1949 in science explained

The year 1949 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

• January 26 – The Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory in California, the largest aperture optical telescope in the world for 28 years, sees first light.
• June 14 – Albert II, a rhesus monkey, becomes the first mammal in space, in a U.S.-launched V-2 rocket, reaching an altitude of 83 miles (134 km) but dying on impact after a parachute failure.

Chemistry

• Radiocarbon dating technique discovered by Willard Libby and his colleagues at the University of Chicago—work for which Libby will receive the Nobel prize in 1960.
• A group including Dorothy Hodgkin publish the three-dimensional molecular structure of penicillin, demonstrating that it contains a β-lactam ring.^{[1] [2]}

Computer science

• April – Manchester Mark 1 computer operable at the University of Manchester in England.
• May 6 – EDSAC, the first practicable stored-program computer, runs its first program at University of Cambridge in England, to calculate a table of squares.^[3]

Earth sciences

• August 5 – Ambato earthquake in Ecuador, measuring 6.8 on the Richter magnitude scale.^[4]
• Patomskiy crater in Siberia is discovered by Russian geologist Vadim Kolpakov.

History of science

• Herbert Butterfield publishes The Origins of Modern Science, 1300-1800.

Mathematics

• Ákos Császár discovers the Császár polyhedron.
• D. R. Kaprekar discovers the convergence property of the number 6174.

Medicine

• The use of lithium salts to control mania is rediscovered by Australian psychiatrist John Cade, the first mood stabilizer.^[5]
• First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley
• First Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, a self-report personality test, released.

Meteorology

• January 11 – Los Angeles, California receives its first recorded snowfall.

Philosophy

• Gilbert Ryle's book The Concept of Mind, a founding document in the philosophy of mind, is published.

Physics

• Freeman Dyson demonstrates the equivalence of the formulations of quantum electrodynamics existing at this time,^[6] incidentally inventing the Dyson series.^[7]
• The Lanczos tensor is introduced in general relativity by Cornelius Lanczos.^[8]
• Pauli–Villars regularization is first published.^[9]

Zoology

• J. B. S. Haldane proposes the Darwin as a unit of evolutionary change.^[10]
• Konrad Lorenz publishes King Solomon's Ring (Er redete mit dem Vieh, den Vögeln und den Fischen).

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Hideki Yukawa
  • Chemistry – William Francis Giauque
  • Medicine – Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz

Births

• January 25 – Paul Nurse, English cell biologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• February 1 – Alice Alldredge, Australian-born oceanographer.
• February 17 – Peter Piot, Belgian microbiologist and epidemiologist.
• February 19 – Danielle Bunten Berry, born Dan(iel Paul) Bunten (died 1998), American software developer.
• February 22 – Tullio Pozzan (died 2022), Italian biochemist.
• March 28 – Michael W. Young, American geneticist and chronobiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• April 5 – Judith Resnik (died 1986), American astronaut.
• April 18 – Yasumasa Kanada, Japanese mathematician.
• May 24 – Tomaž Pisanski, Slovenian mathematician.
• May 26 – Ward Cunningham, American computer programmer.
• June 2 – Heather Couper (died 2020), English astronomer.
• July 23 – Andrew Odlyzko, Polish-born American mathematician.
• August 31 – H. David Politzer, American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• November 24 – Sally Davies, English Chief Medical Officer.
• Michael Houghton, British-born virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Deaths

• February 22 – Félix d'Herelle (died 1873), French-Canadian microbiologist, a co-discoverer of bacteriophages.
• April 28 – Robert Robertson (born 1869), British chemist.
• May 27
  • Ægidius Elling (born 1861), Norwegian gas turbine pioneer.
  • Martin Knudsen (born 1871), Danish physicist.
• August 5 – Ernest Fourneau (born 1872), French medicinal chemist.

Notes and References

1. Book: Crowfoot, D. . Bunn, Charles W. . Rogers-Low, Barbara W. . Turner-Jones, Annette . 1949. X-ray crystallographic investigation of the structure of penicillin. Clarke, H. T. . Johnson, J. R. . Robinson, R. . Chemistry of Penicillin. Princeton University Press. 310–367.
2. Jenny P.. Glusker. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994). Protein Science. 1994. 3. 12. 2465–2469. 10.1002/pro.5560031233. 7757003. 2142778.
3. Pioneer computer to be rebuilt. Cam. 62. 2011. 5.
4. Web site: Today in Earthquake History: August 5 . 2009-12-18 . 2011-07-19 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20110608184553/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=8&day=5&submit=View%2BDate . 8 June 2011 . live .
5. Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. Cade. J. F. J.. Medical Journal of Australia. 1949. 2. 18142718. 2560740. 349–52. 10. 6 June 2011 . 10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.06241.x.
6. F. J.. Dyson. The radiation theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman. Physical Review. 75. 3. 486–502. 1949. 10.1103/PhysRev.75.486. 1949PhRv...75..486D. free.
7. F. J.. Dyson. The S matrix in quantum electrodynamics. Physical Review. 75. 11. 1736–1755. 1949. 10.1103/PhysRev.75.1736. 1949PhRv...75.1736D.
8. Cornelius. Lanczos. Lagrangian Multiplier and Riemannian Spaces. Reviews of Modern Physics. 21. 3. 1949. 497–502. 10.1103/RevModPhys.21.497. 1949RvMP...21..497L . free.
9. Pauli. W.. Wolfgang Pauli. Villars. F.. Felix Villars. On the Invariant Regularization in Relativistic Quantum Theory. Reviews of Modern Physics. 21. 3. 434–444. 1949. 1949RvMP...21..434P. 10.1103/RevModPhys.21.434. free.
10. J. B. S.. Haldane. 1949. 2405451. Suggestions as to quantitative measurement of rates of evolution. Evolution. 3. 1. 51–56. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1949.tb00004.x. free.