1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election explained

Election Name:1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election
Country:India
Type:parliamentary
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election
Previous Year:1952
Next Election:1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election
Next Year:1962
Seats For Election:All 205 seats in the Legislature of Madras State
Leader1:K. Kamaraj
Party1:Indian National Congress
Leaders Seat1:Sattur
Seats1:151
Seat Change1: 24 [1]
Popular Vote1:5,046,576
Percentage1:45.34%
Swing1: 10.46%
Leader2:C. Rajagopalachari
Leaders Seat2:MLC
Party2:Indian National Democratic Congress
Seats2:13
Seat Change2:New Party
Popular Vote2:Contested as Independents
Percentage2:Contested as Independents
Swing2:Contested as Independents
Chief Minister
Posttitle:Chief Minister
Before Election:K. Kamaraj
Before Party:Indian National Congress
After Election:K. Kamaraj
After Party:Indian National Congress
Majority Seats:103

The second legislative assembly election to the Madras state (presently Tamil Nadu) was held on 31 March 1957. This was the first election held after the linguistic reorganisation of Madras State in 1956. Indian National Congress and its leader, K. Kamaraj won the election and defeated their rival, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. In 1954, due to the resignation of C. Rajagopalachari, for his controversial Kula Kalvi Thittam, the leadership of Congress was contested between K. Kamaraj, and C. Subramaniam (who got the support of M. Bhaktavatsalam). Eventually, K. Kamaraj, won the support of the party, was elected leader and chief minister of Madras State in 1954. In a surprise move, he appointed both M. Bhaktavatsalam and C. Subramaniam, to his cabinet, allowing great unity amongst the Congress that ruled the state of Madras, for the next decade. This election saw future DMK leaders M. Karunanidhi and K. Anbazhagan win their first MLA seats in the legislative assembly.[2]

Delimitation and reorganisation

On 1 October 1953, a separate Andhra State consisting of the Telugu-speaking areas of the composite Madras State was formed, and the Kannada-speaking area of Bellary District was merged with the then Mysore State. This reduced the strength of the Legislative Assembly to 231.

On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act 1956 took effect, and consequently, the constituencies in the erstwhile Malabar district were merged with the Kerala State. This further reduced the strength to 190. The Tamil-speaking area of Kerala (present-day Kanyakumari district) and Shenkottah taluk were added to Madras State.[3]

According to the new Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1956, made by the Delimitation Commission of India under the provisions of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, the strength of the Madras Legislative Assembly was increased to 205. The 1957 elections were conducted for these 205 seats. In 1959, as a result of The Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1959, one member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly was allotted to Madras, increasing its Legislative Assembly strength to 206.

Two-member constituencies

Out of the total 167 constituencies in the state, 38 were two-member constituencies, 37 of which had one reserved for Scheduled caste candidates and one for Scheduled tribe candidates.[4] These constituencies were larger in size and had a greater number of voters (more than 1,00,000)[5] when compared to general constituencies. Two separate lists of candidates, a general list and a reserved list, are contested in those constituencies. Each voter had to cast two votes, one for each list.

The two winners were chosen as follows:

This system led to anomalies. In some cases, like the Coimbatore-II constituency in the 1957 election, both elected members belonged to the reserved list; the candidate with the second highest number of votes in the reserved list secured more votes than the highest vote-getter in the general list. Multiple members were elected only in the 1952 and 1957 elections, as double-member representation was abolished in 1961 by the enactment of the Two-Member Constituencies Abolition Act, 1961.[6]

Parties and issues

Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Forward Bloc, Praja Socialist Party, Socialist Party, Congress Reform Committee (Indian National Democratic Congress), and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) were the major parties contesting this election. This was the first election contested by the DMK since its formation in 1949. The decision to contest elections was taken in 1956 at the party's Trichy conference. The party fielded its candidates in 8 parliamentary and 117 assembly seats as independents since it was not an officially recognised party.[7] The increased Tamilian character of the Congress party after the appointment of K. Kamaraj, a non-Brahman, as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, robbed DMK of its main electoral plank as the sole proponent of Tamil nationalism. It increasingly changed its focus to economic issues and the slower industrialization of the South as an election issue. The DMK election manifesto had a socialist image, and the creation of Dravida Nadu became a side issue as it implicitly accepted the prevailing constitutional order.[8] [9]

