1944 in Norway explained

Events in the year 1944 in Norway.

Incumbents

• Government in Exile (in London)
  • Monarch – Haakon VII
  • Prime Minister – Johan Nygaardsvold (Labour Party)
• German Military Governor
  • Reichskommissar in Norway – Josef Terboven
• German Puppet Government in Oslo
  • Minister-President – Vidkun Quisling (National Unification)

Events

• 3 April – The German battleship was bombed and damaged by British carrier-borne aircraft at Kåfjorden in Alta Municipality.
• 20 April – The German ammunition transport Voorbode accidentally explodes in the harbour of the Western Norway city of Bergen, killing around 160 people and leaving some 5,000 homeless.
• 3 October – Soviet troops cross the border to Norway.
• 4 October – British aircraft bomb the U-boat bunker "Bruno" and the dock area in Bergen harbour. As a result, 194 civilians, including 60 children, are killed.
• 25 October – the Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive the Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated.
• 28 October – Hitler orders the German forces to withdraw from northern Norway. The Germans were determined to leave nothing of value to the Soviets, as Hitler had ordered to leave the area devoid of people, shelter and supplies.
• 29 October – The Laksevåg borough of Bergen was bombed again. 52 civilians were killed.
• 10 November – The first Norwegian troops (300 men from the brigade in Scotland) arrive in Finnmark.
• 12 November – 29 Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster bombers sink the German battleship Tirpitz anchored in a fjord at Tromsø, with 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs.
• 27 November – The German prisoner ship Rigel is sunk off Sandnessjøen by Fleet Air Arm bombers in the deadliest ship disaster in Norwegian history.
• 31 December – Allied bombers tried to bomb the Victoria Terrasse building in Oslo, which was used as the Gestapo headquarters, but missed the target and instead hit civilian targets. 77 civilians are killed.

Popular culture

Music

See main article: 1944 in Norwegian music.

• Song of Norway by Robert Wright and George Forrest, adapted from the music of Edvard Grieg

Film

• Brudekronen, directed by Walter Fyrst

Literature

See main article: article and 1944 in literature.

Notable births

January

• 5 January
  • Eystein Eggen, writer (died 2010).^[1]
  • Eirin Faldet, politician.^[2]
  • Ørnulf Opdahl, painter.^[3]
• 6 January
  • Ørnulf Andresen, cyclist.^[4]
  • Mona Lyngar, novelist.^[5]
• 7 January – Arne Scheie, sports commentator.^[6]
• 9 January – Roy Hellvin, jazz pianist.^[7]
• 13 January – Terje Steen, ice hockey player (died 2020).^[8]
• 14 January – Jan Aas, footballer (died 2016).^[9]
• 15 January – Lars Albert Wensell, civil servant and diplomat.^[10]
• 18 January – Kjersti Ericsson, psychologist, poet and politician.^[11]
• 23 January – Kjell Georg Lund, race walker.^[12]
• 24 January – Kåre Hovda, biathlete (died 1999).^[13]

February

• 3 February – Bjørn Johansen, ice hockey player.^[14]
• 7 February – Bjørn Morisse, musician, illustrator and comics creator (died 2006).^[15]
• 10 February – Rakel Surlien, judge, civil servant and politician.^[16]
• 13 February – Lasse Efskind, speed skater, medical doctor and writer.^[17]
• 20 February – Erik Fjeldstad, ice hockey player (died 2019).^[18]
• 21 February – Harald Sunde, international soccer player and coach
• 22 February – Karsten Isachsen, Lutheran priest and non-fiction writer (died 2016).^[19]
• 23 February – Per Martin Sunde, alpine skier.^[20]
• 24 February
  • Bjørn Aamodt, poet (died 2006).^[21]
  • Terje Sandkjær, politician.^[22]
• 26 February – Arne Henriksen, architect.^[23]

