1952 United States presidential election in Virginia explained

See main article: 1952 United States presidential election.

Election Name:	1952 United States presidential election in Virginia
Country:	Virginia
Type:	presidential
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	1948 United States presidential election in Virginia
Previous Year:	1948
Next Election:	1956 United States presidential election in Virginia
Next Year:	1956
Election Date:	November 4, 1952
Image1:	Dwight David Eisenhower 1952 crop.jpg
Nominee1:	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Party1:	Republican Party (United States)
Home State1:	New York^[1]
Running Mate1:	Richard Nixon
Electoral Vote1:	12
Popular Vote1:	349,037
Percentage1:	56.32%
Nominee2:	Adlai Stevenson
Party2:	Democratic Party (United States)
Home State2:	Illinois
Running Mate2:	John Sparkman
Electoral Vote2:	0
Popular Vote2:	268,677
Percentage2:	43.36%
Map Size:	435px
President
Before Election:	Harry S. Truman
Before Party:	Democratic Party (United States)
After Election:	Dwight D. Eisenhower
After Party:	Republican Party (United States)

The 1952 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1952. Voters chose twelve representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

For the previous five decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.^[2] So restricted was suffrage in this period that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia's electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders.^[2]

This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive “antiorganization” factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote.^[3] Historical fusion with the “Readjuster” Democrats,^[4] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver,^[5] and an early move towards a “lily white” Jim Crow party^[4] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state.^[6] In 1928 a combination of growing middle-class Republicanism in the cities and anti-Catholicism against Al Smith in the Tidewater^[7] allowed the GOP to carry Virginia and elect three Congressmen, including one representing the local district of emerging machine leader Byrd.^[8] However, from 1932 with the state severely affected by the Depression, Republican strength declined below its low pre-1928 level, although Byrd himself became highly critical of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies as early as 1940.^[9]

Largely because of fear of losing several seats in the House to resurgent Republicans, Virginia's federal officeholders, although all firmly opposed to Harry S. Truman’s civil rights bills, did not endorse Strom Thurmond in 1948.^[10] However, Byrd became almost completely opposed to the Truman administration’s policies during the ensuing presidential term,^[11] and after initially preferred nominee Richard Russell Jr. called for repealing the Taft–Hartley Act, the Byrd Organization refused to endorse any Democratic nominee,^[11] explicitly rejecting eventual nominees Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson II and Alabama Senator John Sparkman.^[12]

Background

Following the end of Reconstruction Virginia voted for every Democratic presidential nominee except for Al Smith in the 1928 election.

Campaign

U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd opposed President Harry S. Truman's support for civil rights and chose to remain neutral in presidential elections. This allowed his political machine to support Republican presidential candidates while voting for Democratic candidates down ballot.

Following this election Virginia would support every Republican presidential nominee from 1952-2008 except for the victory of Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 election. In 2008, the state voted for Democrat Barack Obama and has since remained a Democratic-leaning state, largely due to the huge growth of Northern Virginia and the D.C. suburbs.^[13] By 2020, Joe Biden became the first Democrat to post a double-digit victory since Roosevelt himself in 1944. Virginia was the only southern state that Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter failed to win in the 1976 election.

Polls

Source	Rating	As of
Lansing State Journal^[14]		September 17, 1952
The Salt Lake Tribune^[15]		October 24, 1952
Lubbock Morning Avalanche^[16]		October 24, 1952
The Greeneville Sun^[17]		October 25, 1952
The New York Times^[18]		October 25, 1952
The Modesto Bee^[19]		October 27, 1952
The New York Times^[20]		October 27, 1952

Results

Despite polls being uncertain, Virginia would be comfortably won by Republican nominees, Columbia University President Dwight D. Eisenhower, running with California Senator Richard Nixon.

