1929 Czechoslovak parliamentary election explained

Country:Czechoslovakia
Flag Year:1929
Previous Election:1925
Election Date:27 October 1929
Next Election:1935
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Embed:yes
Election Name:Chamber of Deputies
Seats For Election:All 300 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
Majority Seats:151
Party1:Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants
Percentage1:14.97
Seats1:46
Last Election1:45
Percentage2:13.05
Seats2:39
Last Election2:29
Percentage3:10.39
Seats3:32
Last Election3:28
Party4:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Percentage4:10.2
Seats4:30
Last Election4:41
Percentage5:8.44
Seats5:25
Last Election5:31
Party6:German Social Democratic Workers' Party in the Czechoslovak Republic
Percentage6:6.86
Seats6:21
Last Election6:17
Percentage7:5.76
Seats7:19
Last Election7:23
Party8:German Electoral Coalition
Percentage8:5.37
Seats8:16
Last Election8:new
Party9:Czechoslovak National Democracy
Percentage9:4.87
Seats9:15
Last Election9:13
Party10:DCVP–PGD–WSdM
Percentage10:4.71
Seats10:14
Last Election10:13
Party11:Czechoslovak Traders' Party
Percentage11:3.94
Seats11:12
Last Election11:13
Percentage12:3.49
Seats12:9
Last Election12:4
Party13:German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
Percentage13:2.76
Seats13:8
Last Election13:7
Percentage14:2.56
Seats14:7
Last Election14:10
Percentage15:1.42
Seats15:4
Last Election15:new
Color15:
  1. DAA520
Percentage16:0.96
Seats16:3
Last Election16:new
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Election Name:Senate
Seats For Election:All 150 seats in the Senate
Majority Seats:76
Party1:Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants
Percentage1:15.17
Seats1:24
Last Election1:23
Percentage2:13.04
Seats2:20
Last Election2:14
Percentage3:10.33
Seats3:16
Last Election3:14
Party4:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Percentage4:10
Seats4:15
Last Election4:20
Percentage5:8.68
Seats5:13
Last Election5:16
Party6:German Social Democratic Workers' Party in the Czechoslovak Republic
Percentage6:6.93
Seats6:11
Last Election6:9
Percentage7:5.85
Seats7:9
Last Election7:12
Party8:German Electoral Coalition
Percentage8:5.57
Seats8:9
Last Election8:new
Party9:Czechoslovak National Democracy
Percentage9:5.04
Seats9:8
Last Election9:7
Party10:German Christian Social People's Party
Percentage10:4.86
Seats10:8
Last Election10:7
Party11:Czechoslovak Traders' Party
Percentage11:4.25
Seats11:6
Last Election11:6
Party12:Provincial Christian-Socialist Party
Percentage12:3.62
Seats12:6
Last Election12:2
Party13:German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
Percentage13:2.65
Seats13:4
Last Election13:3
Percentage14:0.8
Seats14:1
Last Election14:new
Prime Minister
Before Election:František Udržal
Before Party:Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants
After Election:František Udržal
After Party:Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants

Parliamentary elections were held in Czechoslovakia on 27 October 1929.[1] The Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants, emerged as the largest party, winning 46 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 24 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 90.2% in the Chamber election and 78.8% for the Senate.[2] The rightward shift of the 1925 elections was reversed, with moderate centre-left groups (Social Democrats and Czechoslovak National Socialists) increasing their vote shares whilst the Communist Party suffered a set-back.[3] [4]

Background

The 1929 election took place at a time of relative prosperity, just before the Great Depression.

The Communist Party was the sole multinational political party in the country at the time.[5] It had emerged as a major force in the 1925 election and had around 150,000 members in 1928.[5] In 1929 leadership shifted to a younger generation and a major purge of party ranks took place.[5]

The Czechoslovak National Democrats contested the election in Slovakia together with the Slovak National Party led by Martin Rázus.[6] Nevertheless, relations between Rázus and the leader of the National Democrats in Slovakia Milan Ivanka were strained, as the former was fiercely autonomist and the latter a strong supporter of Czechoslovak nationhood.[6]

In Slovakia, Hlinka's Slovak People's Party resigned from the coalition government on 8 October 1929.[7] The move followed a long controversy around the legal case of the party newspaper editor Vojtech Tuka, who was sentenced for espionage and treason on 5 October 1929.[8] The Tuka affair had resulted in an internal rift in the party, with the expelled anti-Tuka faction (led by Juriga and Tománek) setting up their own Juriga's Slovak People's Party.[9]

Results

Hlinka's Slovak People's Party saw a decline compared to the 1925 vote, being reduced from 23 seats to 19.[10] One interpretation is that two years of government participation without achieving Slovak autonomy had weakened the party.[9] Moreover, the party had an ambiguous stance during the Tuka affair.[9] The Juriga faction failed to make any impact in the election.[9]

