1938 in aviation explained
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1938:
Events
January
- Early January - Nationalist aircraft conduct a heavy bombing campaign against Barcelona, Spain.[5]
- January 6 - Spanish Republican Minister of Defense Indalecio Prieto y Tuero proposes to the Nationalists that both sides in the Spanish Civil War ban air attacks on cities and towns in rear areas. The Nationalists reply that they will continue to bomb Barcelona unless its industries are evacuated.[6]
- January 10 - Northwest Airlines Flight 2, a Lockheed 14H Super Electra, crashes in the Bridger Mountains 12miles northeast of Bozeman, Montana, killing all 10 people on board. Among the dead is aviation pioneer Nick Mamer, who had been piloting the aircraft. It is the first fatal accident involving Northwest Airlines or a Lockheed Super Electra.
- January 11 - The Pan American World Airways Sikorsky S-42 flying boat Samoan Clipper explodes in mid-air over Pago Pago, American Samoa, killing all seven people on board. Among the dead is Pan Americans chief pilot, the famous aviator Ed Musick, who had been piloting the aircraft. No passengers are aboard at the time of the accident.[7]
- January 17 - Spanish Nationalist Fiat CR.32 fighters clash with Republican Polikarpov fighters over the front lines at Teruel, Spain, during the Battle of Teruel.[8]
- January 20 - A Flight Refuelling Ltd Armstrong Whitworth AW.23 refuels an Imperial Airways Short Empire over Southampton Water.
- January 26 - Spanish Republican Air Force aircraft bomb Seville and Valladolid.[6]
- January 28 - A 90-second air raid on Barcelona by nine Majorca-based Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bombers kills 150 people and injures 500.[9]
February
- Luftwaffe test pilot Hanna Reitsch flies a Focke-Wulf Fw 61 helicopter indoors at the Deutschlandhalle sports arena in Berlin, Germany, demonstrating the sensitivity of its controls and the ease of flying it.
- February 2 - Two United States Navy PBY-2 Catalina flying boats flying in formation in darkness collide in mid-air and crash into the Pacific Ocean off California's San Clemente Island, killing one PBY's entire crew of seven and three of the six men aboard the other PBY.[10] [11]
- February 6 - The Short Mayo Composite aircraft achieves its first separation in flight.[12]
- February 9 - On takeoff in fog from Marignane-Berre Seaplane Base at Marseille, France, the Air France Lioré et Olivier LeO H-242/1 flying boat Ville de Bone (registration F-ANPB) strikes the breakwater and crashes near Étang de Berre, killing seven of the 14 people on board.[13]
- February 10 - A Hawker Hurricane Mk 1 of No.111 Squadron Royal Air Force, with the assistance of a very strong tailwind, flew from Turnhouse, Edinburgh to Northolt, West London, in 48 minutes at an average indicated air speed of 408.75 mph. The pilot was Squadron Leader John W Gillan (later Wing Commander John W Gillan, DFC & bar, AFC).
- February 13 - Flying in bad weather, an Ala Littoria CANT Z.506 floatplane (registration I-ORIA) crashes into the Mediterranean Sea off Sardinia, killing all 14 people on board.[14]
- February 15–27 – Six United States Army Air Corps B-17 Flying Fortresses make a goodwill tour of Latin America, traveling 12000miles from the United States to Lima, Peru; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Santiago, Chile; and back to the United States
March
- March 1 - A Transcontinental & Western Air Douglas DC-2 flying from San Francisco, California, to Winslow, Arizona, crashes in Yosemite National Park in Madera County, California, during bad weather, killing all nine people on board. Despite an extensive search, the aircraft's wreckage is not found until June 12.