1952 United States presidential election in Virginia^[21]
Party		Candidate	Votes	Percentage	Electoral votes
	Republican	Dwight Eisenhower	349,037	56.32%	12
	Democratic	Adlai Stevenson	268,677	43.36%	0
	Socialist Labor	Eric Hass	1,160	0.19%	0
	Social Democrat	Darlington Hoopes	504	0.08%	0
	Progressive	Vincent Hallinan	311	0.05%	0
Totals			619,689	100.00%	12

Results by county or independent city

County/City^[22]	Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican		Adlai Stevenson Democratic		Eric Hass Socialist Labor		Darlington Hoopes Social Democrat		Vincent Hallinan Progressive		Margin		Total votes cast
		%		%		%		%		%		%
	Accomack		2,626		53.99%		2,220		45.64%		12		0.25%		4		0.08%		2		0.04%		406		8.35%		4,864
	Albemarle		2,523		60.32%		1,642		39.25%		8		0.19%		8		0.19%		2		0.05%		881		21.07%		4,183
	Alexandria		8,579		56.92%		6,471		42.93%		8		0.15%		3		0.06%		1		0.02%		2,108		13.99%		15,072
	Alleghany		2,564		52.88%		2,274		46.90%		7		0.14%		2		0.04%		2		0.04%		290		5.98%		4,849
	Amelia		832		53.64%		703		45.33%		8		0.52%		5		0.32%		3		0.19%		129		8.31%		1,551
	Amherst		1,407		40.20%		2,078		59.37%		11		0.31%		3		0.09%		1		0.03%		-671		-19.17%		3,500
	Appomattox		929		49.13%		957		50.61%		3		0.16%		2		0.11%		0		0.00%		-28		-1.48%		1,891
	Arlington		22,158		60.91%		14,032		38.57%		157		0.43%		5		0.01%		28		0.08%		8,126		22.34%		36,380
	Augusta		3,414		69.97%		1,453		29.78%		6		0.15%		2		0.05%		4		0.10%		1,961		40.19%		4,879
	Bath		765		62.65%		451		36.94%		2		0.16%		3		0.25%		0		0.00%		314		25.71%		1,221
	Bedford		2,916		54.47%		2,426		45.32%		4		0.07%		5		0.09%		2		0.04%		490		9.15%		5,353
	Bland		1,000		57.21%		743		42.51%		2		0.11%		1		0.06%		2		0.11%		257		14.70%		1,748
	Botetourt		2,021		61.50%		1,264		38.47%		1		0.03%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		757		23.03%		3,286
	Bristol		1,574		52.31%		1,432		47.59%		12		0.45%		8		0.30%		0		0.00%		142		4.72%		3,009
	Brunswick		1,098		39.97%		1,635		59.52%		5		0.18%		9		0.33%		0		0.00%		-537		-19.55%		2,747
	Buchanan		2,330		38.65%		3,613		59.93%		69		1.14%		11		0.18%		6		0.10%		-1,283		-21.28%		6,029
	Buckingham		811		46.58%		919		52.79%		5		0.29%		4		0.23%		2		0.11%		-108		-6.21%		1,741
	Buena Vista		513		56.62%		392		43.27%		9		0.06%		7		0.05%		6		0.04%		121		13.35%		906
	Campbell		2,447		47.26%		2,713		52.39%		14		0.27%		2		0.04%		2		0.04%		-266		-5.13%		5,178
	Caroline		858		47.01%		954		52.27%		12		0.66%		1		0.05%		0		0.00%		-96		-5.26%		1,825
	Carroll		3,774		68.68%		1,711		31.14%		7		0.13%		1		0.02%		2		0.04%		2,063		37.54%		5,495
	Charles City		342		40.24%		492		57.88%		8		0.94%		5		0.59%		3		0.35%		-150		-17.64%		850
	Charlotte		949		36.56%		1,630		62.79%		8		0.31%		7		0.27%		2		0.08%		-681		-26.23%		2,596
	Charlottesville		3,292		60.14%		2,174		39.72%		1		0.03%		2		0.07%		0		0.00%		1,118		20.42%		5,474
	Chesterfield		4,482		55.70%		3,546		44.07%		9		0.11%		5		0.06%		4		0.05%		936		11.63%		8,046
	Clarke		809		52.88%		716		46.80%		4		0.26%		1		0.07%		0		0.00%		93		6.08%		1,530
	Clifton Forge		936		53.46%		811		46.32%		1		0.11%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		125		7.14%		1,751
