| Election Name: | 1935 Alberta general election |
| Country: | Alberta |
| Flag Year: | 1921 |
| Type: | legislative |
| Party Colour: | no |
| Party Name: | no |
| Previous Election: | 1930 Alberta general election |
| Previous Year: | 1930 |
| Previous Mps: | 7th Alberta Legislative Assembly |
| Elected Mps: | members |
| Next Election: | 1940 Alberta general election |
| Next Year: | 1940 |
| Next Mps: | 9th Alberta Legislative Assembly |
| Seats For Election: | 63 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta 32 seats were needed for a majority |
| Turnout: | 81.8% |
| Leader1: | William Aberhart (de facto) |
| Leader Since1: | September 3, 1935 |
| Leaders Seat1: | Did not run |
| Last Election1: | pre-creation |
| Seats Before1: | 0 |
| Seats1: | 56 |
| Seat Change1: | 56 |
| Popular Vote1: | 163,700 |
| Percentage1: | 54.2% |
| Swing1: | — |
| Leader2: | William R. Howson |
| Leader Since2: | October 21, 1932 |
| Leaders Seat2: | Edmonton |
| Last Election2: | 11 seats, 24.6% |
| Seats Before2: | 13 |
| Seats2: | 5 |
| Seat Change2: | 8 |
| Popular Vote2: | 69,845 |
| Percentage2: | 23.1% |
| Swing2: | 1.5% |
| Leader3: | David M. Duggan |
| Leader Since3: | 1930 |
| Leaders Seat3: | Edmonton |
| Last Election3: | 6 seats, 14.8% |
| Seats Before3: | 6 |
| Seats3: | 2 |
| Seat Change3: | 4 |
| Popular Vote3: | 19,358 |
| Percentage3: | 6.4% |
| Swing3: | 8.4% |
| Leader4: | Richard G. Reid |
| Leader Since4: | 1934 |
| Leaders Seat4: | Vermilion (lost re-election) |
| Last Election4: | 39 seats, 39.4% |
| Seats Before4: | 36 |
| Seats4: | 0 |
| Seat Change4: | 36 |
| Popular Vote4: | 33,063 |
| Percentage4: | 11.0% |
| Swing4: | 28.4% |
| Leader5: | Fred J. White |
| Leader Since5: | between 1921 & 1926 |
| Last Election5: | 4 seats, 7.6% |
| Seats Before5: | 4 |
| Seats5: | 0 |
| Seat Change5: | 4 |
| Popular Vote5: | 5,086 |
| Percentage5: | 1.7% |
| Swing5: | 5.9% |
| Premier | |
| Posttitle: | Premier after election |
| Before Election: | Richard G. Reid |
| After Election: | William Aberhart |
The 1935 Alberta general election was held on August 22, 1935, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The newly founded Social Credit Party of Alberta won a sweeping victory, unseating the 14-year government of the United Farmers of Alberta. It was one of only five times that Alberta has changed governments.
Premier John E. Brownlee had resigned on July 10, 1934, when he was sued and found liable for the seduction of a young clerk working in the Attorney-General's office. Although the verdict was immediately set aside by the presiding judge, the scandal seriously damaged the UFA's reputation among socially conservative Albertans. Provincial Treasurer Richard G. Reid succeeded him, but was unable to change the party's fortunes. The government had fallen into disfavour as it had proven unable to address the Depression, which had hit Alberta particularly hard, and due to the government's unwillingness to accede to demands to adopt Social Credit policies and programs.
Social Credit won 56 of the 63 seats in the legislature, and over 50% of the popular vote, well beyond even the most optimistic Socred projections. Many of those gains came at the expense of the UFA, which lost all of its seats in one of the worst defeats ever suffered by a provincial government in Canada. Reid and Brownlee, for instance, were heavily defeated by Socred challengers, with Reid being pushed into third place. The UFA did receive 11 percent of the vote so its due share was about ten members - the province's limited use of PR did not ensure that it won any seats at all.
The UFA's wipeout happened just a month after the Prince Edward Island Tories lost all 18 of their seats at that year's provincial election. A similar wipeout would not happen again until the 1987 New Brunswick general election, when the governing New Brunswick Tories lost all 39 of their seats.
The Alberta Liberals in this election ran with the tactically fatal slogan, the "rest of Canada can't be wrong"—referring to the popularity of the Liberal Party in the rest of the country. It did not work; they had their seat count cut in half. However, due to the UFA being swept from the legislature, the Liberals wound up as the Official Opposition. The Conservatives lost four of their six seats.
