1962 Northern Rhodesian general election explained

General elections were held in Northern Rhodesia on 30 October 1962, with by-elections for several seats held on 10 December. Although the United Federal Party won the most seats in the Legislative Council, and Northern Rhodesian African National Congress leader Harry Nkumbula had made a secret electoral pact with the UFP, Nkumbula decided to form a government with the United National Independence Party.

Electoral system

The elections were carried out under the "15-15-15" system, with 15 seats elected by an upper roll, 15 seats by a lower roll and 15 seats by the national roll; the national roll seats consisted of four 'reserved' two-seat constituencies returning an African and a European member; three two-member 'open' constituencies that would return two members of any race, and one nationwide constituency for Asians.[1] The initial plan for the reserved and open national roll seats was that candidates would have to receive at least 15% of the vote from both the upper and lower rolls to be elected.[2] However, this was fiercely opposed by Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Roy Welensky, as the lower roll was likely to be entirely black, giving his UFP little chance of winning seats.[3] The system was later changed to require candidates to receive at least 10% of the vote from each race,[4] and at least 20% of the vote from either the upper or lower roll.[5]

To qualify for the upper roll, voters had to have an income of at least £720 or own at least £1,500 of immovable property. This was reduced to £480/£1,000 for those with a full primary education and £300/£1,000 for those with at least four years of secondary education. Several people were automatically allowed to register as upper roll voters, including chiefs, hereditary councillors, members of native authorities and courts, municipal councils, township housing boards and area housing boards, ministers of religion, members of certain religions with at least two years of secondary education, pensioners, university graduates, holders of an award from the Queen, those with a letter of exemption under the African Exemption Ordinance dated prior to 1 July 1961, or be the wife of a qualified upper roll voter (in polygamous marriages, only the senior wife qualified).[6] Lower roll voters had to have an income of at least £120 or own immovable property worth at least £250. Certain other people were automatically entitled to be a lower roll voter, including tribal councillors, members of native authorities and courts, municipal councils, township housing boards and area housing boards, headmen, pensioners, members of certain religious bodies, holders of an award from the Queen, or people registered as Individual, Peasant or Improved Farmers for two years prior to their application. The wife (or senior wife) of anyone qualifying to be a lower roll voter also qualified.[6]

The upper roll had a total of 37,142 voters, of which 27,893 were European, 7,321 were African and 1,928 were Asian. The lower roll had 91,941 voters, of which 91,913 were African and 28 Asian.[7]

In order to vote, voters had to dip their thumbs in red ink, which would remain for two days. In Lusaka two European voters refused to dip their thumbs, and were barred from voting. One, Colin Cunningham, a former leader of the Rhodesian Republican Party, claimed it would be "trespass against his person."

Campaign

UNIP originally planned to boycott the elections in protest at the failure to move to majority rule. However, the decision was later reversed after the outcome of the Delimitation Commission.[8] UNIP leader Kenneth Kaunda spoke at over a hundred meetings during the campaign. In Sweden the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party started an appeal for £20,000 to contribute to UNIP's election campaign, calling federal UFP leader Roy Welensky "sabre-rattling" and a "leader of the white Fascists." The campaign raised only £3,700.

Conduct

On 26 October NRANC official Danwell Kuseka was killed when he was ambushed after an election meeting near Kitwe; three others were injured, one with a broken back. Kaunda called for UNIP members to co-operate with the police in finding the attackers.[9] African candidates for the UFP were reported to have experienced a "living hell of intimidation."[9] Polling day took place largely without incident and saw a high turnout. In the Congolese city of Elisabethville a group of 100 Northern Rhodesians attended the British Consul to vote. However, after they discovered that only 17 of them had registered, they stormed the building and stoned the consul, resulting in him being hospitalised. Congolese police arrested 15 of the group.

Results

On election day, 14 of the upper roll seats and all 15 lower roll seats were decided, but only five of the 15 national seats; the UFP won 15 seats, UNIP 14 and the NRANC five. By-elections were subsequently held on 10 December for the Livingstone upper roll seats, and for the ten remaining national seats, with the UFP winning in Livingstone, and the NRANC winning the only two national roll seats to have a winner, leaving the UFP with a final total of 16 seats and the NRANC with seven.