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy issued a statement in support of K. Kamaraj before the commencement of the election. In October 1956, the central executive of Dravidar Kazhagam resolved to support K. Kamaraj.[10]

Since Mr. Kamaraj has done his best to serve the Tamilians, since he has changed Acharyar's educational system designed to perpetuate the caste system, since he has conferred many jobs and many benefits on Tamilians in the educational and other spheres and since the Brahman and DMK people are trying to oust him from power, it has become the duty of all Tamilians to support Mr. Kamaraj and his followers in the election[10] [11]

K. Kamaraj accepted the support of Dravidar Kazhagam and said if the Kazhagam canvassed votes for him out of their own free will, he could not possibly tell them he did not want their votes. He also made it clear that the Congress party cannot support a party that is communal in nature, and he did not in any way share E. V. Ramasamy's views.[10] [12]

K. Kamaraj's decision to accept support and provide candidature to some former members of Dravidar Kazhagam caused division within Congress, resulting in a new party called the Congress Reform Committee (CRC). Though the party was created in the last moment, it fielded candidates in 12 parliamentary and 55 assembly seats.

Voting and results

Source: Election Commission of India

!colspan=9||- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"! class="unsortable" |! Political party !! Flag !! Seats
Contested !! Won !! % of
Seats! Votes !! Vote % !! Change in
vote %|- style="background: #90EE90;"| | style="text-align:left;" |Indian National Congress| | 204 || 151 (1) || 73.66 || 50,46,576 || 45.34 || 10.46|-| | style="text-align:left;" |Communist Party of India| | 58 || 4 (58) || 1.95 || 8,23,582 || 7.40 || 5.78|-| | style="text-align:left;" |Praja Socialist Party|| 23 || 2 (New) || 0.98 || 2,93,778 || 2.64 || New|-| || 602 || 48 (14) || 23.41 || 49,67,060 || 44.62 || N/A|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"! colspan = 3|! style="text-align:center;" |Total Seats !! 205 (170) !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 2,39,05,575 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! colspan = 2|1,11,30,996 (46.56%)|}

DMK was not officially recognised as a party by the Election Commission of India until 1962, so it was registered as an independent party. The Congress Reform Committee was the second and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was the third party in the assembly. Congress won 45% of the vote, the CRC 8%, and the DMK 14%.