The Socreds' expectations for the election had been so low that they had not even named a formal leader for the campaign. When the newly elected Socred MLAs held their first caucus meeting, the first order of business was to select a leader and premier-designate. The obvious choice was the party's founder and guiding force, Calgary-based Baptist pastor William Aberhart. Persuaded to accept the mantle of leadership, Aberhart was sworn in as premier on September 3.
This provincial election, like the previous two, saw district-level proportional representation (Single transferable voting) used to elect the MLAs of Edmonton and Calgary. City-wide districts were used to elect multiple MLAs in the cities. All the other MLAs were elected in single-member districts through Instant-runoff voting.
The turnout of the 1935 election topped 80%, and no election in Alberta has come close to this mark.
This election campaign is seen as the most negative in Alberta's history, with reports of Social Credit members, operating openly and on Aberhart's directives, defacing the campaign signs of opponents and drowning their speeches by honking car horns. Many campaign ads also focused mostly on attacking the opposing parties.
After the 1935 election results were in, newspapers across North America took notice, with the Boston Herald running the headline "Alberta Goes Crazy!".[1]
This shift marked the first in Social Credit's nine consecutive election victories, for a total of 36 years in office–one of the longest unbroken runs in government in the Commonwealth. The UFA never recovered from this wipeout defeat, withdrawing from politics altogether in 1937. Many of UFA's erstwhile supporters shifted to supporting the CCF, whose full name "CCF (Farmer-Labour-Socialist)" indicates how it was a merging of UFA and other previous farmer and labor parties.
| Party | Leader | Candidates | First-preference votes | Seats | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | ± | % | Change (pp) | 1930 | 1935 | ± | William Aberhart | 63 | 163,700 | 163,700 | 54.25 | – | 56 | Richard G. Reid | 45 | 33,063 | 41,124 | 11.00 | 39 | 39 | William R. Howson | 61 | 69,845 | 23,570 | 23.14 | 11 | 6 | David M. Duggan | 39 | 19,358 | 8,596 | 6.41 | 6 | 4 | Fred J. White | 11 | 5,086 | 9,268 | 1.68 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 2,740 | 20,526 | 0.90 | 3 | 3 | Jan Lakeman | 9 | 5,771 | 3,588 | 1.91 | 1 | 955 | 955 | 0.31 | 1 | 560 | 560 | 0.19 | 1 | 258 | 258 | 0.08 | 1 | 224 | 224 | 0.07 | 1 | 192 | 192 | 0.06 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 240 | 301,752 | 100.00% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rejected ballots | 8,269 | 562 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 310,021 | 114,095 | 81.8% | 15.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered voters | 378,249 | 84,454 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Riding | First-preference votes | Turnout [3] | Final counts | Winning party | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | SC | UFA | Total | SC | UFA | 1930 | 1935 | |||||||||||
| Acadia | 1,834 | 628 | 289 | – | – | – | – | 2,751 | 90.3% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Alexandra | 2,479 | 924 | 561 | 202 | – | 197 | – | 4,363 | 78.3% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Athabasca | 1,764 | – | 950 | 315 | – | – | – | 3,029 | 71.0% | Elected on 1st count | Lib | SC | ||||||
| Beaver River | 1,751 | 572 | 775 | 147 | – | – | – | 3,245 | 66.8% | Elected on 1st count | Lib | SC | ||||||
| Bow Valley | 1,776 | 401 | 591 | – | – | – | 204 | 2,972 | 85.9% | Elected on 1st count | Ind | SC | ||||||
| Camrose | 4,335 | 1,039 | 1,395 | – | – | – | – | 6,769 | 86.7% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Cardston | 2,027 | 565 | 471 | – | – | – | – | 3,063 | 95.4% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Clover Bar | 2,503 | 844 | 1,105 | 264 | – | – | – | 4,716 | 86.0% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Cochrane | 1,880 | 591 | 628 | 337 | – | – | – | 3,436 | 87.9% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Coronation | 2,674 | 844 | 625 | – | – | – | – | 4,143 | 87.4% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Cypress | 1,689 | 587 | 798 | – | – | – | 51 | 3,125 | 83.0% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Didsbury | 2,731 | 610 | 607 | 303 | – | – | – | 4,251 | 85.0% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Drumheller | 2,158 | – | 341 | – | – | 342 | 778 | 3,619 | 84.4% | Elected on 1st count | Ind | SC | ||||||
| Edson | 2,154 | – | 1,620[4] | – | 1,414 | – | – | 5,188 | 76.0% | 2,443 | – | 2,068 | – | Lab | SC | |||
