also affected Kodiak, Sitkalidak, and Sitkinak islands. Subsidence was observed for from north and west of the sound, in Chugach Mountains, most of Kenai Peninsula, and almost all the Kodiak Island group.[7]

Tsunami

Two types of tsunami were produced by this subduction zone earthquake. There was a tectonic tsunami produced in addition to about 20 smaller and local tsunamis. These smaller tsunamis were produced by submarine and subaerial landslides and were responsible for the majority of the tsunami damage. Tsunami waves were noted in over 20 countries, including Peru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Japan, Mexico, and in the continent of Antarctica. The largest tsunami wave was recorded in Shoup Bay, Alaska, with a height of about 220feet.[8]

Death toll, damage, and casualties

As a result of the earthquake, 131 people are believed to have died: Nine died as a result of the earthquake itself and another 122 died from the subsequent tsunamis all over the world.[9] Five died from the tsunami in Oregon,[10] and 12 died from the tsunami in Crescent City, California.[11] [12] Property damage was estimated at $116 million ($ billion in dollars).

Anchorage area

Most damage occurred in Anchorage, 75miles northwest of the epicenter. Anchorage was not hit by tsunamis, but downtown Anchorage was heavily damaged, and parts of the city built on sandy bluffs overlying "Bootlegger Cove clay" near Cook Inlet, most notably the Turnagain neighborhood, suffered landslide damage. The neighborhood lost 75 houses in the landslide, and the destroyed area has since been turned into Earthquake Park.[13] The Government Hill school suffered from the Government Hill landslide, leaving it in two jagged, broken pieces. Land overlooking the Ship Creek valley near the Alaska Railroad yards also slid, destroying many acres of buildings and city blocks in downtown Anchorage. Most other areas of the city were only moderately damaged. The 60feet concrete control tower at Anchorage International Airport was not engineered to withstand earthquake activity and collapsed, killing William George Taylor, the Federal Aviation Agency air traffic controller on duty in the tower cab at the time the earthquake began.[14]

One house on W. 10th Avenue suffered peripheral damage, but only one block away the recently completed (and still unoccupied) Four Seasons Building on Ninth Avenue collapsed completely, with the concrete elevator shafts sticking up out of the rubble like a seesaw.

The hamlets of Girdwood and Portage, located southeast of central Anchorage on the Turnagain Arm, were destroyed by subsidence and subsequent tidal action. Girdwood was relocated inland and Portage was abandoned. About 20miles of the Seward Highway sank below the high-water mark of Turnagain Arm; the highway and its bridges were raised and rebuilt in 1964–66.

Elsewhere in Alaska

Most coastal towns in the Prince William Sound, Kenai Peninsula, and Kodiak Island areas, especially the major ports of Seward, Whittier and Kodiak were heavily damaged by a combination of seismic activity, subsidence, post-quake tsunamis and/or earthquake-caused fires. Valdez with 32 dead was not totally destroyed, but after three years, the town relocated to higher ground 4miles west of its original site. Some Alaska Native villages, including Chenega and Afognak, were destroyed or damaged. The earthquake caused the ballistic missile detection radar of Clear Air Force Station to go offline for six minutes,[15] the only unscheduled interruption in its operational history. Near Cordova, the Million Dollar Bridge crossing the Copper River also suffered damage, with Span #4 slipping off its pylon and collapsing. The community of Girdwood was also confined to the southern side of the Seward Highway when water rushed into Turnagain Arm and flooded or destroyed any buildings left standing to the north of the highway. Only the ground immediately along the highway and that on the north side of the road dropped, prompting geologists to speculate that Girdwood may rest upon an ancient cliff face covered by thousands of years of sediment and glacial deposits.