By constituency

Elected as Chief Minister of Madras State
DMK Candidates contesting as independents
S.NoConstituencyWinnerPartyRunner UpParty
Madras City
1WashermanpetM. Mayandi NadarINCN. JeevarathnamIND
2HarbourU. Krishna RaoINCG. Rajamannar ChettiarPSP
3Basin BridgeT. N. AnandanayakiINCN. V. NatarajanIND
4Perambur1) Pakkiriswami Pillai
3) Satyavani Muthu
IND
IND
2) T. S. Govindaswamy
4) T. Rajagopal
INC
INC
5Thousand lightsA. V. P. AsaithambiINDK. Venkatasamy NaiduINC
6EgmoreAnbazhaganINDRadhakrishnanINC
7TriplicaneK. S. G. Haja ShareefINCAppaduraiIND
8MylaporeC. R. RamaswamyINCKumari S. VijayalakshmiPSP
9T. NagarK. VinayakamINCA. S. JesupathamIND
Chingleput
10Maduranthakam1) O. Venkatasubba Reddy
4) Ellappan
INC
IND
2) O.N. Doraibabu
3) V.L. Raja
IND
IND
11Chengalpattu1) Muthuswamy Naicker
2) Appavu
INC3) Ramachandran
4) Rathinam
IND
12SaidapetA. S. Doraiswami ReddiarINCN. P. LoganathanIND
13Ponneri1) V. Govindasami Naidu
2) T. P. Elumalai
INC
INC
3) T. Shanmugam
4) Changam Pillai
IND
IND
14GummidipundiKamalambuiammalINCVenugopal ReddyIND
15Tiruvallur1) Eakambara Mudaly
2) V. S. Arunachalam
INC
INC
3) N. Govindasamy Naidu
4) M. Dharmalingam
IND
IND
16SriperumbudurM. BhaktavatsalamINCC. V. M. AnnamalaiIND
17UthiramerurV. K. Ramaswamy MudaliarINDK. Duraiswamy NayagarINC
18KancheepuramC. N. Annadurai[13] INDP. S. SrinivasanINC
North Arcot
19ArakkonamS. C. Sadayappa MudaliarINCThomasIND
20SholinghurB. Bhakthavatsalu NaiduINCM. Subramanian NaickerIND
21CheyyarP. RamachandranINCV. Darmalinga NayagarIND
22Vandavasi1) M. Ramachandra Reddy
3) D. Dasarathan
INC
INC
2) A. Dharma Gounder
4) S. Muthulingam
IND
IND
23ArcotS. Khader SheriffINCLachaumananIND
24RanipetChandrasekara NaickerINCR. A. SubhaanIND
25Gudiyatham1) V. K. Kothandaraman
2) T. Manavalan
CPI
INC
3) Venkatachalam
4) M. Krishnasami
INC
IND
26VelloreM. P. SarathyINDSundara GounderCPI
27Ambur1) V. K. Krishnamurthy
3) S. R. Munusami
INC
IND
2) Sampangi Naidu
4) A. R. Rathnasamy
IND
INC
28ArniP. Doraisamy ReddiarINDV. K. KannanINC
29PolurS. M. AnnamalaiINDT. B. Kesava ReddiarIND
30ThurinjapuramM. A. ManickaveluINCS. MuruganIND
31Tiruvannamalai1) P. U. Shanmugham
2) C. Santhanam
IND
IND
3) V. K. Annamalai Gounder
4) A. Arumugam
INC
32ChengamT. Karia GoundarINCR. Venkatachala MudaliarIND
33VaniyambadiA. A. RasheedINCM. P. Vadivelu GounderIND
34TiruppatturR. C. Samanna GounderINCNatesa PillaiIND
Salem
35Harur1) P. M. Munusami Gounder
2) M. K. Mariappan
INC
INC
3) T. Ponnusamy
4) C. Theerthagiri
IND
IND
36KrishnagiriS. Nagaraja ManigarINCN. MohanramIND
37UddanapalliMuni ReddiINDVenkatakrishna DesaiINC
38HosurK. Appavoo PillaiINDN. Ramachandra ReddyINC
39PennagaramHemalatha DeviINCD. K. Gorunatha ChettiarIND
40DharmapuriM. Kandasami KandarINCR. S. Veerappa ChettyIND
41Yercaud1) S. Andi Goundan
2) S. Lakshmana Goundar
INC
INC
3) Raja Paul David
4) Kuppusami Goundan
IND
IND
42Salem IA. Mariappan MudaliarINCV. R. NedunchezhiyanIND
43Salem IIA. Rathnavel GounderINCS. M. RamiahCPI
44VeerapandyM. R. Kandasamy MudaliarINCChelliahIND
45TaramangalamN. S. SundararajanINCChinnappanIND
46MetturK. S. Ardhanareeswara GounderINCSurendiranPSP
47SankariK. S. Subramanya GounderINCR. ThandavanIND
48Tiruchengode1) T. M. Kaliannan
2) R. Kandaswami
INC
INC
3) Rangasamy Gounder
4) Komaran
IND
PSP
49Namakkal1) P. Kolanda Gounder
3) M. P. Periasami
INC
INC
2) V. Kaliappan
4) Marudaveeran
IND
IND
50SendamangalamT. Sivagnanam PillaiINCSomasundara GounderIND
51RasipuramA. Raja GounderINCK. V. K. RamaswamyIND
52Attur1) Irusappan
2) M. P. Subramaniam
IND
IND
3) A. Sambasiva Reddiar
4) M. Arumugham
INC
IND
South Arcot
53Kallakurichi1) Nataraja Odayar
3) M. Anandan
IND