By constituency

ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotes%Invalid/
blank		TotalRegisteredTurnout
Upper roll
Broken HillJohn RobertsUnited Federal Party1,801align=right rowspan=367align=right rowspan=32,193 align=right rowspan=32,634align=right rowspan=383.3
Ibrahim NkondeUnited National Independence Party290
Alun PriceLiberal Party35
ChingolaSamuel MagnusUnited Federal Party1,668align=right rowspan=216 align=right rowspan=22,330align=right rowspan=22,492align=right rowspan=293.5
C M MorrisIndependent646
Eastern RuralEbden CarlisleUnited Federal Party1,243align=right rowspan=450align=right rowspan=42,244align=right rowspan=42,520align=right rowspan=489.0
Harry GardnerUnited National Independence Party555
E RandolphNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress201
Oliver CarruthersLiberal Party195
Kitwe EastJerry SteynUnited Federal Party2,328align=right rowspan=343align=right rowspan=32,610align=right rowspan=32,794align=right rowspan=393.4
G E MushikwaUnited National Independence Party179
J PercyLiberal Party60
Kitwe WestHugh StanleyUnited Federal Party1,936align=right rowspan=350align=right rowspan=32,400align=right rowspan=32,624align=right rowspan=391.5
U G MwilaUnited National Independence Party311
K A MillsLiberal Party103
LivingstoneElection postponed due to death of candidate
Luanshya-KansenjiCecil Dennistoun BurneyUnited Federal Party1,638align=right rowspan=343align=right rowspan=32,262align=right rowspan=32,458align=right rowspan=392.0
Thakorbhai DesaiUnited National Independence Party390
M W WijnbergLiberal Party191
Lusaka EastGabriel MusumbulwaUnited Federal Party1,806align=right rowspan=515align=right rowspan=52,460align=right rowspan=52,713align=right rowspan=590.7
R AllardLiberal Party297
Alan WateridgeIndependent236
L TerryNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress79
F J G TriegaardtRhodesia Republican Party27
Lusaka WestHugh MitchleyUnited Federal Party1,607align=right rowspan=478align=right rowspan=42,592align=right rowspan=42,863align=right rowspan=490.5
Eric KreftIndependent633
G S MwanzaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress152
S HuttLiberal Party122
MufuliraPieter WulffUnited Federal Party2,224align=right rowspan=214align=right rowspan=22,575align=right rowspan=22,752align=right rowspan=293.6
Alexander StevensIndependent337
Ndola EastThomas LawlerUnited Federal Party1,728align=right rowspan=338align=right rowspan=32,198align=right rowspan=32,401align=right rowspan=391.5
T M D NtineUnited National Independence Party221
C D SmithLiberal Party211
Northern RuralJohn MwanakatweUnited National Independence Party1,172align=right rowspan=337align=right rowspan=31,646align=right rowspan=31,900align=right rowspan=386.6
V A ShonaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress297
U J MoffatIndependent140
RoanHendrick LiebenbergUnited Federal Party1,564align=right rowspan=346align=right rowspan=31,986align=right rowspan=32,302align=right rowspan=386.3
M K NayootoUnited National Independence Party309
W KirbyLiberal Party67
Southern RuralJohn BurnsideUnited Federal Party588align=right rowspan=561align=right rowspan=51,516align=right rowspan=51,726align=right rowspan=587.8
Maskekwa NalumangoUnited National Independence Party491
G A PatelNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress296
R HarveyLiberal Party42
C F KirsteinRhodesia Republican Party38
Western RuralNorman CoatesUnited Federal Party1,427align=right rowspan=340align=right rowspan=32,146align=right rowspan=32,348align=right rowspan=391.4
Joseph ShawUnited National Independence Party601
R E FarmerLiberal Party78
Lower roll
BangweuluKenneth KaundaUnited National Independence Party4,347align=right rowspan=2126align=right rowspan=24,702align=right rowspan=25,134align=right rowspan=291.6
H KasokolaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress229