March

• 3 March – Arvid Knutsen, soccer player and coach (died 2009)
• 6 March – Jarmund Øyen, politician
• 11 March – Øyvind Grøn, physicist
• 12 March – Fredrik Engelstad, sociologist
• 15 March
  • Jørun Drevland, politician
  • Knut Hendriksen, opera director (died 2020).^[24]
  • Roger Hverven, handball player.^[25]
• 17 March – Arne Strand, journalist and newspaper editor (died 2023).^[26]
• 20 March – Jan Erik Weber, oceanographer.^[27]
• 22 March – Rigmor Kofoed-Larsen, politician
• 26 March – Per Werenskiold, sailor.^[28]
• 30 March – Bjarne Johannes Hope, civil servant (died 2006)
• 31 March – Oddvar Flæte,^[29] county governor.^[30]

April

• 3 April – Steinar Imsen, historian and professor.^[31]
• 5 April – Arne Risa, long-distance runner
• 6 April – Halvor Stenstadvold, business person and politician.^[32]
• 7 April – Jorunn Kjellsby, actress
• 8 April – Odd Nerdrum, painter
• 9 April – Kåre Olav Berg, nordic combined skier (died 2007).^[33]
• 11 April – Terje Haugland, long jumper
• 14 April – Bjørn Atle Holter-Hovind, media and corporate executive.^[34]
• 18 April – Åse Gunhild Woie Duesund, politician
• 20 April
  • Peter Butenschøn, architect and publicist.^[35]
  • Frank Olafsen, football player, bandy player and ice hockey player.^[36]
• 23 April
  • Tore Milsett, cyclist.^[37]
  • Tore Sandberg, journalist, non-fiction writer and private investigator.^[38]
  • Terje Thoen, ice hockey player (died 2008).^[39]
• 25 April
  • Berit Berthelsen, athlete (died 2022).^[40]
  • Einar Steen-Nøkleberg, classical pianist and musical pedagogue.^[41]
• 28 April – Magne Aarøen, politician (died 2003)
• 27 April
  • Siri Austeng, politician (died 2017).^[42]
  • Bjørn Dyrdahl, luger.^[43]
• 30 April – Jon Bing, writer and law professor (died 2014).^[44]

May

• 2 May – Wenche Cumming, politician.^[45]
• 5 May – Arne Risa, long-distance runner who specialized in 3000 metres steeplechase and 10,000 metres.^[46]
• 6 May – Carl I. Hagen, politician
• 7 May – Eva Norvind, writer, documentary producer, director, sex therapist and actress (died 2006)
• 10 May – John Fredriksen, oil tanker and shipping tycoon
• 16 May – Jørgen Holte, politician
• 17 May – Harald Wigaard, gymnast.^[47]
• 24 May – Ivar Fonnes, civil servant, national archivist.^[48]
• 26 May – Jan Kinder, ice hockey player (died 2013).^[49]
• 27 May – Karen Fladset, handball player and coach.^[50]

June

• 1 June – Øyvind Nordsletten, diplomat
• 7 June – Kjartan Fløgstad, author
• 8 June – Ann-Mari Hvaal, artistic gymnast.^[51]
• 12 June – Bjørn Elvenes, ice hockey player (died 1988).^[52]
• 13 June – Bjørn Tveter, speed skater
• 15 June – Eva Lange, painter and printmaker (died 2017).^[53]
• 18 June – Ailo Gaup, Sámi shaman and author
• 19 June – Arne Holen, musicologist
• 28 June – Ellen Auensen, illustrator.^[54]
• 29 June – Lars Grini, ski jumper and Olympic bronze medallist

July

• 3 July – Sverre Mitsem, judge (died 2005)
• 4 July – Jan Erik Kongshaug, sound engineering, jazz guitarist, and composer
• 12 July – Kjell Kristian Rike, sports commentator (died 2008)^[55]
• 14 July – Jon Michelet, thriller and crime fiction writer (Orion's Belt), publisher, newspaper editor (Klassekampen) and politician (died 2018).^[56]
• 15 July – Trygve Retvik, artist.^[57]
• 18 July – Sverre Anker Ousdal, actor
• 19 July – Jan Reinås, businessperson (died 2010).^[58]
• 23 July – Arne Mikkelsen, ice hockey player.^[59]
• 25 July – Svein Erik Nilsen, rower.^[60]
• 27 July – Johan C. Løken, politician (died 2017).^[61]
• 31 July – Knut Einar Eriksen, historian

