1938 Big Ten Conference football season explained

1938 Big Ten Conference football season
Sport:	Football
No Of Teams:	10
Top Pick:	Larry Buhler
Season Champs:	Minnesota
Season Champ Name:	Champion
Mvp:	Howard Weiss
Seasonslistnames:	Football
Prevseason Year:	1937
Nextseason Year:	1939

The 1938 Big Ten Conference football season was the 43rd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference (also known as the Western Conference) and was a part of the 1938 college football season.

The Big Ten Conference championship went to Bernie Bierman's 1938 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team. Minnesota compiled a 6–2 record, outscored its opponents 97 to 38, and was ranked No. 10 in the final AP Poll. Guard Frank Twedell was a first-team All-American. Twedell and quarterback Wilbur Moore were first-team picks for the All-Big Ten team.

Michigan, in its first year under head coach Fritz Crisler, compiled a 6–1–1 record, outscored opponents 131 to 40, led the conference in scoring offense (16.4 points per game), and was ranked No. 16 in the final AP Poll. The team's only setbacks were a 7-6 loss to Minnesota and a scoreless tie with Northwestern. Michigan guard Ralph Heikkinen was a consensus first-team All-American. Sophomore backs Tom Harmon and Forest Evashevski were both first-team All-Big Ten players.

Northwestern, under head coach Pappy Waldorf, compiled a 4–2–2 record, outscored opponents 93 to 32, led the conference in scoring defense (4.0 points per game), and was ranked No. 17 in the final AP Poll. Tackle Bob Voigts was a first-team All-American.

Wisconsin fullback Howard Weiss received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the conference. Ralph Heikkinen finished in second place in the voting and Larry Buhler of Minnesota was third.^[1]

Season overview

Results and team statistics

Conf. Rank	Team	Head coach	AP final	AP high	Overall record	Conf. record	PPG	PAG	MVP
1	Minnesota	Bernie Bierman	10	2	6-2	4-1	12.1	4.8	Larry Buhler
2 (tie)	Michigan	Fritz Crisler	16	11	6–1–1	3–1–1	16.4	5.0	Ralph Heikkinen
2 (tie)	Purdue	Mal Elward	NR	NR	5–1–2	3–1–1	10.5	4.8
4	Northwestern	Pappy Waldorf	17	7	4–2–2	2–1–2	11.6	4.0	Bob Voigts
5	Wisconsin	Harry Stuhldreher	NR	12	5–3	3–2	13.9	11.6	Howard Weiss
6	Ohio State	Francis Schmidt	NR	20	4–3–1	3–2–1	14.9	8.1	Jim Langhurst
7	Illinois	Robert Zuppke	NR	NR	3–5	2–3	13.8	11.0	James Hodges
8	Iowa	Irl Tubbs	NR	NR	1–6–1	1–3–1	5.8	16.9	Erwin Prasse
9	Indiana	Bo McMillin	NR	NR	1–6–1	1–4	2.6	8.4	Bob Haak
10	Chicago	Clark Shaughnessy	NR	NR	1–6–1	0–4	9.4	30.1	Lew Hamity

Key
PPG = Average of points scored per game
PAG = Average of points allowed per game^[2]
MVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy^{[3] [4]}

Regular season

September 23–24

On September 23 and 24, 1938, the Big Ten began play with four non-conference games, resulting in two wins and two losses.

• UCLA 27, Iowa 3. The season began on Friday, September 23, 1938, with Iowa facing UCLA before a crowd of 40,000 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. UCLA won by a 27 to 3 score. The game was billed as a duel between All-American candidates Kenny Washington of UCLA and Nile Kinnick of Iowa, but both had subpar performances. Washington gained 60 net yards, while Kinnick had only 35 net yards.^[5]
• Minnesota 15, Washington 0. On Saturday, September 24, Minnesota defeated Washington, 15-0, in front of a crowd of 50,000 spectators at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis. Several rest periods were called due to heat. Minnesota stopped Washington's highly touted passing attack, intercepting five of the 16 passes thrown by Washington's Jimmy Johnston and Dean McAdams. Defensive guard Bob Johnson returned an interception 77 yards for a touchdown.^[6]
• Purdue 19, Detroit 6. Purdue defeated Gus Dorais' Detroit Titans, 19-6, before a crowd of more than 24,000 spectators at Ross–Ade Stadium in Lafayette, Indiana. On a hot day, the teams played to a scoreless tie in the first half. Detroit took a 6 to 0 lead in the third quarter, but Purdue then rallied to 19 unanswered points. Brown, Krause and Byelene scored touchdowns for Purdue.^[7]
• Ohio 6, Illinois 0. Illinois defeated Ohio, 6-0, at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Illinois out-gained Ohio, 205 yards to 59, but suffered from turnovers. After an Illinois fumble, Ohio halfback Jim Snyder scored the game's only points on a pass from Monk Montgomery.^[8]