IND
2) Parthasarathy
4) L. Anandan
INC
INC
54Tirukoilur1) S. A. M. Annamalai Odayar
3) Kuppusami
IND
INC
2) Lakshmi Narasamma
4) Muthusami
INC
IND
55SatyamangalamK. Gopal GounderINDK. AranganathanINC
56GingeeM. Jangal ReddiarINDV. Gopal GounderIND
57Tindivanam1) P. Veerappa Gounder
2) M. Jagannathan
IND
IND
3) Venugopal Gounder
4) Pichaikuppan
INC
INC
58ValavanurA. Govindasami NayagarINDK. M. Krishna GounderINC
59VillupuramSarangapani GounderINCShanmuga UdayarIND
60UlundurpetKandasami PadayachiINCManonmani AmmalIND
61CuddaloreSeenivasa PadayachiINCSambandanIND
62Nellikuppam1) Sivachidambara Ramasamy Padayachi
3) S. Thangavelu
INC
INC
2) Krishnamoorthy Gounder
4) Rajaangam
IND
IND
63NallurVedamanickamINDK. S. Venkatakrishna ReddiarIND
64VridhachalamM. SelvarajINDG. Rajavelu PadayachiINC
65BhuvanagiriSamikannu PadayachiINCR. BalagurusamyIND
66Chidambaram1) G. Vagheesam Pillai
2) Swami Sahajananda
INC
INC
3) Chokalingam
4) Sivasubramaniam
IND
IND
Tanjore
67Sirkazhi1) C. Muthia Pillai
2) K. B. S. Mani
INC
INC
3) K. Sami Durai Annangar
4) V. Velayutham
CPI
CPI
68Mayuram1) G. Narayanasami Naidu
2) P. Jayaraj
INC
INC
3) M. Kathamuthu
4) A. R. Marianathan
CPI
CPI
69Nannilam1) M. D. Thiagaraja Pillai
2) M. C. Muthukumaraswami
INC
INC
3) S. Arunachalam Pillai
4) P. Appaswamy
CPI
CPI
70NagapattinamN. S. RamalingamINCP. JeevanandamCPI
71Tiruthuraipundi1) V. Vedayyan
2) A. Vedaratnam
INC
INC
3) C. Kandasamy
4) S. Vadivelu
CPI
CPI
72MannargudiT. S. Swaminatha OdayarINCS. K. Sivanada SaluvarIND
73AduthuraiRamamirtha ThondaimanINCMohammed AmirdeenIND
74KumbakonamT. SambathINCNeelameghamIND
75PanjapattiKarunagiri MuthaiahINCP. Poonambala GounderIND
76TiruvayurR. Swaminatha MerkondarINCD. Pakshiraja MoovarayarIND
77ThanjavurA. Y. S. Parisutha NadarINCR. GopalakrishnanIND
78GandarvakottaiKrishnasami GopalarINCRamachandra DoraiIND
79AdiramapattinamA. R. MarimuthuPSPN. Sunderasa ThevarINC
80PattukottaiR. Srinivasa AyyarINCV. Arunachala ThevarIND
81ArantangiS. Ramasami ThevarINDMuthuvel AmbalamINC
Tiruchirappalli
82ThirumayamV. RamiahINCMuthuvairava AmbalagararIND
83Alangudi1) Arunachala Thevar
2) Chinniah
INC
INC
Subbiah
Balakrishnan
IND
84AndanallurAnnamalai MuthurajaINCE. P. MathuramIND
85Tiruchirappalli - IE. P. MathuramINDT. Durairaj PillaiINC
86Tiruchirappalli - IIM. KalyanasundaramCPISubburethinamINC
87SrirangamK. VasudevanINCChitrambalamIND
88LalgudiS. LazarINCAnbil P. DharmalingamIND
89T PalurSubbiahINCRamasamyIND
90JayankondamK. R. ViswanathanINCJayaramulu ChettiarIND
91AriyalurRamalinga PadayachiINCNarayananIND
92Perambalur1) Krishnasami
3) K. Periyannan
INC
INC
2) Raja Chidambaram
4) Adimoolam
IND
IND
93Musiri1) V. A. Muthaiya
2) T. V. Sannasi
INC
INC
3) M. P. Muthukaruppan
4) Durairaj
IND
IND
94KarurT. M. NallaswamyINCK. S. RamasamiCPI
95AravakurichiS. SadasivamINCN. RathinamIND
96KulithalaiM. KarunanidhiINDK. A. DharmalingamINC
97Papanasam1) Venkitachala Nattar
2) R. Subramaniam
INC
INC
3) Haritharanathan
4) Tajudeen
IND
IND
98ManapparaiN. P. M. Chinnaya KavundarINCA. Rajagopal PillaiIND
Ramanathapuram
99TirukoshtiyurN. V. ChockalingamINCS. ShanmugamCPI
100KaraikudiM. A. Muthiah ChettiarINCGanesan SawIND
101SivagangaD. Subramania RajkumarINDSaminathanINC
102TiruvadanaiKR. RM. KariamanickamambalamINDS. RamakrishnathevarINC
103ManamaduraiR. Chidambara BharathiINCS. AlaguIND
104ParamakudiK. RamachandranINDG. GovindanINC
105RamanathapuramR. Shanmuga Rajeshwara SethupathiINDG. MangalasamyCPI
106Mudukulathur1) U. Muthuramalinga Thevar
2) A. Perumal
IND
IND
3) Chinniah
4) A. Krishnan
INC
INC
107AruppukottaiM. D. RamasamiINDA. V. ThiruppathiINC
108SatturK. KamarajINCJayarama ReddiarIND
