1956 in poetry explained

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

Events

• February 25  - English poet Ted Hughes and American poet Sylvia Plath meet in Cambridge, England.^[1]
• June 16  - Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath marry at the church of St George the Martyr, Holborn, London and spend the night at his flat at 18 Rugby Street.
• September 6  - American poet Richard Eberhart, having been sent by The New York Times to San Francisco to report on the poetry scene there, publishes this day an article in the New York Times Book Review titled "West Coast Rhythms" which helps call national attention to Allen Ginsberg's Howl as "the most remarkable poem of the young group" of poets who are becoming known as the spokesmen of the Beat Generation.^[2] On November 1, Howl and Other Poems, is published by City Lights Bookstore.
• The Lake Eden campus of Black Mountain College, the birthplace of the Black Mountain School of poetry, closes, although classes do not end until the spring of 1957, and the final issue of the Black Mountain Review is published in the fall of 1957.^[3]
• Quadrant magazine is founded in Australia by Richard Krygier, a Polish-Jewish refugee who had been active in social-democrat politics in Europe, and James McAuley, a Catholic poet.
• Northern Review, founded in 1945 from the merger of two small Canadian literary magazines, Preview and First Statement, publishes its last issue.^[4]
• Tamarack Review founded by Robert Weaver in Canada^[5]

Works published in English

Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:

Australia

• James McAuley, A Vision of Ceremony

Canada

• Leonard Cohen, Let Us Compare Mythologies, Canada^[4]
• R. A. D. Ford, A Window on the North^[6]
• Louis Dudek, The Transparent Sea. Toronto: Contact Press, 1956.^[7]
• Eldon Grier, Poems^[6]
• Irving Layton, The Bull Calf and Other Poems. Toronto: Contact Press.^[8]
• Irving Layton, The Improved Binoculars: Selected Poems. Introduction by William Carlos Williams. Highlands, NC: Jonathan Williams.^[8]
• Irving Layton, Music on a Kazoo. Toronto: Contact Press.^[8]
• W.W.E. Ross, Experiment 1923-1929, Contact Press.^[6]
• Raymond Souster, The Selected Poems. Louis Dudek ed. Toronto: Contact Press.^[9]
• Raymond Souster ed. Poets 56: Ten Younger English-Canadians. Toronto: Contact Press.^[9]
• Wilfred Watson, Even Your Right Eye^[6]

New Zealand

• Robert Chapman and Jonathan Bennett, editors, An Anthology of New Zealand Verse, Oxford University Press
• D'Arcy Cresswell, The Voyage of the Hurunui : a Ballad, Christchurch: Caxton Press
• Charles Doyle, A Splinter of Glass^{[10] [11]}

India in English

• Einar Beer, Samadhi Poems and Autumn Rains (Poetry in English), Alvdal: The Brahmakul;^[12]
• Humayun Kabir, Mahatma & other Poems (Poetry in English),^[13]

United Kingdom

• Kingsley Amis, A Case of Samples: Poems 1946 - 1956^[14]
• Paul Dehn, For Love and Money
• J. P. Fletcher, Tally 300^[15]
• David Gascoyne, Night Thoughts^[16]
• John Holloway, The Minute and Longer Poems, Hessle, East Yorkshire: Marvell Press
• Christopher Logue, Devil, Maggot and Son^[16]
• Norman MacCaig, Riding Lights, London: Hogarth Press
• Edwin Muir, One Foot in Eden^[16]
• E. J. Scovell, The River Steamer, and Other Poems^[16]
• Fredegond Shove (died 1949), Poems

United States

• John Ashbery, Some Trees^[17]
• John Berryman, Homage to Mistress Bradstreet, New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy^[18]
• Gwendolyn Brooks, Bronzeville Boys and Girls
• Witter Bynner, A Book of Lyrics^[17]
• Robert Creeley, If You^[19]
• Kenneth Fearing, New and Selected Poems^[17]
• Robert Fitzgerald, In the Rose of Time: Poems 1931 - 1956^[17]
• Allen Ginsberg, Howl^[17]
• Anne Morrow Lindbergh, The Unicorn, and Other Poems^[17]
• W. S. Merwin, Green with Beasts, New York: Knopf (reprinted as part of The First Four Books of Poems, 1975)^[20]
• Kenneth Rexroth (translator), 30 Spanish Poems of Love and Exile and (translator), 100 Poems from the Chinese
• Edna St. Vincent Millay, Collected Poems^[17]
• Marianne Moore, Like a Bulwark^[17]
• Gertrude Stein, Stanzas in meditation and Other Poems (1929 - 1933)^[17]
• Peter Viereck, The Persimmon Tree^[17]
• John Hall Wheelock, Poems Old and New^[17]
• Reed Whittemore, An American Takes a Walk^[17]
• Richard Wilbur, Things of This World: Poems, New York: Harcourt, Brace^[18]
• Tennessee Williams, In the Winter of Cities^[17]