October 1

On October 1, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played one conference game and seven non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in six wins and a tie. Iowa had a bye.

• Minnesota 16, Nebraska 7. Minnesota defeated Nebraska, 16-7, before a crowd of 46,000 at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis.^[9]
• Michigan 14, Michigan State 0. In its first game under new head coach Fritz Crisler, Michigan defeated Michigan State, 14-0, before a crowd of 73,589 spectators at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Sophomore halfback Paul Kromer, appearing in his first game for Michigan, scored both touchdowns.^[10]
• Northwestern 21, Kansas State 0. Northwestern defeated Kansas State, 21-0, before a crowd of 35,000 spectators at Dyche Stadium in Evanston, Illinois. All three Northwestern touchdowns came on passes. Jack Ryan completed touchdown passes to George McGurn and Bernie Jefferson, and Paul Soper threw the third touchdown pass to Bob Daly.^[11]
• Purdue 21, Butler 6.
• Wisconsin 27, Marquette 0.
• Ohio State 6, Indiana 0.
• Illinois 44, DePaul 7.
• Chicago 0, Bradley 0.

October 8

On October 8, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played four conference games and two non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in one win and one loss.

• Minnesota 7, Purdue 0. Minnesota defeated Purdue, 7-0, before a crowd of 52,000 spectators at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis. Fullback Marty Christiansen scored the game's only touchdown in third quarter.^[12]
• Michigan 45, Chicago 7. Michigan defeated Chicago, 45 to 7, before a crowd of 22,976 at Michigan Stadium. Michigan's 45 points was the most for a Michigan team since 1926. Michigan touchdowns were scored by Norm Purucker (44-yard run in the first quarter), Paul Kromer (25-yard run), Ed Czak (25-yard touchdown pass from Dave Strong), Tom Harmon (59-yard run in the third quarter), Fred Trosko (five-yard run in fourth quarter), Howard Mehaffey (31-yard run in fourth quarter), and Dave Strong (14-yard run late in the game).Michigan totaled 476 rushing yards and 32 passing yards to Chicago's 133 rushing yards and 118 passing yards.^[13]
• Northwestern 33, Drake 0.
• Wisconsin 31, Iowa 13.
• USC 14, Ohio State 7.
• Illinois 12, Indiana 2.

October 15

On October 15, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played three conference games and four non-conference teams. The non-conference games resulted in two losses and two ties.

• Minnesota 7, Michigan 6. Minnesota defeated Michigan, 7-6, at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis. Neither team scored in the first three quarters. In the fourth quarter, Michigan drove 90 yards with Paul Kromer scoring on a short run for touchdown, and Michigan missed the extra point. Later in the quarter, Tom Harmon fumbled at midfield, and Minnesota recovered the loose ball. After Harmon's fumble, Minnesota halfback Harold Van Every threw a long pass to Bill Johnson who was downed at Michigan's 14-yard line. Minnesota's drive was capped by a 10-yard touchdown pass from Van Every to halfback Wilbur Moore. Quarterback George Faust kicked the extra point to give Minnesota a one point margin of victory. Michigan gained 157 rushing yards and 97 passing yards to outperform Minnesota's 91 rushing yards and 41 passing yards.^[14]
• Northwestern 0, Ohio State 0.
• Iowa 27, Chicago 14.
• Notre Dame 14, Illinois 6.
• Pittsburgh 26, Wisconsin 6.
• Indiana 0, Nebraska 0.
• Purdue 6, Fordham 6.