109SivakasiS. Ramasami NaiduINCP. Muthuramanuja ThevarIND
110Srivilliputhur1) R. Krishnasami Naidu
2) A. Chinnasami
INC
INC
3) S. Alagarsamy
4) Gurusami
CPI
IND
Tirunelveli
111KovilpattiV. Suppaya NaickerINDSelvarajINC
112Kadambur1) K. Ramasubbu
2) Sangili
INC
INC
3) S. Arunachala Nadar
4) V. Suppayan
IND
IND
113TuticorinPonnusami NadarINCM. S. SivamaniIND
114SrivaikuntamA. P. C. VeerabahuINCY. PerumalIND
115TiruchendurM. S. SelvarajINCM. R. MeganathanIND
116SathankulamS. P. AdithanarINDS. KandasamyINC
117RadhapuramA. V. ThomasINCKartheesanIND
118NanguneriM. G. Sankar ReddiarINCS. MadasamyIND
119Tirunelveli1) Rajathi Kunchithapatham
2) Somasundaram
INC
INC
3) Kandish
4) Ponnusami
IND
PSP
120AmbasamudramGomathisankara DeekshidarINCChallapandianIND
121KadayamD. S. AthimoolamINDA. BalaganINC
122TenkasiK. Sattanatha KarayalarINDI. A. Chidambaram PillaiINC
123AlangulamVeluchamy ThevarINDNallasivanCPI
124Sankarankoil1) P. Urkavalan
2) A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar
INC
INC
3) Adinamilagi
4) S. Uthaman
IND
PSP
Kanyakumari
125KanyakumariT. S. Ramaswamy PillaiINDNatarajanINC
126NagercoilChidambaranatha NadarINCC. SankarCPI
127ColachelLourdammalINCS. DoraiswamyIND
128PadmanabhapuramThompson Dharmaraj DanielINCS. Muthukaruppa PillaiIND
129KilliyurA. NesamonyINCUncontestedUncontested
130VilavancodeM. WilliamINCUncontestedUncontested
Madurai
131UthamapalayamK. PandiarajINCP. T. RajanIND
132BodinayakkanurA. S. SubbarajINCM. MuthialaIND
133KodaikanalM. AlagirisamyINCGurusamyIND
134Theni1) N. R. Thiagarajan
3) N. M. Velappan
INC
INC
2) S. S. Rajendran
4) A. Ayyanar
IND
IND
135UsilampattiMUTHUINDP. V. Raj-
136ThirumangalamA. V. P. Periavala Guruya ReddiINDK. RajaramINC
137Madurai EastP. K. R. Lakshmi KanthanINCN. SankaraiahCPM
138Madurai CentralV. SankaranINCS. MuthuIND
139ThirupparankundramS. Chinnakaruppa ThevarINCK. P. JanakiCPI
140Nilakkottai1) W. P. A. R. Chandrasekaran
2) A. S. Ponnammal
INC
INC
3) T. G. Krishnamoorthy
4) M. Vadivel
IND
IND
141Melur1) P. Kakkan
2) M. Periyakaruppan Ambalam
INC
INC
3) K. Paramasivam Ambalan
4) P. Vadivel
IND
IND
142VadamaduraiThiruvenkatasamy NaickerINDS. Chiinasamy NaiduINC
143VedasandurT. S. Soundaram RamachandranINCMadanagopalCPI
144DindigulM. J. Jamal MohideenINCA. BalasubramaniamCPI
145AtoorM. A. B. Arumugasamy ChettiarINCV. S. S. Mani ChettiyarIND
146OddanchatramKaruthappa GounderINCAngamuthu NaickerIND
147PalaniLakshmipathirajINCVenkitasami GounderIND
Coimbatore
148UdumalpetS. T. Subbaya GounderINDN. Mounaguruswamy NaiduINC
149Pollachi1) N. Mahalingam
2) K. Ponniah
INC
INC
3) P. Thangavel Gounder
4) V. K. Rangaswamy
PSP
CPI
150KovilpalayamC. SubramaniamINCC. Guruswamy NaiduPSP
151DharapuramA. Sanapathi GounderINCP. S. Govindasamy GounderIND
152KangayamK. G. Palanisamy GounderINCP. Muthuswamy GounderIND
153ChennimalaiK. P. NallasivamINDA. Thengappa GounderINC
154ErodeV. S. ManickasundaramINCK. T. RajuCPI
155PerunduraiN. K. PalanisamiCPIManicka MudaliarINC
156Bhavani1) G. G. Gurumurthi
2) P. G. Manickam
INC
INC
3) K. Komarasami Gounder
4) A. Subramanian
IND
IND
157GobichettipalayamP. G. KaruthirumanINCMariappanCPI
158NambiyurK. L. RamaswamiINCUncontestedUncontested
159TiruppurK. N. PalanisamyINCV. Ponnulinga GounderCPI
160PalladamP. S. ChinnaduraiPSPKumarasami GounderINC
161Coimbatore - ISavitri ShanmugamINCBupathyCPI
162Coimbatore - II1) Marudachalam
2) Palaniswamy
CPI
INC
3) Kuppuswamy
4) P. Veluswamy
INC
PSP
163SulurKulanthai AmmalINCK. RamaniCPI
164AvanashiK. Marappa GounderINCKaruppa GounderIND
165MettupalayamD. Raghubadhi DeviINCMadhannanIND
Nilgiris
166CoonoorJ. Matha GowderINCH. B. Ari GowderIND
167UdagamandalamB. K. Linga GowderINCK. BhojanIND