- March 7
- March 7–17 - The Aragon Offensive sees retreating Republican forces bombarded by German Heinkel He 111s and Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79s escorted by Messerschmitt Bf 109s and Fiat CR.32s, with German Dornier Do 17 reconnaissance planes assisting in the location of targets.[17]
- March 12 - Junkers Ju 52s carry German troops to Vienna during the German Anschluss against Austria.[18]
- March 16 - Belfast Harbour Airport in Northern Ireland is opened, with the inaugural commercial flight to Glasgow.[19]
- March 16–18 - Italian aircraft based on Majorca carry out a heavy, round-the-clock bombing of Barcelona, conducting seventeen air raids at three-hour intervals. Making no attempt to strike military targets specifically, they hit all parts of the city, killing about 1,300 people and injuring about 2,000.[20]
- March 22 - The Nationalist Aragon Offensive resumes. Bombing and strafing German, Italian, and Spanish Nationalist aircraft play a large role in terrorizing and routing Republican ground forces for the remainder of the offensive.[21]
- March 23 - An Air France Dewoitine D.338 (registration F-AQBB) crashes into Pic des Cinq-Croix in the French Pyrenees during a flight from Oran, French Algeria, to Toulouse, France, at an altitude of 2100abbr=offNaNabbr=off, killing all eight people on board.[22]
- Late March - The British Chiefs of Staff Committee warns that in any confrontation with Germany over Czechoslovakia, the Luftwaffe would dominate the sky and that it might devote its entire force to attacking the United Kingdom as the best way of winning the war.[23]
April
- April 19 – The Aragon Offensive ends, with Spanish Nationalists having routed Republican forces and cut Republican-controlled Spain in two. Nationalist air superiority has proven decisive in their victory, and both the Germans supporting the Nationalists and the Soviets supporting the Republicans have learned a great deal about fighter support to infantry.[24]
- April 20 – British Air Commodore Arthur Travers Harris makes a purchasing trip to the United States to select aircraft to expand the Royal Air Force. The Lockheed Hudson and North American Harvard are chosen.
- April 25 – After a Pan American Airways Sikorsky S-43B flying boat (registration NC16932) loses power in its left engine at an altitude of 1600abbr=offNaNabbr=off while on approach for a landing at Kingston, Jamaica, and its crew switches its fuel selector, the aircraft loses speed, stalls, crashes into the Caribbean Sea, and sinks. All 18 people on board survive.[25]
- April 29 – In the largest air battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War to date, 18 Mitsubishi G3M bombers and approximately 30 Mitsubishi A5M fighters encounter 60 to 80 Soviet-built Nationalist Chinese fighters over Hankou. The Japanese claim the destruction of 51 Chinese fighters and admit losing two fighters and two bombers, while the Chinese admit the loss of 12 aircraft and claim to have shot down anywhere from 21 Japanese aircraft to as many as 45.[26]
- April 30 – Ala Littoria Flight 422, a Savoia-Marchetti S.73 (registration I-MEDA) flying from Tirana, Albania, to Rome, Italy, crashes into a mountainside near Maranola, Formia, Italy, killing all 19 people on board.[27]
May
- For the second time in six months, a Mitsubishi A5M fighter loses a third of its right wing in when it is rammed by a Nationalist Chinese fighter but flies 200miles to its base without further incident. This time, the collision occurs over Hankou.[28]
- A terror bombing raid by Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi G3M bombers on Canton, China, kills 600 and injures 900.[29]
- May 12
- May 13–15 – A Japanese Gasuden Koken aircraft flying a three-cornered closed-circuit course over Japan breaks the nonstop unrefueled world distance record, flying 11651abbr=offNaNabbr=off.
- May 16 – A brand-new Northwest Airlines Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra airliner (registration NC17394) on its delivery flight from Burbank Airport in Burbank, California, to Saint Paul, Minnesota, with a planned stop at Las Vegas, Nevada, strikes a series of ridges in Mint Canyon in foggy conditions and disintegrates before coming to rest and burning on Stroh Peak near Saugus, California, at an altitude of 3300abbr=offNaNabbr=off, killing all nine people on board.[30]
- May 17 – The United States Congress passes the Naval Expansion Act, leading to the construction of the Essex-class aircraft carriers.
- May 19 – An American Airways flight piloted by Don Keith Sheets and originating in Santiago Chile on a trip north to Antofagasta Chile crashes. It is not reported sighted until May 15, 1940.[31] [32]
- May 22 – The Syndicato Condor Junkers Ju 52/3mge Guaracy (registration PP-CBC) crashes into the sea just after takeoff from Santos Airport in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil, killing six of the 17 people on board. Brazilian Minister of Justice Mauricio Cardoso is among the dead.[33]
- May 24 – A fire breaks out in the right engine of United Airlines Trip 9, a Douglas DST-A-207A flying from Newark, New Jersey, to Cleveland, Ohio. The pilot attempts a forced landing on the side of a hill near Parkman, Ohio, but the airliner crashes, killing all 10 people on board.[34]
June
- A prototype Heinkel He 118 makes the first airborne tests of a turbojet engine.
- June 2 – Nationalist aircraft bomb Granollers, Spain, a town without military significance, killing about 100 people. Most of the dead are women and children.