The Czechoslovak Social Democrats won five seats from Slovakia, an increase by three seats compared to the 1925 election.[11] The Communist Party on the other hand retreated from 5 seats in Slovakia, compared to 8 seats in 1925.[12] Magyar and German parties won 9 seats from Slovakia.[10]

The Czechoslovak National Socialists, which lacked widespread support in the area, managed to win two seat from Slovakia.[13] This was the best result for the party in Slovakia during the years of the First Republic.[13] Another Czech party trying to build a base in Slovakia was the Czechoslovak People's Party, which managed to get its local leader Martin Mičura elected.[13]

The Jewish Party, which had failed to win representation in 1925, managed to win two seats through an alliance with three Polish parties.[14] [15] Its deputies were Ludvík Singer from Bohemia and Julius Reiz from Slovakia.[14] [15]

General Radola Gajda's list ('League against Bound Tickets'), which called for the formation of a corporativist state, failed to make a major headway but won three seats (Gajda, Jiří Stříbrný and Karel Pergler). Gajda's political line was fascist, anti-Semitic and anti-German.[16]

Chamber of Deputies

By province

PartyBohemiaMoravia-
Silesia		SlovakiaSubcarpathian
Rus'
Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants524,57813.56224,52212.32278,97919.5477,41929.07
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party535,35813.84269,67414.79135,5069.4922,9248.61
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party535,74013.85177,5959.7443,9683.0810,0253.76
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia398,26010.30162,1368.89152,24210.6640,58215.24
Czechoslovak People's Party255,8776.62321,93617.6636,5482.568,9793.37
German Social Democratic Workers' Party387,06010.01114,8776.304,8240.34––
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party9620.0220,4061.12403,68328.27––
German Electoral Coalition288,9727.4790,5604.9713,7040.963,2181.21
Czechoslovak National Democracy200,9955.2056,1983.0853,7453.7648,60918.25
German Christian Social People's Party and German Commercial Party221,9455.74126,1216.92–––
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party176,1884.5677,5394.2530,1342.117,3482.76
Provincial Christian Socialist, Hungarian National Party and Zipser German Party––––226,91715.8930,45511.44
German National Socialist Workers' Party136,3843.5367,7263.72––––
German National Party and Sudeten German Rural League124,2553.2164,9323.56––––
Electoral Union of Polish and Jewish Parties13,6990.3540,4102.2233,6792.3616,7686.30
League Against Bound Tickets60,8371.578,2030.451,8100.13––
Provincial Party of Smallholders, Entrepreneurs and Workers––––6,9010.48––
All German People's Party of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia6,6720.17––––––
Juriga's Slovak People's Party––––5,3950.38––
Invalid votes52,178–20,881–29,233–7,732–
Total votes cast3,919,9601001,843,7161001,457,268100274,059100
Registered voters/turnout4,251,92292.191,999,57892.211,621,32989.88310,63388.23
align=left colspan=10Source: Manuel Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque[17]

By electoral district

Prague
PartyI. Section AI. Section B
Votes%Votes%
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party104,77121.12117,64122.08
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants88,12017.7695,53617.93
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party79,98116.1292,91117.44
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia58,90511.8757,99810.89
Czechoslovak People's Party45,7159.2152,2629.81
Czechoslovak National Democracy48,1509.7044,7968.41
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party29,6385.9732,9746.19
League Against Bound Tickets23,1254.6623,0674.33
German Electoral Coalition7,9711.617,5581.42
United Jewish and Polish Parties4,0690.822,7950.52
German Social Democratic Workers' Party2,2950.462,3760.45
German Christian Social People's Party1,7020.341,4320.27
German National Socialist Workers' Party7560.158320.16
German National Party9680.205780.11
Total valid votes496,166100532,756100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityIA (%)IB (%)
Czechoslovak parties84.5586.19
Communists11.8710.89
German parties2.762.40
Polish-Jewish parties0.820.52
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Hradec Králové

Josef Adámek (Czechoslovak People's Party) was elected from Pardubice electoral district.[18]

PartyII. PardubiceIII. Hradec Králové
Votes%Votes%
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants57,65421.5649,14616.50
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party49,86318.6538,99013.09
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party41,75615.6241,74214.02
Czechoslovak People's Party41,21315.4130,74310.32
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party16,8616.3120,3066.82
German Social Democratic Workers' Party9,0303.3825,9608.72
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia15,9555.9718,6006.25
German Electoral Coalition12,3684.6320,2216.79
German Christian Social People's Party7,0322.6321,0887.08
Czechoslovak National Democracy10,1863.8115,5945.24
German National Socialist Workers' Party1,7130.648,6722.91
German National Party1,0830.414,5131.52
League Against Bound Tickets1,7210.641,7880.60
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party9620.36
United Jewish and Polish Parties4700.16
Total valid votes267,397100297,833100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityII (%)III (%)
Czechoslovak parties82.3666.58
German parties11.6827.01
Communists5.976.25
Polish-Jewish parties0.000.16
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Mladá Boleslav