Works published in other languages

Listed by language and often by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:

France

• Louis Aragon, Le Roman inachevé^[21]
• Aimé Césaire, Cahier d'un retour au pays natal, definitive, revised edition^[22]
• Pierre Jean Jouve, Lyrique^[21]
• Henri Michaux, Misérable miracle, about his experiences taking mescaline^[21]
• Jules Supervielle, L'Escalier^[21]
• Tristan Tzara, pen name of Sami Rosenstock, Le fruit permis^[21]

Germany

• W. Höllerer, editor, Transit, anthology, German^[23]
• Rupert Hirschenauer and Albrecht Weber, editors, Wege zum Gedicht, 2 volumes (second volume, on the ballad, in 1963), Germany,^[24] scholarship
• Walther Killy, Wandlungen des lyrischen Bildes^[24]

India

In each section, listed in alphabetical order by first name:

Dogri

• Dinu Bhai Pant, Dadi Te Mam^[25]
• Shambhu Nath Sharma, Bhadasa^[25]
• Shuk Dev Shastri, Svacchanda Trivani, verses celebrating traditional values and patterned on Sanskrit meters^[25]
• Tara Smail Puri, Fauji Pimsanar, a long poem on the plight of a military veteran^[25]

Gujarati

• Bhatt Damodar Kesavaji, pen name "Sudhansu", Alakhtano, Gujarati^[25]
• Dhirubhai Thaker, Arvacin Gujarati Shaityani Vikasrekha, a Gujarati-language history of that language's literature from 1850 to the post-independence period^[25]
• Natvarlal Kuberdas Pandya 'Ushnas', Nepathye, longer poems based on new interpretations of mythological characters; Gujarati^[25]
• Suresh Joshi, Upjati, Indian, Gujarati language^[26]

Kannada

• C. Mahadevappa, translation from the English of Percy Bysshe Shelley's The Defence of Poetry^[25]
• Channaveera Kanavi, Dipadhari, with some lyrics in the navodaya style, others in the navya; poetry known as Samanvaya Kavya in Kannada poetry because it attempted to synthesize the two types of subject matter: both the beauty of nature, folk traditions, mysticism, and humanism of the one form and the stark contemporary realism of the other^[25]
• Yarmunja Ramachandra, Vidaya, the author's only book of poems, published posthumously after his death at age 22^[25]

Malayalam

• O. N. V. Kurup, Dahikkunna Panapatram, Malayalam, the author's earliest poems, mostly lyrics reflecting revolutionary idealism^[25]
• Sreedhara Menon, Vittumkaikkottum, Malayalam^[25]
• Sukumar Azhikode, Ramananum Malayala Kavitayum, critical study in Malayalam of Changampuzha's Ramanan^[25]

Urdu

• Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Zindan Nama^[25]
• Mirza Muhammad Muqimi Bijapuri, Candar badan va Mahayar, edited by Muhammad Akbaruddin Siddiqi, narrative poems^[25]
• Nadim, "Subuhdam Yets Chhu Paratshyon Gashi-Tarukh", the first sonnet in the Kashmiri language; published in the Urdu publication Tameer^[25]

Other Indian languages

• Harekrushna Mahadab, Chayapathara Yatri, Oriya^[25]
• Kunvar Narayan (also spelled in English as Kunwar Narain), Cakravyuha^[25] (has also been transliterated into English as Chakravyooh), New Delhi: Radhakrishan Prakashan, ; Hindi-language^[27]
• Parsram Rohra, Sargam, Sindhi^[25]
• Sankha Ghosh, Dinguli Ratguli, the author's first book of poems, Bengali^[25]

Spanish language

• Mario Benedetti, Poemas de oficina ("Office Poems"), Uruguay^[28]
• José Santos Chocano, Las mejores poesías de Chocano, pról. de Francisco Bendezú (Lima: Editorial Paracas), Peru^[29]
• Juan Gelman, Violín y otras cuestiones, Argentina
• Octavio Paz, La estación violenta, Mexico