- June 4 - S. T. Lowe wins Hatfield to Isle of Man air race flying a Gypsy Comper with a time of 2 hours 55 minutes 28 seconds, the fastest time of 16 international entrants of whom notable entrants were C. W. A. Scott and Giles Guthrie who came in 5th place.[35] [36]
- June 9 – The Nicaraguan Air Force is formed as the Fuerza Aérea de la Guarda Nacional
- June 15 – Nationalist aircraft sink the Republican gunboat Laya at Valencia, Spain.[37]
- mid-June – Nationalist aircraft have attacked 22 British-registered merchant ships in Spanish harbors or nearby waters since mid-April. Eleven of them have been sunk or badly damaged, and 21 British merchant mariners and several Non-Intervention Committee observers have died in the attacks.[38]
- June 20 – Karl Bode breaks the world straight-line distance record for helicopters, flying a Focke-Wulf Fw 61 helicopter 230.348abbr=offNaNabbr=off.
- June 23 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt sign the Civil Aeronautics Act into law. It abolishes the United States Department of Commerce's Bureau of Air Commerce, which previously had authority over civil aviation safety, and creates a new, independent Civil Aviation Authority with centralized authority to regulate the commercial and safety aspects of civil aviation in the United States.[39]
- June 25 – The official public opening of Manchester Airport at Ringway, England, is held with an extensive air display.
- June 26 – The Deutsche Lufthansa Sucursal en Perú Junkers Ju 52/3mge Misti (registration OA-HHB) crashes into Cerro Chilligua near Chilligua, Peru, killing all seven people on board.[40]
July
- In an Imperial Japanese Navy raid on a Nationalist Chinese airfield at Nanchang, three Japanese aircraft land on the field and their pilots disembark to shoot up Chinese personnel, barracks, and hangars and set Chinese aircraft on fire on foot before taking off and departing unscathed. The Japanese will use this attack technique on several future occasions.[41]
- July 5 - 400 aircraft support a Spanish Nationalist offensive in Valencia.[42]
- July 11 - Willy Messerschmitt purchases the controlling interest in his employer, Bayerische Fluzeugwerke (Bavarian Aircraft Works) of Augsburg, renaming it Messerschmitt AG after himself; aircraft from the previously abbreviated BFW firm retained their Bf prefixes from being flown before this date, those designs first flown after this date received the later Me prefix.[43] [44]
- July 14 - Howard Hughes flies a Lockheed 14N around the world in 3 days 19 hours, to and from Floyd Bennett Field New York, more than halving the time that Wiley Post took to make the trip.
- July 15 - A German Arado Ar 79 training and touring aircraft sets an international solo speed record over a 1,000-km (621.4-statute mile) course for an aircraft of its class, averaging 229.04km/h.[45]
- July 17–18 - After filing a flight plan to fly nonstop from Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, west to California, Douglas Corrigan instead heads east after takeoff and makes a 28-hour 13-minute solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean to Ireland, claiming to have made a gross navigational error. He goes down in history as "Wrong Way" Corrigan.
- July 20–21 - The Short S.20 Mercury, flying as a component of the Short Mayo Composite aircraft combination, makes the worlds first commercial heavier-than-air crossing of the North Atlantic Ocean, flying non-stop 4667km (2,900miles) from Foynes, Ireland, to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, with a 454abbr=onNaNabbr=on payload. It then flies on to New York City, covering a total distance of 5214km (3,240miles) in 22 hours 31 minutes of flying time.[46]
- July 24 - Disaster strikes when a Colombian Air Force pilot performing an aerobatic display in a Curtiss Hawk II biplane fighter at a military review at Campo de Marte, Santa Ana, Usaquén, Colombia, disregards orders to remain above 500abbr=offNaNabbr=off and attempts to fly between the camps presidential grandstand and diplomatic grandstand. His wingtop strikes the diplomatic grandstand, and his aircraft careens into the presidential grandstand, destroying part of its roof, before crashing into a crowd of spectators on the ground between the two grandstands, bursting into flames and sliding through them before coming to a stop upside down. An estimated 50 to 75 people are killed, and another 100 people - including future President of Colombia Misael Pastrana Borrero - are injured. Outgoing Colombian President Alfonso López Pumarejo and his successor Eduardo Santos are in the presidential grandstand but avoid injury.[47] [48] [49]