Barotseland EastArthur WinaUnited National Independence Party1,057align=right rowspan=266align=right rowspan=21,188align=right rowspan=21,460align=right rowspan=281.4
F L SuuBarotseland National Party65
Barotseland WestMubiana NalilungweUnited National Independence Party688align=right rowspan=4151align=right rowspan=4985align=right rowspan=41,271align=right rowspan=477.5
Griffiths MukandeBarotseland National Party69
Isaac SingulwaniNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress42
B M AkombelwaLiberal Party35
Copperbelt CentralAlexander Grey ZuluUnited National Independence Party14,371align=right rowspan=356align=right rowspan=316,474align=right rowspan=319,460align=right rowspan=384.7
L B LombeNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1,947
E M DaimonUnited Federal Party100
Copperbelt EastJohn ChisataUnited National Independence Party11,896align=right rowspan=2447align=right rowspan=213,172align=right rowspan=214,933align=right rowspan=288.2
Prise ChandaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress829
Copperbelt WestSikota WinaUnited National Independence Party5,217align=right rowspan=2298align=right rowspan=25,740align=right rowspan=26,683align=right rowspan=285.9
N J ChindefuNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress225
EasternWesley NyirendaUnited National Independence Party1,655align=right rowspan=3305align=right rowspan=32,783align=right rowspan=33,120align=right rowspan=389.2
Shadrach SokoNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress792
N D ChabingaLiberal Party31
Lusaka RuralEdward LisoNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1,606align=right rowspan=3199align=right rowspan=32,894align=right rowspan=33,399align=right rowspan=385.1
Solomon KaluluUnited National Independence Party1,061
M J NkabikaUnited Federal Party28
MidlandsElijah MudendaUnited National Independence Party7,819align=right rowspan=2827align=right rowspan=211,926align=right rowspan=214,569align=right rowspan=281.9
Job MichelloNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress3,280
MuchingaAaron MilnerUnited National Independence Party2,742align=right rowspan=3109align=right rowspan=32,934align=right rowspan=33,211align=right rowspan=391.4
Cuthbert SinyangweNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress55
G M KabichiUnited Federal Party28
NorthernSimon KapwepweUnited National Independence Party3,840align=right rowspan=3124align=right rowspan=34,075align=right rowspan=34,534align=right rowspan=389.9
Dauti YambaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress87
D B LisubuUnited Federal Party24
North-WesternSamuel MblishiUnited National Independence Party1,419align=right rowspan=383align=right rowspan=31,783align=right rowspan=31,953align=right rowspan=391.3
C S ChizawuNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress264
Y ChikombeLiberal Party17
South-EasternReuben KamangaUnited National Independence Party1,468align=right rowspan=2320align=right rowspan=22,476align=right rowspan=22,872align=right rowspan=286.2
Harry ThornicroftNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress688
SouthernChiwala BandaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress2,300align=right rowspan=2184align=right rowspan=23,936align=right rowspan=24,444align=right rowspan=288.6
Gwale HabanyamaUnited National Independence Party1,452
South-WesternHarry NkumbulaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress3,924align=right rowspan=2193align=right rowspan=24,733align=right rowspan=25,212align=right rowspan=290.8
C S MukandoUnited National Independence Party616
Source: Mulford, pp189–190
National seats
ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotesNotes
Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%
align=left rowspan=4Chambeshi
(African)		Matthew MwendapoleUnited National Independence Party691.611,28693.677415.010,58193.8