Kamaraj's second cabinet

Kamaraj's council of ministers during his second tenure as chief minister (1 April 1957 – 1 March 1962)[14]

MinisterPortfolios
K. KamarajChief Minister, Public, Planning and Development (including Local development Works, Women's Welfare, Community Projects and Rural Welfare), National Extension Scheme
M. BhaktavatsalamHome
C. SubramaniamFinance
R. VenkataramanIndustries
M. A. Manickavelu NaickerRevenue
P. KakkanWorks
V. RamaiahElectricity
Lourdhammal SimonLocal Administration

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Madras Legislative Assembly, 1952-1957, A Review . assembly.tn.gov.in . Legislative Assembly Department Madras-2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211103025116/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/1st_1952/Review_1-52-57.pdf . 3 November 2021 . March 1957 . dead.
  2. http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/disp_ind.asp?prof_id=34 Tamil Nadu Government website
  3. Web site: Reorganisation of States, 1955 . The Economic Weekly . 15 October 1955 . 25 July 2015.
  4. http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm The State Legislature - Origin and Evolution
  5. Web site: Constituent Assembly of India Debates Vol IV, Friday 18 July 1947 . 10 November 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110703135909/http://164.100.47.132/lssnew/constituent/vol4p5.pdf . 3 July 2011 . dead .
  6. Book: Zoya. Hasan . Eswaran. Sridharan. R. Sudharshan. India's living constitution: ideas, practices, controversies. 2005. Anthem Press. 978-1-84331-136-2. 360–63.
  7. Book: The success of India's democracy. Kohli. Cambridge University Press. 2001. 0-521-80530-9. 89. Atul Kohli.
  8. The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism. Robert L. Hardgrave Jr. . Pacific Affairs. 1964–1965. 37. 4. 396–411. 2755132. 10.2307/2755132.
  9. R.. Manivannan. 1991 Tamil Nadu Elections: Issues, Strategies and Performance. Economic and Political Weekly. 27. 4. 164–170. 25 January 1992. 4397536.
  10. Urban Life and Populist Radicalism: Dravidian Politics in Madras. Lloyd I. Rudolph. The Journal of Asian Studies. May 1961. 20. 3. 283–297. 2050816. 10.2307/2050816. 145124008.
  11. The Hindu (10 October 1956)
  12. The Hindu (6 March 1957)
  13. https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4101-madras-1957/?do=download&csrfKey=602931eeaba39df88e6fdb48ddf4d311 1957 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India
  14. Book: Kandaswamy. P. The political Career of K. Kamaraj. Concept Publishing Company. 2008 . 62–64 . 46929395 . B00069WY4K .