- July 25 - The Battle of the Ebro begins in Spain with a Republican offensive. Although Nationalist bombers attack bridges over the Ebro, Nationalist fighters are still deployed in Valencia and Spanish Republican fighter pilots trained in the Soviet Union gain local air superiority flying improved versions of the Polikarpov I-15 and I-16.[50]
- July 28
- July 29
- July 29-August 11 - During the Lake Khasan Incident along the border between the Soviet Union and Manchukuo, 70 fighters and 180 bombers of the Soviet Air Force conduct heavy strikes against Imperial Japanese Army positions.[54]
August
- In an early experiment with heavier-than-air commercial aviation across the North Atlantic Ocean, a French Latécoère 521 flying boat flies from France to New York, New York, via Lisbon, Portugal, and the Azores.[55]
- By the beginning of August, Nationalist fighters appear in sufficient numbers to establish Nationalist air superiority over the battlefield in the Battle of the Ebro. Inadequate Republican antiaircraft artillery, poor management of Republican fighters, the death of many Republican pilots, and the withdrawal of many of the best Soviet pilots from Spain all allow Nationalist aircraft to operate largely unchallenged. Up to 200 Nationalist aircraft circle over the battlefield as Nationalist forces begin a counteroffensive, shooting down many Republican fighters and dropping an average of 10000lb of bombs per day into September. Small targets prove difficult for Nationalist aircraft to hit.[56]
- August 2 - Bristol Aeroplane Company chief designer Frank Barnwell dies when the Barnwell B.S.W. – an airplane he designed and built privately – he is piloting stalls and crashes on takeoff from Bristol (Whitchurch) Airport in Bristol, England.
- August 10–11 - A Deutsche Luft Hansa Focke-Wulf Fw 200 (D-ACON Brandenberg) makes a non-stop flight from Berlin to New York, via Hamburg, Glasgow, Newfoundland, and Halifax, Nova Scotia, taking 24 hours 36 minutes for the trip.
- Mid-August - Général d'armée Joseph Vuillemin, the Chief of Staff of the French Air Force witnesses a display of the Luftwaffes capabilities during a visit to Germany, He returns to Paris and warns that the Luftwaffe could defeat the French Air Force in at most two weeks.[23]
- August 23 - Frank Hawks, a holder of numerous intercity flight speed records, and his passenger J. Hazard Campbell die when the Gwinn Aircar Hawks is piloting strikes overhead telephone wires and crashes just after takeoff from a field in East Aurora, New York.[57]
- August 24 - Kweilin Incident: A China National Aviation Corporation DC-2 (the Kweilin) is strafed by Japanese aircraft in China after it makes an emergency landing in a bid to escape them, the first civilian airliner in history to be attacked by hostile aircraft. The 18 passengers and the crew are Chinese; the pilot is American.[58]
September
- September 7 – A mass flight of 17 U.S. Navy aircraft makes a 2,570-statute mile (4,138 km) nonstop flight from San Diego, California, to Hawaii in 17 hours 21 minutes.[59]
- September 10 – Germany prohibits all foreign air traffic in its airspace except along specific air corridors.
- September 15 – The United States Army Air Corps officially activates Hickam Field in the Territory of Hawaii.[59]
- September 21 – Major General Oscar Westover, Chief of the U.S. Army Air Corps, is killed at Burbank, California, in the crash of a Northrop A-17AS he is piloting.
- September 24–25 – Three Soviet women - Valentina Grizodubova, Polina Osipenko, and Marina Raskova - fly the Tupolev ANT-37 Rodina ("Motherland") nonstop across the Soviet Union, achieving a womens world nonstop distance record of 5,913 km (3,672 statute miles) in 26 hours 29 minutes.[60]
- September 30 - A senior French general tells the British military attaché in Paris that in the event of a war with Germany "French cities would be laid in ruins ... They had no means of defense," and adds that France was paying the price for having neglected the French Air Force for years.[23]
October
- No. 800 Squadron, Fleet Air Arm, becomes the first operational Royal Navy squadron equipped with monoplanes when it takes delivery of Blackburn Skuas.[61]
- October 9 - Nationalist aircraft sink the Republican submarine C-6 at Barcelona, Spain.[37]
- October 22 - Lieutenant Colonel Mario Pezzi of Italy sets a world altitude record of 17083abbr=offNaNabbr=off in a Caproni Ca.161bis. This record still stands for piston-engined aircraft.