October 22

On October 22, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two losses and one win. Minnesota had a bye week.

• Michigan 15, Yale 13. Michigan defeated Yale, 15-13, at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut. Yale led, 13-2, at halftime. In the third quarter, Michigan scored on a two-yard run by Norm Purucker. In the fourth quarter, Harmon threw a touchdown to John Nicholson.^{[15] [16]}
• Northwestern 13, Illinois 0.
• Purdue 13, Wisconsin 7.
• Ohio State 42, Chicago 7.
• Colgate 14, Iowa 0.
• Kansas State 13, Indiana 6.

October 29

On October 29, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played four conference games and two non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two wins.

• Northwestern 6, Minnesota 3.
• Michigan 14, Illinois 0. Michigan defeated Illinois, 14-0, before a crowd of 43,006 at Michigan Stadium. In the first quarter, Tom Harmon ran for the Wolverines' first touchdown. In the third quarter, end Danny Smick blocked an Illinois punt and recovered the ball at the Illinois 29-yard line. After short gains, Harmon "rifled" a pass to Forest Evashevski for Michigan's second touchdown.^{[17] [18]}
• Purdue 0, Iowa 0.
• Wisconsin 6, Indiana 0.
• Ohio State 32, NYU 0.
• Chicago 34, DePauw 14.

November 5

On November 5, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The three non-conference games resulted in two losses and one win. Illinois had a bye week.

• Minnesota 28, Iowa 0.
• Michigan 19, Penn 13. Michigan defeated Penn, 19-13, before a crowd of 31,292 at Michigan Stadium. Michigan's first touchdown was scored by guard Milo Sukup after Don Siegel blocked Frank Reagan's punt and the ball bounced back into the end zone. Paul Kromer scored Michigan's remaining touchdowns, one on a 50-yard punt return and the other on a 13-yard touchdown pass from Fred Trosko. Michigan led 19 to 0 at the start of the fourth quarter. Playing against Michigan's substitutes, Penn scored two touchdowns in the final seven minutes, including a 62-yard touchdown run by Penn quarterback Johnny Dutcher.^[19]
• Wisconsin 20, Northwestern 13.
• Purdue 12, Ohio State 0.
• Harvard 47, Chicago 13.
• Boston College 14, Indiana 0.

November 12

On November 12, 1939, the Big Ten football teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two losses and a win. Purdue had a bye week.

• Notre Dame 19, Minnesota 0. Minnesota (ranked No. 12 in the AP Poll) lost to Notre Dame (ranked No. 1), 19-0, before a crowd of 56,000 at Notre Dame Stadium.^[20] An hour and a half before the game, two "football special" trains carrying fans to the game crashed in South Bend, injuring 91 persons and shaking up 950 others.^[21]
• Michigan 0, Northwestern 0. Michigan (ranked No. 18 in the AP Poll) and Northwestern played to a scoreless tie at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. Northwestern had won the last three games.^[22] In the third quarter, Northwestern's Bernie Jefferson had a 51-yard run to Michigan's 11-yard line. Northwestern advanced to the one-yard line with a first-and-goal opportunity. After three unsuccessful running plays, Northwestern passed on fourth down, and the ball was intercepted in the end zone by Norm Purucker of Michigan. In the fourth quarter, Michigan advanced the ball to the Northwestern six-yard line, but a field goal attempt by Fred Trosko was unsuccessful. With one minute remaining, Purucker faked a punt and ran 44 yards to Northwestern's 25-yard line, but Michigan was unable to score.^[23]
• Wisconsin 14, UCLA 7. Wisconsin (ranked No. 15 in the AP Poll) defeated UCLA, 14-7, before a crowd of 35,000 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. UCLA out-gained Wisconsin, but the Bruins fumbled 10 times with the Badgers recovering six of them.^[24]
• Ohio State 32, Illinois 14. Ohio State defeated Illinois, 32-14, in the annual battle for the Illibuck Trophy. The game was played before a crowd of 18,000 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Fullback Jim Langhurst scored three touchdowns for Ohio State.^[25]
• Indiana 7, Iowa 3. Indiana defeated Iowa, 7-3, before a crowd of approximately 10,000 at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana. Indiana trailed 3-0 in the fourth quarter.^[26]
• Pacific 32, Chicago 0. Chicago lost to Amos Alonzo Stagg's Pacific Tigers, 32-0, before a homecoming crowd of 10,000 at Stagg Field in Chicago. Stagg had been Chicago's head coach from 1892 to 1932, and the 1938 game was Stagg's first return to the University of Chicago as an opposing coach.^[27]

November 19

On November 19, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played four conference games and two non-conference games. Both non-conference games were losses.