| Empress | 1,453 | 324 | 239 | – | – | – | – | 2,016 | 84.5% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Gleichen | 2,093 | 895 | 569 | 439 | – | – | – | 3,996 | 84.3% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Grande Prairie | 2,741 | 1,809 | 2,387 | 464 | – | – | – | 7,401 | 75.6% | 3,142 | – | 3,061 | – | UFA | SC | |||
| Grouard | 1,447 | 346 | 2,272 | – | – | – | – | 4,065 | 78.1% | Elected on 1st count | Lib | Lib | ||||||
| Hand Hills | 3,270 | 707 | 552 | – | – | – | – | 4,529 | 86.5% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Innisfail | 2,805 | 386 | 583 | 318 | – | – | – | 4,092 | 87.5% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Lac Ste. Anne | 1,668 | 1,080 | 897 | 133 | – | – | – | 3,778 | 75.6% | 1,791 | 1,518 | – | – | UFA | SC | |||
| Lacombe | 3,483 | 721 | 838 | 519 | – | – | – | 5,561 | 86.6% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Leduc | 2,940 | 357 | 1,305 | 166 | – | – | – | 4,768 | 82.0% | Elected on 1st count | Lib | SC | ||||||
| Lethbridge | 3,700 | – | 1,946 | 341 | 654 | – | – | 6,641 | 81.6% | Elected on 1st count | Lab | SC | ||||||
| Little Bow | 2,322 | 704 | 474 | – | – | – | – | 3,500 | 87.9% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Macleod | 1,680 | 650 | 387 | – | – | – | – | 2,717 | 86.1% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Medicine Hat | 3,236 | – | 1,252 | 653 | – | – | – | 5,141 | 83.3% | Elected on 1st count | Lib | SC | ||||||
| Nanton-Claresholm | 1,767 | 612 | 512 | 269 | – | – | – | 3,165 | 86.3% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Okotoks-High River | 3,062 | 1,005 | 970 | 452 | – | – | – | 5,489 | 85.8% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Olds | 3,538 | 694 | 955 | 167 | – | – | – | 5,354 | 91.6% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Peace River | 2,474 | 994 | 1,389 | 308 | – | – | – | 5,165 | 69.6% | 2,269 | – | 1,898 | – | UFA | SC | |||
| Pembina | 3,133 | 1,030 | 1,145 | 183 | – | – | – | 5,491 | 80.1% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Pincher Creek | 1,214 | 296 | 528 | 312 | – | – | – | 2,350 | 88.4% | Elected on 1st count | Lib | SC | ||||||
| Ponoka | 2,295 | 879 | 696 | – | – | – | – | 3,870 | 86.6% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Red Deer | 3,565 | – | 788 | 612 | – | 291 | 622 | 5,878 | 85.6% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Ribstone | 2,684 | 499 | 589 | – | – | – | – | 3,772 | 87.3% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Rocky Mountain | 2,996 | – | 1,033 | – | – | 1,080 | 389 | 5,498 | 82.0% | Elected on 1st count | Ind | SC | ||||||
| St. Albert | 1,431 | 116 | 446 | – | – | – | 1,253[5] | 3,206 | 86.4% | 1,619 | – | – | 1,445 | UFA | SC | |||
| St. Paul | 2,567 | 946 | 1,963 | – | – | – | – | 5,476 | 82.2% | 2,679 | – | 2,364 | – | Lib | SC | |||
| Sedgewick | 3,642 | 933 | 632 | – | – | – | – | 5,107 | 88.7% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Stettler | 3,603 | 522 | 882 | 271 | – | – | – | 5,278 | 89.9% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Stony Plain | 2,832 | 312 | 1,472 | 171 | – | – | – | 4,787 | 82.8% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Sturgeon | 2,465 | 857 | 1,533 | 361 | – | – | 560 | 5,776 | 80.8% | 2,729 | – | 2,053 | – | UFA | SC | |||
| Taber | 2,879 | 757 | 642 | – | – | – | – | 4,278 | 79.9% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Vegreville | 2,817 | 995 | 1,681 | 109 | – | – | – | 5,602 | 82.5% | 3,047 | – | 2,065 | – | UFA | SC | |||
| Vermilion | 2,452 | 876 | 1,062 | 244 | – | 838 | – | 5,472 | 82.8% | 2,664 | – | 1,437 | – | UFA | SC | |||
| Victoria | 2,045 | 319 | 1,181 | 141 | – | – | – | 3,686 | 77.8% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Wainwright | 2,382 | 811 | 953 | 194 | – | – | – | 4,340 | 83.6% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Warner | 1,702 | 588 | 534 | – | – | – | 227 | 3,051 | 82.7% | Elected on 1st count | UFA | SC | ||||||
| Wetaskiwin | 2,762 | 506 | 1,149 | 187 | – | 141 | – | 4,745 | 85.7% | Elected on 1st count | Lib | SC | ||||||
| Whitford | 1,265 | 940 | 615 | – | – | 966 | – | 3,786 | 77.8% | 1,370 | 1,121 | – | – | UFA | SC | |||
= Open seat
= turnout is above provincial average
= Candidate was in previous Legislature
= Incumbent had switched allegiance
= Previously incumbent in another riding
= Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
= Incumbency arose from by-election gain
= previously an MP in the House of Commons of Canada
= Multiple candidates
| District | Seats won (in order declared) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calgary | width=20 | width=20 | width=20 | width=20 | width=20 | width=20 | ||||||
| Edmonton | ||||||||||||
| width=20 | Social Credit | ||
| Liberal | |||
| Conservative |
= Candidate was in previous Legislature
= First-time MLA
= Previously incumbent in another district.