Other languages

• Miron Białoszewski's first book: Obroty rzeczy, Poland
• Zbigniew Herbert's first book: Struna światła, Poland
• Harry Martinson, Aniara, Swedish
• Eugenio Montale, La bufera e altro ("The Storm and Other Things"), a first edition of 1,000 copies, Venice: Neri Pozza; second, larger edition published in 1957, Milan: Arnaldo Mondadore Editore; Italy^[30]
• Nizar Qabbani, Poems (قصائد), Syrian poet writing in Arabic
• Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Stantsiia Zima (Станция Зима, "Zima Station", translated as "Winter Station"), Soviet Union

Awards and honors

• Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress (later the post would be called "Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress"): Randall Jarrell appointed this year.
• National Book Award for Poetry: W. H. Auden, The Shield of Achilles
• Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Elizabeth Bishop: Poems - North & South
• Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Edmund Blunden
• Bollingen Prize: Conrad Aiken
• Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets: William Carlos Williams
• Adonais Prize (Spain): María C. Lacaci, Humana voz
• Canada: Governor General's Award, poetry or drama: A Window on the North, Robert A.D. Ford ^[31]

Births

Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:

• January 1  - John O'Donohue (died 2008), Irish poet, author, priest, and philosopher
• January 21  - Ian McMillan, English poet
• March 11  - Jean "Binta" Breeze (died 2021), Jamaican dub poet
• April 7  - Dionisio D. Martinez, Cuban-born poet who grows up speaking Spanish, raised first in Spain, then in the United States^[32]
• May 9  - Henri Cole, Japanese-born American poet
• May 22  - Lucie Brock-Broido (died 2018), American poet
• August 15  - Henry Normal, born Pete Carroll, English performance poet and television comedy producer
• August 21  - Julia Darling (died 2005), English fiction writer, poet and dramatist
• September 26  - Mick Imlah (died 2009), Scottish-born poet^[33]
• October 7  - Diane Ackerman, American poet and naturalist
• October 30  - Annie Finch, American poet, librettist and theorist
• December 8  - Michael C. Burgess, English poet
• Also:
  • Bai Hua, Chinese poet^[34]
  • Jim Daniels, American poet, writer and academic
  • Forrest Gander, American poet, essayist and translator
  • Amy Gerstler, American poet
  • Lachlan Mackinnon, Scottish-born poet and critic
  • Amir Or, Israeli poet

Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:

• January 31  - A. A. Milne, 74 (born 1882), English author of children's books and children's poetry
• March 11  - Aleksanteri Aava, 72 (born 1883), Finnish poet
• March 23  - Mitsuko Shiga 四賀光子, pen name of Mitsu Ota (born 1885), Japanese, Taishō and Shōwa period tanka poet, a woman
• March 30  - Edmund Clerihew Bentley, 80 (born 1875), popular English novelist and humorist and inventor of the clerihew, an irregular form of humorous verse on biographical topics
• April 2  - Kōtarō Takamura 高村 光太郎 (born 1883), Japanese poet and sculptor; son of sculptor Takamura Kōun
• May 11  - Takashi Matsumoto 松本たかし (born 1906), Japanese, Shōwa period professional haiku poet in the Shippo-kai haiku circle, then, starting in 1929, in the Hototogisu group that also included Kawabata Bosha; founded a literary magazine, Fue ("Flute"), in 1946
• May 15  - Arthur Talmage Abernethy (born 1872), American poet, journalist, theologian, minister; North Carolina Poet Laureate 1948–53
• June 22  - Walter de la Mare, 83 (born 1873), English poet, short story writer and author of children's books
• July 7  - Gottfried Benn (born 1886), German expressionist poet; buried in Dahlem Waldfriedhof, Berlin
• July 8  - Giovanni Papini, 75 (born 1881), Italian poet, essayist, journalist, literary critic, and novelist
• July 11  - Dorothy Wellesley, 70, English socialite, author, poet and literary editor
• August 31  - Percy MacKaye, 81 (born 1875), American playwright and poet
• September 7  - Frank Oliver Call (born 1878), Canadian poet and academic
• November 21  - Aizu Yaichi (会津 八一) (born 1881), Japanese poet, calligrapher and historian (Surname: Aizu)

