1960 Nobel Prize in Literature explained

1960 Nobel Prize in Literature
Subheader:	Saint-John Perse
Presenter:	Swedish Academy
Year:	1901
Holder Label:	1960 laureate
Date:	26 October 1960 (announcement) 10 December 1960 (ceremony)
Location:	Stockholm, Sweden
Previous:	1959
Main:	Nobel Prize in Literature
Next:	1961

The 1960 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the French poet Saint-John Perse (1887–1975) "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time" ^[1] ^[2]

Laureate

Sain-John Perse, pseudonym for Alexis Leger, was born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, where his family owned two plantations: a coffee and a sugar plantation. His family went back to France in 1899 and settled in Pau. In 1911, he published his first poetry collection Éloges and Other Poems which was almost completely ignored at the time, and one of the few writers who paid it any attention was Marcel Proust, who praised him as a creative young poet, but afterwards, in 1912, he started earning steady success with the help of Valery Larbaud and André Gide. His poetry, admired especially by literary circles, has been compared to that of Arthur Rimbaud. In 1914, he joined the French diplomatic service and spent many years abroad in various countries. While working as a consul in China, he wrote Anabase ("Anabasis", 1924), an epic poem that puzzled many critics. In 1940, he began a long exile in the U.S. in Washington, D.C. wherein much of his poetry has a profoundly personal tone, as in Exil (1942; "Exile"), Vents (1946; "Winds") and Amers (1957; "Seamarks").^[3]

Nominations

Saint-John Perse was nominated for the prize 15 times, including one nomination by 1937 Nobel laureate Roger Martin du Gard in 1956 and three nominations by the 1948 Nobel Prize laureate T. S. Eliot in 1955, 1958 and 1960.^[4]

In total, the Nobel committee received 70 nominations including nominations for 58 authors, including Ivo Andric (awarded in 1961), John Steinbeck (awarded in 1962), Jean-Paul Sartre (awarded in 1964), Robert Frost, André Malraux, Romulo Gallegos, Aldous Huxley, Louis Aragon, Johan Falkberget, Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger, Alberto Moravia, Ignazio Silone, Ezra Pound, Julien Gracq, E. M. Forster, Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Junichiro Tanizaki, Miguel Torga and Tarjei Vesaas.^[5] Fourteen of the nominees were newly nominated namely Heinrich Böll (awarded in 1972), Wesley LaViolette, Aquilino Ribeiro, Marie Noël, Jean Price-Mars, James Thurber, Franz Theodor Csokor, Stratis Myrivilis, Elias Venezis, Aksel Sandemose, John Boyton Priestley and René Char. There were only four women nominated namely Maria Dąbrowska, Marie Noël, Juana de Ibarbourou and Karen Blixen.^[5]

The authors Sibilla Aleramo, Vicki Baum, Ya'akov Cahan, Ralph Chubb, Hjalmar Dahl, Harold Lenoir Davis, Leonora Eyles, Paul Fort, Ethel Voynich, Ferdynand Goetel, Sigurd Hoel, Zora Neale Hurston, Raïssa Maritain, Elsie J. Oxenham, Pierre Reverdy, Nevil Shute, Tetsuro Watsuji and Richard Wright died in 1960 without having been nominated for the prize.

Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize
scope=col	No.	scope=col	Nominee	scope=col	Country	scope=col	Genre(s)	scope=col	Nominator(s)
1	Ivo Andrić (1892–1975)		novel, short story, poetry
2	Louis Aragon (1897–1982)	France	novel, short story, poetry, essays	Henry Olsson (1896–1985)
3	Werner Bergengruen (1892–1964)	Germany	novel, short story, poetry	Wolfgang Stammler (1886–1965)
4	Karen Blixen (1885–1962)	Denmark	novel, short story, memoir	Günther Jungbluth (1912–1976)
5	Heinrich Böll (1917–1985)	Germany	novel, short story	Gustav Korlén (1915–2014)
6	René Char (1907–1988)	France	poetry	Georges Blin (1917–2005)
7	Franz Theodor Csokor (1885–1969)	Austria	drama, essays, poetry, autobiography	The Austrian PEN-Club
8	Maria Dąbrowska (1889–1965)		novel, short story, essays, drama, literary criticism	The Polish PEN-Club
9	Henry de Montherlant (1895–1972)	France	essays, novel, drama	Henri Morier (1910–2004)
10	Gonzague de Reynold (1880–1970)	Switzerland	history, essays, biography, memoir	Swiss Writers Association
11	Johan Falkberget (1879–1967)	Norway	novel, short story, essays
12	Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970)	United Kingdom	novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism	Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976)
13	Robert Frost (1874–1963)	United States	poetry, drama
14	Christopher Fry (1907–2005)	United Kingdom	poetry, drama, screenplay	Arthur Henkel (1915–2005)
15	Rómulo Gallegos (1884–1969)		novel, short story
16	Armand Godoy (1880–1964)	Cuba France	poetry, translation	Anna Hyatt Huntington (1876–1973)
17	Julien Gracq (1910–2007)	France	novel, poetry, drama, literary criticism	Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976)
18	Robert Graves (1895–1985)	United Kingdom	history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays
19	Graham Greene (1904–1991)	United Kingdom	novel, short story, autobiography, essays	Kristian Smidt (1916–2013)
20	Gunnar Gunnarsson (1889–1975)	Iceland	novel, short story, poetry	Stellan Arvidson (1902–1997)
21	Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)	Germany	philosophy, essays	Paul Böckmann (1899–1987)
22	Taha Hussein (1889–1973)		novel, short story, poetry, translation	Olle Hedberg (1899–1974)
23	Aldous Huxley (1894–1963)	United Kingdom	novel, short story, essays, poetry, screenplay, drama, philosophy	R. Fricker (?)
24	Juana de Ibarbourou (1892–1979)	Uruguay	poetry, essays	Academia Cubana de la Lengua
25	Karl Jaspers (1883–1969)	Germany Switzerland	philosophy
26	Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981)		poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays	Association of Writers of Yugoslavia
27	Wesley LaViolette (1894–1978)	United States	poetry, essays	Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (1909–1992)
28	Wilhelm Lehmann (1882–1968)	Germany	novel, short story, poetry, essays	Friedrich Sengle (1909–1994)
29	André Malraux (1901–1976)	France	novel, essays, literary criticism	Claude Digeon (1920–2008)
30	Max Mell (1882–1971)	Austria	drama, novel, screenplay
31	Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968)		philology, history
32	Alberto Moravia (1907–1990)	Italy	novel, literary criticism, essays, drama	Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976)
33	Stratis Myrivilis (1890–1969)		novel, short story	The Greek Authors' Union
34	Junzaburō Nishiwaki (1894–1982)	Japan	poetry, literary criticism	Naoshirō Tsuji (1899–1979)
35	Marie Noël (1883–1967)	France	poetry, autobiography	Maurice Bémol (1900–1961)
36	Saint-John Perse (1887–1975)	France	poetry
37	Ezra Pound (1885–1972)	United States	poetry, essays	Ingvar Andersson (1899–1974)
38	Jean Price-Mars (1876–1969)	Haiti	essays, philosophy
39	John Boynton Priestley (1894–1984)	United Kingdom	novel, drama, screenplay, literary criticism, essays	G. Wilson Knight (1897–1985)
40	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)	India	philosophy, essays, law	Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta (1929–2014)
41	Aquilino Ribeiro (1885–1963)		novel, short story, biography, literary criticism, memoir, translation	Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores
42	Mario Roques (1875–1961)	Peru France	history, philology, essays	Ida-Marie Frandon (1907–1997)
43	Aksel Sandemose (1899–1965)	Denmark Norway	novel, essays	Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976)
44	Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)	France	philosophy, novel, drama, essays, screenplay	Kristian Smidt (1916–2013)
45	Rudolf Alexander Schröder (1878–1962)	Germany	poetry, songwriting, translation	Erich Kästner (1899–1974)
46	Ignazio Silone (1900–1978)	Italy	novel, short story, essays, drama	Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976)
47	John Steinbeck (1902–1968)	United States	novel, short story, screenplay	Henry Olsson (1896–1985)
48	Jules Supervielle (1884–1960)	France Uruguay	poetry, novel, short story	Jean Fabre (1904–1974)
49	Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (1886–1965)	Japan	novel, short story	Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970)
50	Herman Teirlinck (1879–1967)	Belgium	novel, poetry, essays, drama	Theodor Frings (1886–1968)
51	James Thurber (1894–1961)	United States	essays, short story, drama
52	Miguel Torga (1907–1995)		poetry, short story, novel, drama, autobiography
53	George Macauley Trevelyan (1876–1962)	United Kingdom	biography, autobiography, essays, history	Harry Martinson (1904–1978)
54	Elias Venezis (1904–1973)		novel, short story
55	Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970)	Norway	poetry, novel	Sigmund Skard (1903–1995)
56	Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971)	Netherlands	novel, poetry, essays, translation	Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970)
57	Heimito von Doderer (1896–1966)	Austria	novel, short story, poetry, essays	Ernst Alker (1895–1972)
58	Karl Heinrich Waggerl (1897–1973)	Austria	novel, short story, poetry, essays	Friedrich Wild (1888–1966)