	Colonial Heights		896		51.73%		835		48.21%		2		0.04%		5		0.09%		1		0.02%		61		3.52%		1,732
	Craig		425		46.45%		490		53.55%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		-65		-7.10%		915
	Culpeper		1,507		60.33%		987		39.51%		1		0.04%		2		0.08%		1		0.04%		520		20.82%		2,498
	Cumberland		695		54.42%		574		44.95%		3		0.23%		5		0.39%		0		0.00%		121		9.47%		1,277
	Danville		4,765		58.49%		3,323		40.79%		3		0.17%		1		0.06%		0		0.00%		1,442		17.70%		8,146
	Dickenson		2,913		47.41%		3,210		52.25%		17		0.28%		3		0.05%		1		0.02%		-297		-4.84%		6,144
	Dinwiddie		983		39.77%		1,462		59.14%		11		0.44%		11		0.44%		5		0.20%		-479		-19.37%		2,472
	Essex		610		52.45%		545		46.86%		6		0.52%		2		0.17%		0		0.00%		65		5.59%		1,163
	Fairfax		13,020		60.90%		8,329		38.96%		7		0.03%		7		0.03%		16		0.07%		4,691		21.94%		21,379
	Falls Church		1,386		59.82%		930		40.14%		1		0.06%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		456		19.68%		2,317
	Fauquier		2,068		56.27%		1,597		43.46%		8		0.22%		2		0.05%		0		0.00%		471		12.81%		3,675
	Floyd		1,626		71.69%		619		27.29%		17		0.75%		2		0.09%		4		0.18%		1,007		44.40%		2,268
	Fluvanna		724		57.74%		519		41.39%		5		0.40%		5		0.40%		1		0.08%		205		16.35%		1,254
	Franklin		1,976		49.08%		2,012		49.98%		13		0.32%		20		0.50%		5		0.12%		-36		-0.90%		4,026
	Frederick		1,803		57.53%		1,326		42.31%		4		0.13%		1		0.03%		0		0.00%		477		15.22%		3,134
	Fredericksburg		1,536		61.20%		970		38.65%		26		0.32%		26		0.32%		6		0.07%		566		22.55%		2,510
	Giles		1,935		52.94%		1,717		46.98%		3		0.08%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		218		5.96%		3,655
	Gloucester		1,073		52.44%		961		46.97%		6		0.29%		4		0.20%		2		0.10%		112		5.47%		2,046
	Goochland		714		46.12%		820		52.97%		10		0.65%		4		0.26%		0		0.00%		-106		-6.85%		1,548
	Grayson		4,449		61.78%		2,734		37.97%		10		0.14%		5		0.07%		3		0.04%		1,715		23.81%		7,201
	Greene		537		67.80%		250		31.57%		3		0.38%		2		0.25%		0		0.00%		287		36.23%		792
	Greensville		988		43.47%		1,259		55.39%		15		0.66%		6		0.26%		5		0.22%		-271		-11.92%		2,273
	Halifax		2,274		40.70%		3,296		58.99%		10		0.18%		6		0.11%		1		0.02%		-1,022		-18.29%		5,587
	Hampton		5,505		52.52%		4,946		47.19%		1		0.04%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		559		5.33%		10,481
	Hanover		2,257		59.76%		1,518		40.19%		2		0.05%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		739		19.57%		3,777
	Harrisonburg		2,238		77.82%		635		22.08%		2		0.08%		2		0.08%		0		0.00%		1,603		55.74%		2,876
	Henrico		10,682		66.62%		5,339		33.30%		4		0.02%		7		0.04%		3		0.02%		5,343		33.32%		16,035
	Henry		1,871		44.34%		2,323		55.05%		17		0.40%		8		0.19%		1		0.02%		-452		-10.71%		4,220
	Highland		696		62.25%		419		37.48%		2		0.18%		1		0.09%		0		0.00%		277		24.77%		1,118
	Hopewell		1,640		49.58%		1,657		50.09%		15		0.14%		9		0.09%		6		0.06%		-17		-0.51%		3,308
	Isle of Wight		996		44.52%		1,227		54.85%		9		0.40%		4		0.18%		1		0.04%		-231		-10.33%		2,237
	James City		527		60.23%		346		39.54%		2		0.23%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		181		20.69%		875
	King and Queen		415		51.23%		387		47.78%		3		0.37%		3		0.37%		2		0.25%		28		3.45%		810