Peter ChibuyeUnited Federal Party4,08293.3690.64,09479.6570.5
Sykes NdililaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress491.16455.3971.95975.3
F M ChitimukuluLiberal Party1734.0580.51803.5510.5
align=left rowspan=3Chambeshi
(European)		Stewart Gore-BrowneUnited National Independence Party551.311,26493.475614.710,56393.6
John MitchellUnited Federal Party4,15294.96695.54,20781.86145.4
R L MoffatLiberal Party1663.81251.01823.51091.0
align=left rowspan=8Kabompo (2 seats)M. ChamululuLiberal PartyNo candidate achieved the vote share required
T.G. MacKayLiberal Party
K.T. LewisNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress
R. ManganguNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress
P. ByrneUnited Federal Party
I.H. NkolomaUnited Federal Party
Andrew SardanisUnited National Independence Party
William NkanzaUnited National Independence Party
align=left rowspan=3Kafubu
(African)		D C MwiingaUnited National Independence Party651.212,08192.976712.711,37993.1
Ernest KapotaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress4,76290.78086.24,82880.07426.1
Z J Kafulubiti Liberal Party4228.01110.94387.3950.8
align=left rowspan=3Kafubu
(European)		Merfyn TempleUnited National Independence Party651.212,03093.268811.611,40793.4
Rodney MalcomsonUnited Federal Party4,85392.57696.04,91082.67125.8
L B S EscourtLiberal Party3296.31110.93435.8970.8
align=left rowspan=3Lower Kafue
(African)		Robinson PutaUnited National Independence Party932.76,76971.868316.06,17971.4
Francis ChembeNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress3,25293.32,57027.23,44280.62,38027.5Elected
I E KalimaLiberal Party1424.1941.01463.4901.0
align=left rowspan=5Lower Kafue
(European)		A TidderUnited National Independence Party752.26,69971.066715.66,10770.6
A H DuffNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress190.52132.3400.91922.2
Jack EatonUnited Federal Party3,16690.82,30424.43,31477.62,15624.9Elected
G PercyLiberal Party1594.61081.11724.0951.1
H J ButlerRhodesia Republican Party682.01091.2781.8991.1
align=left rowspan=3Luangwa
(African)		Isaac MumpanshyaUnited National Independence Party1484.25,41863.876717.64,79962.5
Philemon ZindanaUnited Federal Party2,76978.21,64519.42,86065.61,55420.3Elected
Alfred GondweLiberal Party62417.61,42916.873216.81,32117.2
align=left rowspan=4Luangwa
(European)		James John SkinnerUnited National Independence Party1263.65,28562.271716.44,69461.2
Charles CousinsNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress2,71176.62,92934.52,90366.62,73735.7Elected
John MoffatLiberal Party52514.82092.555312.71812.4
A DahlRhodesia Republican Party1795.1690.81864.3620.8
align=left rowspan=8Luapula (2 seats)R.H. HorwardLiberal PartyNo candidate achieved the vote share required
Lakement NganduLiberal Party
Francis StubbsNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress
B.C. ChisunkaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress
A.E. BeechUnited Federal Party
A.M.T. MubangaUnited Federal Party
Wilson ChakulyaUnited National Independence Party
Charles ThornicroftUnited National Independence Party
align=left rowspan=9Zambezi (2 seats)G.B.M. ChalingaBarotseland National PartyNo candidate achieved the vote share required
Harry FranklinLiberal Party
E.N. KamitondoLiberal Party
W.J. CurtisNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress
J.M. MayandaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress
G.A. SmithRhodesia Republic Party
Maurice RabbUnited Federal Party
J.S.S. AndersonUnited National Independence Party
Nakatindi Yeta NgangaUnited National Independence Party
Special National
Constituency		Kashibhai PatelIndependent (UNIP)1,07162.3Elected
J D NaikNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress51930.2
I M BagasIndependent1297.5
align=left colspan=12Source: Gray Zulu, Mulford, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Newsletter