• Minnesota 21, Wisconsin 0. Minnesota defeated Wisconsin (ranked No. 12 in the AP Poll) met with the Big Ten championship going to the winner of the game. Minnesota won easily, 21 to 0, before a crowd of 41,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Minnesota's touchdowns were scored by Larry Buhler (27-yard run), George Franck (13-yard run), and Marty Christiansen (short run).^[28]
• Notre Dame 9, Northwestern 7. Northwestern (ranked No. 16 in the AP Poll) lost to Notre Dame (ranked No. 1), 9-7, before a crowd of 48,500 at Dyche Stadium in Evanston, Illinois. Northwestern led, 7-6, at halftime. Second-string quarterback, Willard Clair Hofer, returned an interception 65 yards for Notre Dame's first touchdown; he then kicked a field goal in the third quarter to give Notre Dame its margin of victory. Northwestern's touchdown was scored by fullback George McGurn.^[29]
• Michigan 18, Ohio State 0. Michigan (ranked No. 17 in the AP Poll) defeated Ohio State, 18 to 0, in Columbus. Ohio State had won four consecutive shutouts over Michigan from 1934 to 1937. In the second quarter, Tom Harmon ran for a touchdown from the one-yard line, tallying Michigan's first points against Ohio State since 1933. In the fourth quarter, Harmon intercepted an Ohio State pass and then threw a 15-yard pass to Ed Frutig for Michigan's second touchdown. Fred Trosko ran 38 yards around the left end for Michigan's third touchdown. Michigan's attempts at point after touchdown failed. After the game, a brawl erupted on the field as Michigan fans attempted to tear down the goalposts at Ohio Stadium. The game's outcome was the most one-sided loss for Ohio State in five years under head coach, Francis Schmidt. The United Press opined that Michigan's victory over the Buckeyes was the "climax of the Wolverines' return as a major gridiron power."^{[30] [31]}
• Purdue 13, Indiana 6. Purdue defeated Indiana, 13-6, in the annual Old Oaken Bucket rivalry game played before a crowd of 32,000 at Ross–Ade Stadium in Lafayette, Indiana.^[32]
• Nebraska 14, Iowa 0. Iowa lost to Nebraska, 19–0, at Iowa Stadium in Iowa City. Iowa passed for 220 yards but fumbled six times and was unable to score. In The Des Moines Register, Bert McGrane wrote: "Iowa tramped the last weary mile of its rocky football road here Saturday and finished the season the way it began it – in defeat."^[33]
• Illinois 34, Chicago 0. Illinois defeated Chicago, 34-0, before a crowd of 5,000 at Stagg Field in Chicago. The margin was 13-0 at the end of the third quarter, but Chicago's desperate attempts at a comeback provided openings for Illinois to score 21 points in the fourth quarter. The defeat marked the close of Chicago's second consecutive season without a victory over a Big Ten opponent.^[34]

Bowl games

No Big Ten teams participated in any bowl games during the 1938 season. On December 3, 1938, the faculty committee of the Big Ten universities rejected a proposal from the Pacific Coast Conference for the two conference's champions to compete in the Rose Bowl. The Big Ten reaffirmed its ban on postseason games and its rule that all football games must be completed on the Saturday before Thanksgiving.^[35]

All-Big Ten players

The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press (UP) as first-team players on the 1938 All-Big Ten Conference football team.^{[36] [37]}