	King George		577		52.94%		503		46.15%		5		0.46%		3		0.28%		2		0.18%		74		6.79%		1,090
	King William		730		57.39%		533		41.90%		7		0.55%		2		0.16%		0		0.00%		197		15.49%		1,272
	Lancaster		1,228		61.49%		753		37.71%		10		0.50%		6		0.30%		0		0.00%		475		23.78%		1,997
	Lee		4,622		51.99%		4,242		47.71%		16		0.18%		4		0.04%		7		0.08%		380		4.28%		8,891
	Loudoun		2,540		54.86%		2,075		44.82%		9		0.19%		3		0.06%		3		0.06%		465		10.04%		4,630
	Louisa		1,135		52.26%		1,025		47.19%		6		0.28%		4		0.18%		2		0.09%		110		5.07%		2,172
	Lunenburg		837		35.27%		1,528		64.39%		4		0.17%		3		0.13%		1		0.04%		-691		-29.12%		2,373
	Lynchburg		7,090		64.75%		3,848		35.14%		2		0.07%		1		0.03%		0		0.00%		3,242		29.61%		10,949
	Madison		1,012		64.96%		540		34.66%		3		0.19%		1		0.06%		2		0.13%		472		30.30%		1,558
	Martinsville		1,772		55.83%		1,391		43.82%		5		0.15%		3		0.09%		3		0.09%		381		12.01%		3,174
	Mathews		951		63.87%		533		35.80%		4		0.27%		1		0.07%		0		0.00%		418		28.07%		1,489
	Mecklenburg		1,891		42.46%		2,525		56.69%		20		0.45%		15		0.34%		3		0.07%		-634		-14.23%		4,454
	Middlesex		705		57.74%		507		41.52%		5		0.41%		3		0.25%		1		0.08%		198		16.22%		1,221
	Montgomery		3,881		70.68%		1,600		29.14%		7		0.13%		2		0.04%		1		0.02%		2,281		41.54%		5,491
	Nansemond		1,168		32.87%		2,360		66.42%		12		0.34%		12		0.34%		1		0.03%		-1,192		-33.55%		3,553
	Nelson		740		37.56%		1,222		62.03%		5		0.25%		2		0.10%		1		0.05%		-482		-24.47%		1,970
	New Kent		455		52.78%		400		46.40%		5		0.58%		1		0.12%		1		0.12%		55		6.38%		862
	Newport News		2,769		40.46%		4,051		59.20%		6		0.05%		2		0.02%		3		0.03%		-1,282		-18.74%		6,843
	Norfolk		5,614		45.30%		6,766		54.60%		8		0.06%		3		0.02%		1		0.01%		-1,152		-9.30%		12,392
	Norfolk City		14,166		54.33%		11,862		45.49%		6		0.19%		3		0.09%		2		0.06%		2,304		8.84%		26,074
	Northampton		1,307		50.12%		1,289		49.42%		6		0.23%		6		0.23%		0		0.00%		18		0.70%		2,608
	Northumberland		1,230		68.11%		573		31.73%		1		0.06%		1		0.06%		1		0.06%		657		36.38%		1,806
	Nottoway		1,454		51.02%		1,381		48.46%		7		0.25%		4		0.14%		4		0.14%		73		2.56%		2,850
	Orange		1,525		62.17%		916		37.34%		5		0.20%		5		0.20%		2		0.08%		609		24.83%		2,453
	Page		2,649		64.59%		1,441		35.14%		10		0.24%		1		0.02%		0		0.00%		1,208		29.45%		4,101
	Patrick		1,314		45.75%		1,554		54.11%		4		0.14%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		-240		-8.36%		2,872
	Petersburg		2,822		54.49%		2,342		45.22%		12		0.18%		5		0.07%		6		0.09%		480		9.27%		5,179
	Pittsylvania		2,893		41.93%		3,976		57.62%		16		0.23%		10		0.14%		5		0.07%		-1,083		-15.69%		6,900
	Portsmouth		3,621		36.74%		6,188		62.79%		16		0.06%		13		0.05%		17		0.07%		-2,567		-26.05%		9,855
	Powhatan		558		52.49%		498		46.85%		29		0.29%		10		0.10%		7		0.07%		60		5.64%		1,063
	Prince Edward		1,359		59.34%		926		40.44%		4		0.38%		1		0.09%		2		0.19%		433		18.90%		2,290
	Prince George		541		46.40%		612		52.49%		2		0.09%		2		0.09%		1		0.04%		-71		-6.09%		1,166
	Prince William		1,619		49.14%		1,653		50.17%		11		0.94%		2		0.17%		0		0.00%		-34		-1.03%		3,295
	Princess Anne		3,180		51.04%		3,037		48.75%		14		0.42%		3		0.09%		6		0.18%		143		2.29%		6,230