Canada

A 4.5feet wave reached Prince Rupert, British Columbia, just south of the Alaska Panhandle, about three hours after the earthquake. The tsunami then reached Tofino, on the exposed west coast of Vancouver Island, and traveled up a fjord to hit Port Alberni twice, washing away 55 homes and damaging 375 others. The towns of Hot Springs Cove, Zeballos, and Amai also saw damage.[16] The damage in British Columbia was estimated at CA$10 million ($ in Canadian dollars or $ in US dollars).[17]

Elsewhere

Twelve people were killed by the tsunami in or near Crescent City, California, while four children were killed on the Oregon coast at Beverly Beach State Park.[18] Other coastal towns in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Hawaii were damaged. Minor damage to boats occurred as far south as Los Angeles.[19] Effects of the earthquake were even noted as far east as Freeport, Texas, where tide gauges recorded waves similar to seismic surface waves.[20] Seiches were detected in wells in countries around the world, including England, Namibia, and Australia.[21]

Aftershocks

There were hundreds of aftershocks in the first weeks following the main shock. In the first day alone, eleven major aftershocks were recorded with a magnitude greater than 6.0. Nine more struck over the next three weeks. In all, thousands of aftershocks occurred in the months following the quake, and smaller aftershocks continued to strike the region for more than a year.

Recovery efforts

Alaska had never experienced a major disaster in a highly populated area before, and had very limited resources for dealing with the effects of such an event. In Anchorage, at the urging of geologist Lidia Selkregg, the City of Anchorage and the Alaska State Housing Authority appointed a team of 40 scientists, including geologists, soil scientists, and engineers, to assess the damage done by the earthquake to the city.[22] The team, called the Engineering and Geological Evaluation Group, was headed by Dr. Ruth A. M. Schmidt, a geology professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage. The team of scientists came into conflict with local developers and downtown business owners who wanted to immediately rebuild; the scientists wanted to identify future dangers to ensure that rebuilt infrastructure would be safe.[23] The team produced a report on May 8, 1964, just a little more than a month after the earthquake.[24]

The United States military, which has a large active presence in Alaska, also stepped in to assist within moments of the end of the quake. The U.S. Army rapidly re-established communications with the lower 48 states, deployed troops to assist the citizens of Anchorage, and dispatched a convoy to Valdez.[25] On the advice of military and civilian leaders, President Lyndon B. Johnson declared all of Alaska a major disaster area the day after the quake. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard deployed ships to isolated coastal communities to assist with immediate needs. Bad weather and poor visibility hampered air rescue and observation efforts the day after the quake, but on Sunday the 29th the situation improved and rescue helicopters and observation aircraft were deployed. A military airlift immediately began shipping relief supplies to Alaska, eventually delivering of food and other supplies. Broadcast journalist Genie Chance assisted in recovery and relief efforts, staying on the KENI air waves over Anchorage for more than 24 continuous hours as the voice of calm from her temporary post within the Anchorage Public Safety Building.[26] She was effectively designated as the public safety officer by the city's police chief. Chance provided breaking news of the catastrophic events that continued to develop following the magnitude 9.2 earthquake, and she served as the voice of the public safety office, coordinating response efforts, connecting available resources to needs around the community, disseminating information about shelters and prepared food rations, passing messages of well-being between loved ones, and helping to reunite families.[27]

In the longer term, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers led the effort to rebuild roads, clear debris, and establish new townsites for communities that had been completely destroyed, at a cost of $110 million.[28] The West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center was formed as a direct response to the disaster. Federal disaster relief funds paid for reconstruction as well as financially supporting the devastated infrastructure of Alaska's government, spending hundreds of millions of dollars that helped keep Alaska financially solvent until the discovery of massive oil deposits at Prudhoe Bay. At the order of the U.S. Defense Department, the Alaska National Guard founded the Alaska Division of Emergency Services to respond to any future disasters.[25]