See also

• Poetry
• List of poetry awards
• List of years in poetry

Notes and References

1. Book: Jones, Neal T.. A Book of Days for the Literary Year. registration. New York; London. Thames and Hudson. 1984. 0-500-01332-2.
2. Book: Ginsberg, Allen. Howl: Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Editions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography. Miles, Barry. HarperPerennial. 1995. 155.
3. Web site: North Carolina's Black Mountain College: A New Deal in American Education . Artes Magazine . 2010-09-13 . 2013-04-22 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120530070825/http://www.artesmagazine.com/2010/09/north-carolina%E2%80%99s-black-mountain-college-a-new-deal-in-american-art-education/ . 2012-05-30 .
4. Roberts, Neil, ed. A Companion to Twentieth-century Poetry, Part III, Chapter 3, "Canadian Poetry", by Cynthia Messenger, Blackwell Publishing, 2003, . Retrieved via Google Books 2009-01-03.
5. Gnarowsky, Michael, "Poetry in English, 1918-1960", article in The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
6. Gustafson, Ralph, The Penguin Book of Canadian Verse, revised edition, 1967, Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books
7. "Louis Dudek: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, May 6, 2011.
8. "Irving Layton: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online, Web, May 7, 2011.
9. "Notes on Life and Works," Selected Poetry of Raymond Souster, Representative Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, May 7, 2011.
10. Preminger, Alex and T.V.F. Brogan, et al., editors, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1993, Princeton University Press and MJF Books, "New Zealand Poetry" article, "Anthologies" section, p 837
11. http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/L/LiteraturePoetry/DenisGlover/en "Denis Glover" article
12. Vinayak Krishna Gokak, The Golden Treasury Of Indo-Anglian Poetry (1828-1965), p 314, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1970, first edition; 2006 reprint),, retrieved August 6, 2010
13. Lal, P., Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology & a Credo, p 237, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, second edition, 1971 (however, on page 597 an "editor's note" states contents "on the following pages are a supplement to the first edition" and is dated "1972")
14. [Richard Ellmann]
15. Mr Fletcher the Poet. BBC Radio, 1986.
16. Cox, Michael, editor, The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2004,
17. Ludwig, Richard M., and Clifford A. Nault, Jr., Annals of American Literature: 1602 - 1983, 1986, New York: Oxford University Press ("If the title page is one year later than the copyright date, we used the latter since publishers frequently postdate books published near the end of the calendar year." - from the Preface, p vi)
18. [M. L. Rosenthal]
19. Everett, Nicholas, "Robert Creeley's Life and Career" at the Modern American Poetry website, accessed May 1, 2008
20. Web page titled "W. S. Merwin (1927-)" at the Poetry Foundation Web site, retrieved June 8, 2010
21. Auster, Paul, editor, The Random House Book of Twentieth-Century French Poetry: with Translations by American and British Poets, New York: Random House, 1982
22. Rees, William, The Penguin book of French poetry: 1820-1950, p 810, Penguin, 1992,
23. Preminger, Alex and T.V.F. Brogan, et al., editors, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1993, Princeton University Press and MJF Books, "German Poetry" article, "Anthologies in German" section, pp 473-474
24. Preminger, Alex and T.V.F. Brogan, et al., editors, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 1993, Princeton University Press and MJF Books, "German Poetry" article, "Criticism in German" section, p 474
25. Das, Sisir Kumar, "A Chronology of Literary Events / 1911 - 1956", in Das, Sisir Kumar and various, History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956: struggle for freedom: triumph and tragedy, Volume 2, 1995, published by Sahitya Akademi,, retrieved via Google Books on December 23, 2008
26. Mohan, Sarala Jag, Chapter 4: "Twentieth-Century Gujarati Literature" (Google books link), in Natarajan, Nalini, and Emanuel Sampath Nelson, editors, Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996,, retrieved December 10, 2008
27. Web page titled "Kunwar Narain" at the "Poetry International" website, retrieved July 12, 2010
28. Web page titled "Biblioteca de autores contemporaneos / Mario Benedetti - El autor"(in Spanish), retrieved May 27, 2009. 2009-05-30.
29. Web page titled "José Santos Chocano" at the Jaume University website, retrieved August 29, 2011
30. Eugenio Montale, Collected Poems 1920-1954, translated and edited by Jonathan Galassi, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998,
31. http://www.canadacouncil.ca/NR/rdonlyres/E22B9A3C-5906-41B8-B39C-F91F58B3FD70/0/cumulativewinners2010rev.pdf "Cumulative List of Winners of the Governor General's Literary Awards
32. Ramazani, Jahan, Richard Ellman and Robert O'Clair, The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry, Volume 2: Contemporary Poetry, third edition, 2003, p 1030, New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
33. News: Poet Mick Imlah dies, aged 52. 2009-01-12. The Guardian. London. 2009-01-12.
34. Poetry International website Web page on Bai Hua, retrieved November 22, 2008