	Pulaski		2,815		62.03%		1,715		37.79%		4		0.06%		5		0.08%		4		0.06%		1,100		24.24%		4,538
	Radford		1,523		57.73%		1,108		42.00%		9		0.17%		5		0.10%		1		0.02%		415		15.73%		2,638
	Rappahannock		619		54.35%		518		45.48%		6		0.13%		1		0.02%		1		0.02%		101		8.87%		1,139
	Richmond		727		68.91%		326		30.90%		2		0.18%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		401		38.01%		1,055
	Richmond City		29,300		60.28%		19,235		39.57%		1		0.04%		4		0.15%		2		0.08%		10,065		20.71%		48,610
	Roanoke		6,017		68.95%		2,689		30.82%		1		0.09%		1		0.09%		0		0.00%		3,328		38.13%		8,726
	Roanoke City		15,673		66.00%		8,042		33.87%		31		0.06%		22		0.05%		22		0.05%		7,631		32.13%		23,747
	Rockbridge		2,068		65.90%		1,059		33.75%		9		0.10%		5		0.06%		6		0.07%		1,009		32.15%		3,138
	Rockingham		4,350		73.11%		1,591		26.74%		9		0.29%		1		0.03%		1		0.03%		2,759		46.37%		5,950
	Russell		2,937		47.33%		3,253		52.42%		4		0.07%		3		0.05%		2		0.03%		-316		-5.09%		6,206
	Scott		4,703		61.13%		2,990		38.87%		11		0.18%		3		0.05%		2		0.03%		1,713		22.26%		7,693
	Shenandoah		4,284		71.12%		1,734		28.78%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		2,550		42.34%		6,024
	Smyth		3,694		64.98%		1,972		34.69%		3		0.05%		2		0.03%		1		0.02%		1,722		30.29%		5,685
	South Norfolk		1,098		37.90%		1,782		61.51%		14		0.06%		7		0.03%		11		0.05%		-684		-23.61%		2,897
	Southampton		1,166		36.70%		2,000		62.95%		15		0.26%		2		0.04%		2		0.04%		-834		-26.25%		3,177
	Spotsylvania		1,174		48.98%		1,194		49.81%		11		0.38%		3		0.10%		3		0.10%		-20		-0.83%		2,397
	Stafford		1,411		56.35%		1,077		43.01%		5		0.16%		4		0.13%		2		0.06%		334		13.34%		2,504
	Staunton		2,578		73.07%		945		26.79%		4		0.11%		1		0.03%		0		0.00%		1,633		46.28%		3,528
	Suffolk		1,622		57.17%		1,209		42.62%		2		0.07%		3		0.11%		1		0.04%		413		14.55%		2,837
	Surry		414		41.15%		572		56.86%		21		0.88%		5		0.21%		3		0.13%		-158		-15.71%		1,006
	Sussex		888		47.97%		956		51.65%		9		0.36%		4		0.16%		3		0.12%		-68		-3.68%		1,851
	Tazewell		3,232		55.83%		2,527		43.65%		9		0.89%		11		1.09%		0		0.00%		705		12.18%		5,789
	Virginia Beach		1,310		59.79%		881		40.21%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		0		0.00%		429		19.58%		2,191
	Warren		1,888		57.90%		1,362		41.77%		5		0.27%		1		0.05%		1		0.05%		526		16.13%		3,261
	Warwick		3,307		54.00%		2,806		45.82%		3		0.05%		5		0.08%		3		0.05%		501		8.18%		6,124
	Washington		3,810		57.74%		2,778		42.10%		22		0.38%		3		0.05%		5		0.09%		1,032		15.64%		6,599
	Waynesboro		1,680		69.62%		730		30.25%		2		0.08%		1		0.04%		0		0.00%		950		39.37%		2,413
	Westmoreland		1,117		59.51%		754		40.17%		8		0.25%		3		0.09%		0		0.00%		363		19.34%		1,877
	Williamsburg		797		62.12%		483		37.65%		1		0.08%		2		0.16%		0		0.00%		314		24.47%		1,283
	Winchester		2,375		69.20%		1,055		30.74%		1		0.03%		1		0.03%		0		0.00%		1,320		38.46%		3,432
	Wise		3,911		45.16%		4,729		54.61%		10		0.15%		1		0.02%		0		0.00%		-818		-9.45%		8,660
	Wythe		3,580		68.24%		1,654		31.53%		4		0.21%		2		0.11%		0		0.00%		1,926		36.71%		5,246
	York		1,335		50.53%		1,287		48.71%		14		0.16%		4		0.05%		2		0.02%		48		1.82%		2,642
Totals	349,037	56.32%	268,677	43.36%	1,160	0.19%	504	0.08%	311	0.05%	80,360	12.96%	619,689