August

• 1 August – Tom Christensen, ice hockey player.^[62]
• 4 August – Nina Sundbye, sculptor.^[63]
• 5 August – Lars Myraune, military officer and politician.^[64]
• 11 August – Inger Nordal, botanist.^[65]
• 14 August – Åge Hadler, orienteer (world champion 1966, 1970).^[66]
• 15 August – Thor Spydevold, footballer (died 2024).^[67]
• 28 August – Katharina Mo-Berge, cross-country skier.^[68]

September

• 7 September – Britt Mjaasund Øyen, ice sledge speed racer.^[69]
• 9 September – Finn Urdal, handball player.^[70]
• 13 September – Halvor Moxnes, theologian.^[71]
• 20 September – Siri Frost Sterri, politician.^[72]
• 27 September – Villy Haugen, speed skater and Olympic bronze medallist.^[73]
• 29 September – Sven Kroken, curler.^[74]

October

• 1 October – Yngvar Numme, singer, actor, revue writer and director (died 2023).^[75]
• 8 October – Didrik Tønseth, diplomat and lawyer.^[76]
• 9 October – Jan Fredrik Wiborg, civil engineer (died 1994)
• 11 October – Bernt Albert, politician.^[77]
• 12 October – Øivind Andersen, philologist.^[78]
• 13 October – Hans Olav Østgaard, jurist and civil servant.^[79]
• 14 October – Svein Flåtten, politician
• 17 October – Leiv Nergaard, businessperson
• 18 October – Finn Seemann, international soccer player (died 1985)
• 23 October – Liv Lundberg, author (died 2022).^[80]
• 29 October – Geir Henning Braaten, pianist.^[81]

November

• 5 November
  • Asmund Kristoffersen, politician
  • Håkon Mjøen, alpine skier.^[82]
• 8 November – Else Mundal, philologist.^[83]
• 9 November – Else Bugge Fougner, lawyer and a politician.^[84]
• 11 November
  • Tore Berger, sprint canoer, Olympic gold medallist and World Champion
  • Per Ivar Moe, speed skater and Olympic silver medallist
• 12 November – Tore Hem, sport wrestler.^[85]
• 18 November – Unni Wikan, professor of social anthropology.^[86]
• 24 November – Brit Vingelsgaard Ryen, politician.^[87]
• 26 November
  • Anstein Gjengedal, police chief.^[88]
  • Kjellbjørg Lunde, politician

December

• 1 December – Nils Ole Oftebro, actor.^[89]
• 3 December – Jan Johansen, sprint canoer, Olympic gold medallist and World Champion
• 4 December – Ernst Wroldsen, politician.^[90]
• 8 December – Beate Audum Mulholland, children's writer (died 1994).^[91]
• 10 December – Oddgeir Bruaset, journalist and non-fiction writer.^[92]
• 13 December – Ursula Evje, politician
• 14 December – Jon Terje Øverland, alpine skier.^[93]
• 16 December – Bjørn Ransve, painter and printmaker.^[94]
• 26 December
  • Lasse Hamre, alpine skier.^[95]
  • Børre Rognlien, sports official and politician.^[96]
• 27 December – John M. Jacobsen, film producer
• 31 December – Kristin Hille Valla, politician and Minister

Full date unknown

• Jiri Hlinka, music professor and piano teacher
• Stein H. Annexstad, businessperson and politician
• Ole T. Berg, political scientist
• Sven G. Eliassen, historian
• Øystein Josefsen, businessperson and politician
• Bjørn Myrseth, biologist and businessperson
• Nic. Nilsen, businessperson
• Åsmund Reikvam, professor in medicine and former politician
• Aud Talle, social anthropologist
• Torkel Wetterhus, businessperson and politician

Deaths

• 23 January – Edvard Munch, painter and printmaker (born 1863).^[97]
• 19 February – Reidar Haave Olsen, pilot (born 1923)
• 17 March – Lilly Heber, literary historian and magazine editor (born 1879).^[98]
• 25 April – Olav Nielsen, boxer (born 1902)
• 12 June – Einar Hærland, military officer, executed (born 1909)
• 24 June – Sigurd Roll, diplomat and former sprinter (born 1893)
• 8 August – Ragnvald Hvoslef, politician (born 1872)
• 14 October – Torleif Torkildsen, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (born 1892)
• 13 November – Gregers Gram, resistance fighter and saboteur (born 1917)
• 5 December – Michael Hansson, judge (born 1875).^[99]
• 12 December – Alf Hjort, electrical engineer in America (born 1877)