• Cleo Diehl, end, Northwestern (AP, UP)
• Erwin Prasse, end, Iowa (AP)
• Frank Petrick, end, Indiana (UP)
• Joe Mihal, tackle, Purdue (AP, UP)
• Bob Voigts, tackle, Northwestern (UP)
• Bob Haak, tackle, Indiana (AP)
• Ralph Heikkinen, guard, Michigan (AP, UP)
• Francis Twedell, guard, Minnesota (AP)
• Jack Murray center, Wisconsin (AP, UP)
• Forest Evashevski, quarterback, Michigan (AP)
• Wilbur Moore, quarterback, Minnesota (UP)
• Lou Brock, halfback, Purdue (AP, UP)
• Tom Harmon, halfback, Michigan (AP, UP)
• Howard Weiss, Wisconsin (AP, UP)

All-Americans

The only Big Ten player selected as a consensus first-team player on the 1938 College Football All-America Team was:

• Ralph Heikkinen, guard, Michigan (AAB, AP, UP, CP, CO, NEA, NYS, WC, INS, LIB, NW, SN, DT, PW)

Other Big Ten players to receive first-team honors from at least one selector were:

• Bob Voigts, tackle, Northwestern (AAB, WC)
• Frank Twedell, guard, Minnesota (INS, SN, ID, PW)
• Howard Weiss, halfback, Wisconsin (ID)

1939 NFL draft

The following Big Ten players were selected in the first nine rounds of the 1939 NFL draft:^[38]

Name	Position	Team	Round	Overall pick
Larry Buhler	Back	Minnesota	1	9
Bob Haak	Tackle	Indiana	2	15
Joe Mihal	Tackle	Purdue	3	19
Howard Weiss	Fullback	Wisconsin	3	22
Lynn Hovland	Guard	Wisconsin	5	39
George Faust	Back	Minnesota	6	42
Tony Ippolito	Back	Purdue	7	54
Alex Schoenbaum	Tackle	Ohio State	7	55
Frank Twedell	Tackle	Minnesota	7	59
Wilbur Moore	Back	Minnesota	9	78