See also

References

General

External links

Notes and References

  1. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 1, Part 1, National Academies, 1968 p. 285
  2. Ichinose . Gene . Somerville . Paul . Thio . Hong Kie . Graves . Robert . O'Connell . Dan . 2007 . Rupture process of the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake from the combined inversion of seismic, tsunami, and geodetic data . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . en . 112 . B7 . 10.1029/2006JB004728 . 0148-0227.
  3. Web site: USC. Tsunami Research Group. 1964 Alaskan Tsunami. University of Southern California. 18 July 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150508154813/http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/alaska/1964/webpages/. 8 May 2015.
  4. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1964_03_28.php Historic Earthquakes: Prince William Sound, Alaska
  5. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 1, Part 1, National Academies, 1968 p. 285
  6. https://www.air-worldwide.com/Blog/The-Great-Alaska-Earthquake-of-1964-and-Its-Legacy/ The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964 and Its Legacy
  7. Stover . C. W. . Coffman . J.L. . 10.3133/pp1527 . Seismicity of the United States, 1568-1989 (revised) . 1993 . Professional Paper. 1527. USGS Numbered Series.
  8. "Getting Ready to Rumble", Richard Conniff, The Wall Street Journal, August 26, 2017.
  9. http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/64quake.htm The Great Alaskan Earthquake & Tsunamis of 1964
  10. News: Tsunami generated by Good Friday quake devastated Oregon Coast 50 years ago Thursday. OregonLive.com. 24 March 2014. 2018-07-27. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20180728040212/https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2014/03/tsunami_generated_by_good_frid.html. 28 July 2018. live.
  11. News: The day in 1964 when a tsunami ravaged Crescent City. sfgate.com. 23 January 2018. 2020-04-09. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20191229103214/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Crescent-City-tsunami-1964-Alaska-earthquake-12517983.php. 29 December 2019. live.
  12. News: Remembering the Deadly 75-Foot Tidal Wave that Leveled Crescent City in 1964. activenorcal.com. 20 August 2019. 2020-04-09. en-US.
  13. Web site: Earthquake Park Things to Do In Anchorage. 2021-05-03. ALASKA.ORG. en.
  14. Sozen, Mete A. and N. Norby Nielsen, 1973: Analysis of the failure of the Anchorage International Airport control tower. The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 3, Part 2, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, National Academy of Sciences, .
  15. Web site: 50 YEARS since 1964 earthquake catastrophe: Military integral to recovery. Chris. McCann. 24 March 2014. 12 May 2024. Pacific Air Forces.
  16. Web site: Tsunami runups in Canada in 1964. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014-01-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107113426/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?bt_0=1964&st_0=1964&type_5=EXACT&query_5=CANADA&d=166&query=&dataset=101650&s=166&submit_all=Search+Database. 2017-11-07. live.
  17. News: A brief history of the Canadian dollar. 2018-01-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20161225213247/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/a-brief-history-of-the-canadian-dollar/article1366590/. 2016-12-25. live.
  18. Oregon's pioneer spirit. Statesman Journal, December 26, 1999.
  19. Web site: USGS Release: 40th Anniversary of "Good Friday" Earthquake Offers New Opportunities for Public and Building Safety Partnerships (3/26/2004) . 2006-11-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060927215248/http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=106 . 2006-09-27 . live .
  20. Web site: Tsunami runups in Freeport. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2014-01-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112651/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?bt_0=1964&st_0=1964&type_4=Like&query_4=freeport&d=166&query=&t=101650&s=167&submit_all=Search+Database. 2017-11-07. live.
  21. Book: Fountain, Henry . The Great Quake: How the biggest earthquake in North America changed our understanding of the planet . Crown . 2017 . New York . 145.
  22. Friedel, Megan K. (2010). Guide to the Anchorage Engineering Geology Evaluation Group papers, 1964. UAA/APU Consortium Library Archives and Special Collections. HMC-0051. https://archives.consortiumlibrary.org/collections/specialcollections/hmc-0051/
  23. "Ruth Anne Marie Schmidt Ph.D." Alaska Women's Hall of Fame. 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  24. Saucier, Heather (April 2014). "PROWESS Honors Historic Earthquake Survivor". American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  25. Cloe, John Haile "Helping Hand" Military response to Good Friday earthquake Alaska Historical Society, 3/4/2014
  26. Web site: When a Quake Shook Alaska, a Radio Reporter Led the Public Through the Devastating Crisis. 2020-12-02. Smithsonian Magazine. en.
  27. Web site: Barbaro. Michael. May 22, 2020. Genie Chance and the Great Alaska Earthquake. The New York Times.
  28. Galvin, John Great Alaskan Earthquake and Tsunami: Alaska, March 1964 Popular Mechanics, 6/29/2007