Full date unknown

• Haakon Martin Five, politician and Minister (born 1880)
• Alfred Klingenberg, pianist (born 1867)
• Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg, politician and Minister (born 1871)

Notes and References

1. Encyclopedia: Eystein Eggen . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
2. Web site: Faldet, Eirin (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 3 May 2021.
3. Encyclopedia: Ørnulf Opdahl . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
4. Web site: Ørnulf Andresen . olympedia.org . 3 May 2021.
5. Encyclopedia: Mona Lyngar . Norsk biografisk leksikon. Øystein . Rottem . Øystein Rottem . Helle, Knut . Knut Helle . Kunnskapsforlaget . Oslo . Norwegian. 17 April 2013.
6. Encyclopedia: Arne Scheie . Trond . Smith-Meyer . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no . 3 May 2021.
7. Encyclopedia: Roy Hellvin . Johs . Bergh . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
8. Web site: Terje Steen . olympedia.org . 3 May 2021.
9. Web site: National football team player Jan Aas . eu-football.info . 5 May 2021.
10. Encyclopedia: Lars Albert Wensell . Sten . Lundbo . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
11. Encyclopedia: Kjersti Ericsson . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
12. Web site: Kjell Lund . olympedia.org . 3 May 2021.
13. Web site: Kåre Hovda . olympedia.org . 3 May 2021.
14. Web site: Bjørn Johansen . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
15. Encyclopedia: Bjørn Morisse . Øyvind . Holen . Øyvind Holen . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
16. Encyclopedia: Rakel Surlien . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 4 May 2021.
17. Encyclopedia: Lasse Efskind . Store norske leksikon. Norwegian. 17 April 2018.
18. Web site: Erik Fjeldstad . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
19. Encyclopedia: Karsten Isachsen . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
20. Web site: Per Martin Sunde . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
21. Encyclopedia: Bjørn Aamodt . Store norske leksikon. Norwegian. 17 April 2018.
22. Web site: Sandkjær, Terje (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 3 May 2021.
23. Encyclopedia: Arne Henriksen . Ketil . Kiran . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
24. Encyclopedia: Knut Hendriksen . Lillian . Bikset . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
25. Web site: Roger Hverven . olympedia.org . 6 May 2021.
26. Encyclopedia: Arne Strand . Trond . Smith-Meyer . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 4 May 2021.
27. Encyclopedia: Jan Erik Weber . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
28. Web site: Per Werenskiold . olympedia.org . 6 May 2021.
29. Web site: Flæte, Oddvar Johannes (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 5 May 2021.
30. Web site: Oddvar Flæte . nrk.no . no . 5 May 2021.
31. Encyclopedia: Steinar Imsen . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 6 May 2021.
32. Encyclopedia: Halvor Stenstadvold . Stian . Brekke . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 6 May 2021.
33. Web site: Kåre Olav Berg . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
34. Encyclopedia: Bjørn Atle Holter-Hovind . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
35. Encyclopedia: Peter Butenschøn . Ulf . Grønvold . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
36. Web site: Frank Olafsen . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
37. Web site: Tore Milsett . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
38. Encyclopedia: Tore Sandberg . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no . 7 November 2022.
39. Web site: Terje Thoen . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
40. Web site: Berit Berthelsen . olympedia.org . 6 May 2021.
41. Encyclopedia: Einar Steen-Nøkleberg . Nils E. . Bjerkestrand . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
42. Web site: Austeng, Siri (1944-2017) . stortinget.no . no . 4 May 2021.
43. Web site: Bjørn Dyrdahl . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
44. Encyclopedia: Jon Bing. Store norske leksikon. Norwegian. 17 April 2018.
45. Web site: Cumming, Wenche (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 4 May 2021.
46. Encyclopedia: Arne Risa . Rolf . Bryhn . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
47. Web site: Harald Wigaard . olympedia.org . 5 May 2021.
48. Encyclopedia: . Fonnes, Ivar . Knut Olav . Åmås . 2008 . Knut Olav Åmås . Aschehoug . Oslo . 978-82-03-23561-0 . no . 158–159 .
49. Web site: Jan Kinder . olympedia.org . 5 May 2021.