Notes and References

1. News: Wisconsin Fullback Is Voted Most Valuable in Big Ten: Weiss Chosen Over Heikkinen in Close Ballot. Detroit Free Press. December 18, 1938. 45.
2. Web site: 1938 Big Ten Conference Year Summary. Sports Reference LLC. SR/College Football. January 4, 2017.
3. News: Voigts Elected Most Valuable By N.U.. Chicago Tribune. December 4, 1938. 2-2.
4. News: Weiss Voted Most Valuable in Big Ten: Star Wisconsin Full Back Wins Tribune Trophy; Heikkinen Second in Electors' Ballots. Chicago Tribune. Wilfrid Smith. December 18, 1938. 2-1.
5. News: Bruins Defeat Iowa, 27-3, In Grid Opener. Los Angeles Times. Frank Finch. September 24, 1938. 25.
6. News: Gophers Seize Huskie Passes To Win, 15 To 0. Chicago Tribune. Wilfrid Smith. September 25, 1938. 2-1.
7. News: Titans Beaten by Purdue: Palumbo Hits Off Tackle for Detroit Score. Detroit Free Press. September 25, 1938. 43.
8. News: Ohio U. Clicks with Pass to Beat Illini, 6-0: Giant Killers. Chicago Tribune. Irving Vaughan. September 25, 1938. 2-1.
9. News: Gophers Bump Nebraska, 16-7: Dodd Provides Husker Tally on Long Dash. The Nebraska State Journal. John Bentley. October 2, 1938. 1.
10. News: Michigan Scores 14-0, Before 82,500: Beats Michigan State First Time in 5 Years; Kroner [sic] Gets Both Touchdowns]. The New York Times. October 2, 1938. subscription .
11. News: Northwestern Uses Passes to Whip Kansas State, 21 to 0. Chicago Tribune. October 2, 1938. 2-1.
12. News: Boilermaker Team Drops 7-0 Decision. The Indianapolis Star. Jay Vessels. October 9, 1938. 21.
13. News: Michigan Downs Chicago, 45 to 7; Wolverines Open Campaign in Western Conference With 7-Touchdown Assault; Purucker Starts Parade, Dashes 44 Yards for Initial Score Before 20,000 Fans in Ann Arbor Stadium. The New York Times. October 9, 1938. subscription .
14. News: Minnesota Rally Nips Michigan, 7-6; Both Teams Score in Final Period, Gophers on Pass--55,000 Watch the Fray. The New York Times. November 12, 1939. subscription .
15. News: Wolves Nip Yale, 15 to 13. The Pittsburgh Press. United Press (UP). October 23, 1938.
16. News: Penalty Stops Eli: Brooks Runs Into Kicker, and Foes Go 73 Yards to Count Near End; Upset Narrowly Averted; Humphrey's Interceptions and Scoring Passes to Moody Thrill 45,000 in Bowl. Allison Danzig. The New York Times. October 23, 1938. subscription .
17. News: Michigan Remains in Running for the Big Ten Title by Victory at Ann Arbor. The New York Times. October 30, 1938. subscription .
18. News: Tom Harmon Paces Wolves to 14-0 Win Over Illinois Eleven. Milwaukee News-Sentinel. Associated Press (AP). October 30, 1938.
19. News: Penn's Last Period Touchdowns Unavailing as Michigan Captures Thriller: Michigan Scores at Ann Arbor, 19-13. The New York Times. November 6, 1938. subscription .
20. News: Notre Dame Eleven Vanquishes Minnesota, 19-0: Alert Irish Team Keeps Slate Clean. The Indianapolis Star. W. Blaine Patton. November 13, 1938. 25.
21. News: Football Trains Crash, 91 Hurt. The Indianapolis Star. November 13, 1938. 1.
22. Web site: Michigan vs. Northwestern. David DeLassus. College Football Data Warehouse. May 26, 2015. May 5, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150505021255/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/active/m/michigan/opponents_records.php?teamid=2330. dead.
23. News: Thrilling Coal-Line Stands by Michigan and Northwestern Produce Deadlock; 80,000 See Michigan Battle to a 0-0 Tie; Trosko's Field Goal Attempt Against Northwestern Goes Wide in Last Period. subscription . The New York Times. November 13, 1938.
24. News: Alert Badgers Beat Bruin Team, 14 to 7. Los Angeles Times. November 13, 1938. 29.
25. News: Ohio State Runs Up 32-14 Score Against Illinois. Chicago Tribune. Charles Bartlett. 2-1.
26. News: Hoosiers Pass Way To 7-3 Triumph Over Iowa: Late Aerial Saves Game for Indiana. The Indianapolis Star. Al Roche. November 13, 1938. 25.
27. News: Stagg's Team Routs Maroons in Closing Periods, 32 to 0. Chicago Tribune. Edward Burns. November 13, 1938. 2-1.
28. News: Minnesota Whips Wisconsin; Wins Title; Badgers Wilt Before Gopher Power, 21 to 0. Chicago Tribune. Charles Bartlett. November 30, 1938. 2-1, 2-2.
29. News: Notre Dame Beats N.U., 9-7; Eight in a Row; Hofer's 65 Yard Run and Field Goal Save Irish. Chicago Tribune. Irving Vaughan. November 20, 1938. 2-1, 2-7.
30. Web site: Michigan Drubs Ohio: Tom Harmon Is Spark Plug in 18-0 Victory by Scoring First Touchdown and Tossing Pass for Second. The Milwaukee Journal. UP. November 20, 1938. SectionII, p1.
31. News: Ohio State Bows to Michigan and Loses Chance for Share in Big Ten Honors: Crowd of 67,554 Sees Michigan Win. The New York Times. November 20, 1938. subscription .
32. News: Purdue Scores 13 to 6 Victory Over Indiana. Edward Burns. Chicago Tribune. November 20, 1938. 2-1.
33. News: Iowa Beaten, 14-0, To End Dismal Year. The Des Moines Register. Bert McGrane. November 20, 1938. 15.
34. News: Illinois Rolls Over Hapless Maroons, 34-0. Chicago Tribune. Howard Barry. November 20, 1938. 2-1.
35. News: Big 10 Rejects Plan for Rose Bowl Rivalry. Chicago Tribune. Wilfrid Smith. December 4, 1938. 2-1.
36. News: Michigan Places 3 Stars on All Big Ten. The Independent, St. Petersburg, Fla. (AP story). November 21, 1938. 11.
37. News: Six Teams Put Men on Big 10 Squad of Honor. Lodi News-Sentinel (UP story). November 23, 1938. 7.
38. Web site: 1939 NFL Draft: Full Draft. National Football League. NFL.com. January 4, 2017.