Analysis

Eisenhower won Virginia by a 12.97 point margin, making this the first time Virginia voted for a Republican since it was won by Herbert Hoover in 1928, and the best Republican performance in Virginia to this point. Virginia was Eisenhower's strongest state state in the old Confederacy, marking a shift from Virginia being previously regarded as a safe blue state to more of a red state. Eisenhower ultimately won the national election with 55.18 percent of the vote, making Virginia two points more Republican than the nation at-large. This was the first occasion any Confederate State voted more Republican than the nation since Virginia itself in 1888 voted 0.30 points more Republican while its blacks remained enfranchised and large numbers of white Readjusters had joined the GOP.^[4]

The key to Eisenhower's win was gains from the large in-migration to Northern Virginia, where the many new voters were not tied to the Democratic Party as Virginia's older generation was, with the result that Eisenhower gained four-fifths of approximately two hundred thousand new voters since 1948.^[12] Like the rest of the former Confederacy, Eisenhower also gained from transfer of 1948 Thurmond votes and from increasing upper-class Republican voting in cites such as Richmond.^[23] Nevertheless, the basis of Republican strength remained the old Readjuster and pro-gold standard regions of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia.^[23]

This was also the first election after Colonial Heights was incorporated as an independent city. Eisenhower won Colonial Heights by a close margin of roughly three points. In the decades since, Colonial Heights has established itself as one of the most Republican leaning independent cities in Virginia, and has yet to be won by a Democratic presidential candidate. Eisenhower's 1952 and 1956 victories in Colonial Heights of three points and four points remain the two lowest margins of victory for a Republican presidential candidate .

Works cited

• Book: Moreland . Laurence . Steed . Robert . Baker . Tod . The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics . . 1991 . 0275931455.