50. Encyclopedia: Karen Fladset. Store norske leksikon. Norwegian. 17 April 2018.
51. Web site: Ann-Mari Hvaal . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
52. Web site: Bjørn Elvenes . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
53. Encyclopedia: Eva Lange . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
54. Encyclopedia: Ellen Auensen . Katrine . Kalleklev . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no . 12 May 2021.
55. News: Kjell Kristian Rike er død . NRK . 19 May 2008 . 19 May 2008 . Norwegian .
56. Encyclopedia: Jon Michelet. Store norske leksikon. Norwegian. 17 April 2018.
57. Encyclopedia: Trygve Retvik . Norsk kunstnerleksikon . no . 7 May 2021.
58. Encyclopedia: Jan Reinås . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no . 7 May 2021.
59. Web site: Arne Mikkelsen . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
60. Web site: Svein Erik Nilsen . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
61. Web site: Løken, Johan C. (1944-2017) . stortinget.no . no . 7 May 2021.
62. Web site: Tom Christensen . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
63. Encyclopedia: Nina Sundbye . Katrine . Kalleklev . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
64. Web site: Myraune, Lars (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 6 May 2021.
65. Encyclopedia: Inger Nordal . Ann-Sofi S. . Emilsen . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 4 May 2021.
66. Encyclopedia: Åge Hadler . Store norske leksikon. Norwegian. 17 April 2018.
67. Encyclopedia: Thor Spydevold . Jørn . Sundby . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no. 3 July 2024.
68. Web site: Katharina Mo-Berge . olympedia.org . 3 May 2021.
69. Encyclopedia: Britt Mjaasund Øyen . Rolf . Bryhn . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
70. Web site: Finn Urdal . olympedia.org . 3 May 2021.
71. Encyclopedia: Halvor Moxnes . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
72. Web site: Sterri, Siri Frost (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 5 May 2021.
73. Web site: Villy Haugen . olympedia.org . 3 May 2021.
74. Web site: Sven Kroken . results.worldcurling.org . 5 May 2021.
75. Encyclopedia: Yngvar Numme . Store norske leksikon. Norwegian. 17 April 2018.
76. Encyclopedia: Didrik Tønseth . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
77. Web site: Albert, Bernt (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 5 May 2021.
78. Encyclopedia: Øivind Andersen . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
79. Encyclopedia: Hans Olav Østgaard . Sten . Lundbo . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
80. Encyclopedia: Liv Lundberg . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no . 7 November 2022.
81. Encyclopedia: Geir Henning Braaten . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 5 May 2021.
82. Encyclopedia: Håkon Mjøen . Rolf . Bryhn . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 30 July 2020.
83. Encyclopedia: Else Mundal . Marit . Dalen . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 4 May 2021.
84. Encyclopedia: Else Bugge Fougner . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 4 May 2021.
85. Encyclopedia: Tore Hem . Rolf . Bryhn . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 6 May 2021.
86. Encyclopedia: Unni Wikan . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 6 May 2021.
87. Web site: Ryen, Brit Vingelsgaard (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 6 May 2021.
88. Encyclopedia: Anstein Gjengedal . Olav . Garvik . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 4 May 2021.
89. Encyclopedia: Nils Ole Oftebro . Svend Erik Løken . Larsen . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
90. Web site: Wroldsen, Ernst (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 12 May 2021.
91. Encyclopedia: Beate Mulholland . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no . 3 August 2021.
92. Encyclopedia: Oddgeir Bruaset . Svein . Askheim . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
93. Web site: Jon Terje Øverland . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
94. Encyclopedia: Bjørn Ransve . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 3 May 2021.
95. Web site: Lasse Hamre . olympedia.org . 4 May 2021.
96. Web site: Rognlien, Børre (1944-) . stortinget.no . no . 12 May 2021.
97. Encyclopedia: Edvard Munch . Store norske leksikon. Norwegian. 22 April 2018.
98. Encyclopedia: Lilly Heber . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . no . 8 January 2024.
99. Encyclopedia: Michael Hansson . . Bolstad . Erik . Norsk nettleksikon . Oslo . Norwegian . 6 May 2021.