- October 25
- October 28 - Lieutenant Colonel Ramón Franco, a Spanish aviation pioneer, brother of future Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, and the commander of Spanish Nationalist air forces in the Balearic Islands, dies along with the other three members of his crew when his CANT Z.506 Airone ("Heron") seaplane crashes off Pollença, Majorca, in a storm during an attempt to bomb Republican-held Valencia.[63]
- October 30 - Another Nationalist counteroffensive begins in the Battle of the Ebro, preceded by a three-hour bombardment of Republican positions by artillery and over 100 Nationalist aircraft.[64]
November
- November 4 - The Jersey Airways de Havilland DH.86 airliner St. Catherine's Bay (registry G-ACZN) crashes in Saint Brélade parish on Jersey in the Channel Islands just after takeoff from Jersey Airport, killing all 14 people on board and one person on the ground. Among the dead are the daughter, son-in-law, and baby granddaughter of surveyor and aerial archaeology pioneer G. A. Beazeley. It is the deadliest aviation accident involving a fixed-wing aircraft on British territory at the time.
- November 5–7 - A pair of Royal Air Force Long Range Development Unit Vickers Wellesleys makes a non-stop flight from Egypt to Darwin, Australia, setting a new world unrefueled point-to-point distance record of 7158miles. The nonstop distance flown is exceeded only by the closed-circuit record of 11651abbr=offNaNabbr=off set by a Japanese airplane in May.
- November 14 - The Government of Australia separates the Civil Aviation Branch from the Department of Defence and reforms it as a separate government department, the Department of Civil Aviation, which serves as Australia′s national civil aviation authority.
- November 16 - Aircraft carrier (launched by Cammell Laird in Birkenhead in 1937 under the 1934 build plan) is commissioned into the British Royal Navy; she is the world's first carrier with the hangars and flight deck as an integral part of the hull and with deck armor.[65]
- November 18 - The Battle of the Ebro ends with Spanish Nationalists retaking all territory captured by the Republicans. The Spanish Republican Air Force has lost between 150 and 170 aircraft since the battle began on July 25, and the Nationalists also have lost many planes.[66]
- November 26 - France lays the keel of its second aircraft carrier, Joffre, intended as the first non-experimental French carrier. Joffres construction will be abandoned in June 1940, and she will never be launched.[67]
- November 28–30 - A Deutsche Luft Hansa Focke-Wulf Fw 200 makes the airline's first flight to Japan, flying non-stop from Berlin to Tokyo via Basra, Iraq; Karachi in British India; and Hanoi, French Indochina. The 14228km (8,841miles) flight breaks the world distance record and takes 46 hours 18 minutes.
December
- National Aviation, the Spanish Nationalist air force, has 500 aircraft, enough to ensure it air superiority in the Spanish Civil War.[68]
- December 5 - At a meeting of the French Permanent Committee on National Defense, Chief of Staff for National Defense General Maurice Gamelin advocates that France immediately order 1,000 military planes from the United States. The committee approves his proposal.[69]
- December 8 - Deutsche Werke launches Germanys first aircraft carrier, Graf Zeppelin, at Kiel. She will never be completed.[70]
- December 12 – The Nakajima Aircraft Company completes the prototype of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force′s Nakajima Ki-43 (Allied reporting name "Oscar") fighter.[71]
- December 15 – Piloting the prototype of the Polikarpov I-180 fighter on its first light, famed Soviet test pilot Valery Chkalov apparently miscalculates his landing approach and comes in short of the airfield and, when he attempts to correct his error, the engine stalls and the plane crashes into power lines. Chkalov is thrown from the cockpit ad dies of his injuries two hours later. The crash deals a blow to aircraft designer Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov′s reputation with Josef Stalin and effectively ends his career.
- December 29–31 - A German Arado Ar 79 training and touring aircraft sets an international long-distance record for an aircraft of its class, flying 6,303 km (3,917 statute miles) from Benghazi, Libya, to Gaya, India, nonstop at an average speed of 160km/h.[45]
- December 30 - The Italian Piaggio P.23R sets two new world records for payload and speed over distance, carrying a payload of 5000kg (11,000lb) over a distance of 1000km (1,000miles) and over a distance of 2000km (1,000miles) at an average speed for each distance of 404km/h.[72]
First flights
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Entered service
January
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
Retirements
April
References
- Hazewinkel . Harm J. . Koolhoven's Unwanted Fighter . . April 1994 . 22 . 4 . 58–62 . 0143-7240.