Notes and References

1. Web site: U.S. presidential election, 1952 . Facts on File . October 24, 2013 . Eisenhower, born in Texas, considered a resident of New York, and headquartered at the time in Paris, finally decided to run for the Republican nomination . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195323/http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=EAPPE0334&SID=2&DatabaseName=American+History+Online&InputText=%22presidential+election+1952%22&SearchStyle=&dTitle=U.S.+presidential+election%2C+1952&TabRecordType=Subject+Entry&BioCountPass=0&SubCountPass=1&DocCountPass=0&ImgCountPass=0&MapCountPass=0&FedCountPass=&MedCountPass=0&NewsCountPass=0&RecPosition=1&AmericanData=Set . October 29, 2013 . dead .
2. Book: Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. 178–181. 0-300-01696-4.
3. Book: Key, Valdimer Orlando. Southern Politics in State and Nation. 1949. 20–25.
4. Book: Heersink. Boris. Jenkins. Jeffrey A.. Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. 217–221. 1107158435.
5. Moger. Allen. The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896. The Journal of Southern History. 4. 3. 295–317.
6. Book: [[Kevin Phillips (political commentator)|Phillips]], Kevin P.. The Emerging Republican Majority. 193, 219. 1969. 0870000586.
7. Phillips. The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 195
8. Hawkes (junior). Robert T.. The Emergence of a Leader: Harry Flood Byrd, Governor of Virginia, 1926-1930. July 1974. 82. 3. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 259–281.
9. Book: Davidson. Chandler. Grofman. Bernard. 1994. Quiet revolution in the South: the impact of the Voting rights act, 1965-1990. 275–276. 0691032475.
10. Guthrie. Paul Daniel. The Dixiecrat Movement of 1948. 179-181. Bowling Green State University. 144207. 1955.
11. Sweeney. J.R.. 1978. Old Dominion University. Revolt in Virginia: Harry Byrd and the 1952 presidential election. Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 86. 2. 180–195.
12. Grant Jr.. Philip A.. Eisenhower and the 1952 Republican Invasion of the South: The Case of Virginia. Presidential Studies Quarterly. Spring 1990. 20. 2. Eisenhower Centennial Issue. 285–293.
13. Web site: Skelley . Geoffrey . 2017-07-13 . The New Dominion: Virginia’s Ever-Changing Electoral Map . 2024-06-07 . Sabato's Crystal Ball . en-US.
14. News: Cornell. Douglas B.. September 17, 1952. Ike Given 50–50 Chance To Break into Solid South. 7, 16. Lansing State Journal. Lansing, Michigan.
15. News: Cornell. Douglas B.. October 24, 1952. Journalists Bet 50–50 Ike Will Dent South. 1–2. The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City.
16. News: Cornell. Douglas B.. Most Southern States Continue to Back Demos Despite Sizeable Republican Inroads — GOP Has Even Chance to Carry Virginia, Texas, Florida. Lubbock Morning Avalanche. Lubbock, Texas. 1952-10-24. 11.
17. News: October 25, 1952 . US Poll Shows — Eisenhower Leading Stevenson in Electoral Votes, but Governor Has More States in His Column. 1, 8. The Greeneville Sun. Greeneville, Tennessee. Princeton Research Service.
18. News: White. William S.. October 25, 1952. Eisenhower Edge Seen in Virginia, With Allegiance to Byrd Big Factor . Special to the New York Times. 1, 64. The New York Times.
19. News: October 27, 1952. NY Times Survey Indicates Close Election Tuesday. 8. The Modesto Bee. Modesto, California.
20. News: White. William S.. October 27, 1952. Stevenson Likely To Win in Virginia: Second Survey Finds States’ Rights Bloc and Powell's Activity Hurt G.O.P. — Farmers Are Angry; Negro Votes Switching; Incident Widely Used A Subway in Jersey. Special to the New York Times. 1, 13. The New York Times.
21. Web site: Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 1952 . Clerk of the House of Representatives . 45.
22. Web site: VA US President Race, November 04, 1952. Our Campaigns.
23. Strong. Donald S.. The Presidential Election in the South, 1952. The Journal of Politics. August 1955. 17. 3. 343–389. The University of Chicago Press.