Twelve districts went beyond first-preference counts in order to determine winning candidates:
| District | Counts | Exhausted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st preference | Final | Votes | % of 1st pref | ||
| Calgary | 41,193 | 37,827 | 3,366 | ||
| Edmonton | 37,267 | 35,625 | 1,642 | ||
| Edson | 5,188 | 4,511 | 677 | ||
| Grande Prairie | 7,401 | 6,203 | 1,198 | ||
| Lac Ste. Anne | 3,778 | 3,309 | 469 | ||
| Peace River | 5,165 | 4,167 | 998 | ||
| St. Albert | 3,206 | 3,064 | 142 | ||
| St. Paul | 5,476 | 5,043 | 433 | ||
| Sturgeon | 5,776 | 4,782 | 994 | ||
| Vegreville | 5,602 | 5,112 | 490 | ||
| Vermilion | 5,472 | 4,101 | 1,371 | ||
| Whitford | 3,786 | 2,491 | 1,295 | ||
There were more contestants in the race compared to 1930, but only Social Credit ran a full slate of candidates:
| Party | Candidates | MLAs elected | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1935 | 1930 | ± | 1935 | 1930 | ± | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | – | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | – | 6 | 4 | – | 4 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Total | 20 | 13 | 7 | 6 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eighteen counts were needed to determine the outcome, but count-by-count results are not available. There are only detailed results for the later counts.[6] Manning, Irwin, Anderson, Bowlen and Gostick achieved quota, and Hugill obtained the next best result on the final count.
The 1935 race had a broader field of candidates compared to 1930:
| Party | Candidates | MLAs elected | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1935 | 1930 | ± | 1935 | 1930 | ± | 6 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 2 | – | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 | – | 6 | 2 | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | |||
| Total | 27 | 17 | 10 | 6 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
As a result, the number of counts needed to select the six MLAs expanded from 14 to 23. Howson, Barnes and Van Allen won on achieving quota; Duggan, Mullen and O'Connor had the best results in the final round.
| Transferred from | Non-transferrable | % transferred to | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socred | Liberal | UFA | Conservative | Labour | Communist | Reconstruction | |||
| (Howson) | 4 | 55 | 3,551 | 58 | 106 | 28 | 9 | 4 | 3,815 |
| 0.10% | 1.44% | 93.08% | 1.52% | 2.78% | 0.73% | 0.24% | 0.10% | 100.00% | |
| (Jamieson) | 12 | 68 | 193 | 124 | 872 | – | 11 | – | 1,280 |
| 0.94% | 5.31% | 15.08% | 9.69% | 68.13% | – | 0.86% | – | 100.00% | |
| (King) | 7 | 836 | 14 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 3 | – | 871 |
| 0.80% | 95.98% | 1.61% | 0.34% | 0.80% | 0.11% | 0.34% | – | 100.00% | |
| (Lymburn) | 349 | 320 | 1,110 | – | 1,526 | – | – | – | 3,305 |
| 10.56% | 9.68% | 33.59% | – | 46.17% | – | – | – | 100.00% | |
| (Lakeman) | 585 | 290 | 341 | 199 | 76 | – | – | – | 1,491 |
| 39.24% | 19.45% | 22.87% | 13.35% | 5.10% | – | – | – | 100.00% | |