Notes and References
- Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,, p. 114.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20121012012530/http://www.uscg.mil/history/webaircraft/CGAviationHistory1916_1938.pdf A Chronological History of Coast Guard Aviation: The Early Years, 1915–1938
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 864.
- Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979,, p. 21.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 720.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 794.
- Geoghegan, John J., "Vanished!", Aviation History, November 2013, p. 34.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 792.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, pp. 794–795.
- http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380202-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380202-1 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the Worlds Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978,, p. 223.
- http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380209-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380213-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380307-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 798.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 800.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 804.
- Web site: Airport History . George Best Belfast City Airport . 2012-04-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111012191943/http://belfastcityairport.com/About-Us/Airport-Development-and-Planning/facts-and-figures.aspx . 2011-10-12 .
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, pp. 804–805.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, pp. 800–802.
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380323-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- Murray, Williamson, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 1983, no ISBN, p. 18.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 802.
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380425-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,, p. 114–115.
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380430-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,, p. 111.
- Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,, p. 116.
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380516-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- Web site: 30 Jun 1938, 1 - The Fresno Bee at Newspapers.com. 2021-06-06. Newspapers.com. en.
- Web site: 19 Dec 1940, 17 - The Fresno Bee at Newspapers.com. 2021-06-06. Newspapers.com. en.
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380522-1 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380524-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- Hull Daily Mail - Saturday 04 June 1938
- Derby Daily Telegraph - Saturday 04 June 1938
- http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~warden/scw/scwevent.htm The Main Events of the Spanish Civil War
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 827.
- http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Civil_Aeronautics_Act.aspx encyclopedia.com Civil Aeronautics Act
- https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19380626-0 Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001,, p. 115.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 832.
- https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939-1-%20-%200932.html Flight (Oct 5, 1939)
- Book: Wagner . Ray . Nowarra . Heinz . 1971 . German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945 . New York City . Doubleday & Company . 229 .
- Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,, p. 60.
- Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the Worlds Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978,, pp. 34–35, 223.
- COLOMBIA: Death & Bolivar . https://web.archive.org/web/20100826060821/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771144,00.html . dead . August 26, 2010 . . August 1, 1938 . September 20, 2009.
- News: Plane Dives in Crowd. The Evening Independent . Associated Press . July 25, 1938. September 20, 2009 .
- http://lablaa.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/febrero2006/pausa.htm Biblioteca Luis Angel Arango "La gran pausa de Eduardo Santos"
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, pp. 835, 841.
- Johnson, Frederick L., "Modest Mal," Aviation History, March 2012, p. 19.
- Geoghegan, John J., "Vanished!", Aviation History, November 2013, pp. 33-34.
- Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941–1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982,, p. 53.
- Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941–1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982,, p. 51.
- Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the Worlds Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978,, p. 34.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 843–844.
- Time Magazine, September 5, 1938.
- Book: Crouch, Gregory. Chapter 13: The Kweilin Incident. China's Wings: War, Intrigue, Romance and Adventure in the Middle Kingdom during the Golden Age of Flight. Bantam Books. 2012.
- http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/chronology-of-aviation-in-hawaii/1930-1939 Aviation Hawaii: 1930–1939 Chronology of Aviation in Hawaii
- Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941–1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982,, pp. 48–49.
- Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991,, p. 55.
- May, Ernest R., Strange Victory: Hitlers Conquest of France, New York: Hill and Wang, 2000,, pp. 182, 500.
- O'Connor, Derek, "The Other Franco," Aviation History, January 2018, p. 59.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 854.
- Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917–1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990,, p. 215.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 855.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed., Conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1922–1946, New York: Mayflower Books, 1980,, p. 261.
- Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986,, p. 868.
- May, Ernest R., Strange Victory: Hitler′s Conquest of France, New York: Hill and Wang, 2000,, pp. 183–184.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed., Conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1922–1946, New York: Mayflower Books, 1980,, p. 226.
- Guttman, John, "Nakajima′s Fragile Falcon," Aviation History, May 2017, p. 31.
- Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997,, p. 733.
- Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979,, pp. 277, 279.
- Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979,, p. 272.
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- Web site: Boeing's Model 314 Clipper Flying Boat . Pomata . Anthony . April 21, 2001 . historylink.org . April 22, 2017 . Test pilot Eddie Allen flew the Boeing 314 NX18601 Clipper on its first flight on June 7, 1938, from the waters of Puget Sound, in Seattle and remained aloft for 38 minutes..
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