By-elections

Upper roll
ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotes%Notes
LivingstoneJames MacMillanUnited Federal Party1,58472.8Elected
R.V.NayeeUnited National Independence Party41719.2
N. MabutweNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1768.1
Invalid/blank votes88–
Total2,265100
Source: Northern Rhodesia Elections Office[10]
National seats
ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotesNotes
Votes%Votes%
Chambeshi (African)D C MwiingaUnited National Independence Party1102.810,32192.2No candidate elected
L B LombeNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress3,30284.67426.6
H LunguUnited Federal Party49412.61371.2
Chambeshi (European)Stewart Gore-BrowneUnited National Independence Party1012.610,56794.3No candidate elected
John MitchellUnited Federal Party97.45.7
align=left rowspan=6Kabompo (2 seats)William NkanzaUnited National Independence Party1404.811,43993.9No candidate elected
Andrew SardanisUnited National Independence Party1394.711,36393.2
P ByrneUnited Federal Party2,69691.8610.5
A H DuffNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1,22341.66095.0
I H NkolomaUnited Federal Party1,58854.12031.7
R ManganguNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress883.06935.7
align=left rowspan=3Kafubu
(African)		T D MtineUnited National Independence Party2375.211,00191.9No candidate elected
G M KabichiUnited Federal Party4,08490.31461.2
J M MayandaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress2014.58276.9
align=left rowspan=3Kafubu
(European)		Joseph ShawUnited National Independence Party1673.711,02692.1No candidate elected
Rodney MalcomsonUnited Federal Party4,27894.61641.3
L TerryNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress771.77846.6
Luapula (2 seats)Matthew MwendapoleUnited National Independence Party502.19,76187.0Not elected
Charles ThornicroftUnited National Independence Party602.69,69286.5
A E BeechUnited Federal Party2,15192.21010.9
Francis StubbsNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress62826.91,39012.4Elected
M T MubangaUnited Federal Party1,67271.61361.1Not elected
C E KapotaNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1074.61,35212.1
align=left rowspan=8Zambezi (2 seats)Job MichelloNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress76434.75,50658.0Elected
Merfyn TempleUnited National Independence Party482.23,58937.8Not elected
W J CurtisNorthern Rhodesian African National Congress1336.05,34565.2
Nakatindi Yeta NgangaUnited National Independence Party492.23,87840.8
Maurice RabbUnited Federal Party1,98390.12072.2
G B MapaniBarotseland National Party 92442.02362.5
G A SmithRhodesia Republican Party31714.41611.7
W E BarretIndependent1868.4810.8
Source: East Africa and Rhodesia,[11] Gray Zulu

Aftermath

With almost all candidates losing their deposits, the three Liberal Party ministers (John Moffat, Harry Franklin and Alfred Gondwe) resigned immediately after the elections.[12] In mid-November the party announced that it was disbanding, with members advised to join or support UNIP instead.[13]

Nkumbula held talks with both Kaunda and Roberts about the formation of a coalition government, saying he would consider a coalition with UNIP "if Kaunda and his henchmen made a statement unreservedly condemning Communism and the use of violence and intimidation.", and a coalition with the UFP if "thy stated that they wanted to see the end of political federation and its replacement with only an economic association".[12] Kaunda subsequently released a statement stating "I believe that both Mr. Nkumbula and myself should forget the bitterness of the past and do what we can to establish majority rule in this country.[12] On 14 December Governor Evelyn Hone announced the formation of a coalition government by UNIP and the NRARNC.

MinisterPartyPosition
Kenneth KaundaUnited National Independence PartyMinister of Local Government and Social Welfare
Simon KapwepweUnited National Independence PartyMinister of African Agriculture
Harry NkumbulaNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressMinister of African Education
Trevor GardnerEx officioMinister of Finance
Reuben KamangaUnited National Independence PartyMinister of Labour and Mines
Charles CousinsNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressMinister of Land and Natural Resources
Brian Andre DoyleEx officioMinister for Legal Affairs and Attorney General
Frederick ThomasEx officioMinister of Native Affairs
Francis StubbsNorthern Rhodesian African National CongressMinister of Transport and Works
Richard LuytEx officioChief Secretary
Source: East Africa and Rhodesia

See also

Notes and References

  1. Alexander Grey Zulu (2007) The memoirs of Alexander Grey Zulu, Times Printpak Zambia, p219–221
  2. David C. Mulford (1964) The Northern Rhodesian General Election 1962, Oxford University Press, p22−23
  3. Andrew Sardanis (2011) Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood, I.B.Tauris, pp89−91
  4. Mulford, p29
  5. Mulford, p28
  6. Mulford pp50−51
  7. [Dolf Sternberger]
  8. Grey Zulu, p217
  9. "High Poll, No Violence", East Africa and Rhodesia, 1 November 1962, p202
  10. Northern Rhodesia – Legislative Council by-elections – December 10,1962: Analysis of results, Northern Rhodesia Elections Office
  11. "U.N.I.P.–A.N.C. Coalition Government for Northern Rhodesia", East Africa and Rhodesia, 20 December 1962, p345
  12. "Northern Rhodesia's First Slide-Rule General Election", East Africa and Rhodesia, 8 November 1962, pp217–218
  13. "Legislative Council Boycott Threat", East Africa and Rhodesia, 15 November 1962, p243

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "1962 Northern Rhodesian general election".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.