Amongst the deputies elected from the Česká Lípa 5th electoral district were Ernst Grünzner (DSAP), Irene Kirpal (DSAP), Josef Schweichhart (DSAP), Josef Kleibl (DNP) and Hans Krebs.[19] [20] [21]

PartyIV. Mladá BoleslavV. Česká Lípa
Votes%Votes%
German Social Democratic Workers' Party22,1224.9490,12625.74
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia57,40612.8242,01912.00
German Electoral Coalition26,7865.9867,77819.35
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party73,55516.4312,0903.45
German Christian Social People's Party27,3586.1150,55814.44
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants71,69616.022,6560.76
German National Socialist Workers' Party29,4756.5834,0059.71
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party46,90710.4810,5033.00
German National Party15,5673.4833,0659.44
Czechoslovak People's Party27,2696.091,4330.41
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party25,2805.651,6430.47
Czechoslovak National Democracy20,2694.532,8430.81
League Against Bound Tickets3,5400.796280.18
United Jewish and Polish Parties3940.098550.24
Total valid votes447,624100350,202 100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityIV (%)V (%)
German parties27.1078.68
Czechoslovak parties59.999.08
Communists12.8212.00
Polish-Jewish parties0.090.24
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Louny
PartyVI. LounyVII. Karlovy Vary
Votes%Votes%
German Social Democratic Workers' Party66,08714.12106,49434.37
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia74,48715.9137,29812.04
German Electoral Coalition31,2976.6949,08515.84
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party63,26313.513,9071.26
German Christian Social People's Party25,0485.3540,69813.13
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party60,82312.992,9740.96
German National Socialist Workers' Party32,3586.9125,7728.32
German National Party19,4264.1531,76410.25
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants38,5798.241,8820.61
Czechoslovak National Democracy23,6655.061,5310.49
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party18,1283.876640.21
Czechoslovak People's Party10,2282.183720.12
Pangerman Party of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia6,6722.15
United Jewish and Polish Parties2,6970.587730.25
League Against Bound Tickets2,0540.44
Total valid votes468,140100309,886100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityVI (%)VII (%)
German parties37.2184.06
Czechoslovak parties46.303.66
Communists15.9112.04
Polish-Jewish parties0.580.25
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Plzeň
PartyVIII. PlzeňIX. České Budějovice
Votes%Votes%
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party115,32028.1537,08612.87
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants55,97513.6663,33421.98
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party42,95610.4934,05911.82
German Electoral Coalition43,26010.5622,6487.86
German Social Democratic Workers' Party41,98610.2520,5847.14
German Christian Social People's Party23,3415.7023,6888.22
Czechoslovak People's Party17,4044.2529,23810.15
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia17,9024.3717,6906.14
Czechoslovak National Democracy20,4835.0013,4784.68
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party15,7533.8514,9415.19
German National Party11,1892.736,1022.12
League Against Bound Tickets2,4720.602,4420.85
German National Socialist Workers' Party2,8010.97
United Jewish and Polish Parties1,6460.40
Total valid votes409,687100288,091100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityVI (%)VII (%)
Czechoslovak parties65.9967.54
German parties29.2426.32
Communists4.376.14
Polish-Jewish parties0.400.00
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Brno

Amongst the deputies elected from the Jihlava 10th electoral district were Johann Wagner (German Electoral Coalition), Erwin Zajicek (German Christian Social People's Party) and Viktor Stern (Communist Party).[22]

PartyX. JihlavaXI. BrnoXIII. Uherské Hradiště
Votes%Votes%Votes%
Czechoslovak People's Party42,32418.2883,01619.1968,24134.02
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants44,40119.1756,47413.0535,43717.67
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party25,78711.1456,59713.0827,19013.55
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party18,1297.8370,00016.1818,5049.22
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia16,0106.9142,5559.8422,74211.34
German Christian Social People's Party25,07810.8319,3294.474620.23
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party11,0274.7619,5534.5211,9505.96
German Electoral Coalition19,2328.3118,3284.249910.49
German Social Democratic Workers' Party9,9114.2824,8405.748230.41
German National Party11,1774.8310,3682.40
Czechoslovak National Democracy3,1371.3510,7342.486,2933.14
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party7,0801.644,6552.32
German National Socialist Workers' Party3,7741.637,7481.79
United Jewish and Polish Parties1,5700.683,3590.782,2591.13
League Against Bound Tickets2,6720.621,0490.52
Total valid votes231,557100432,653100200,596100
align=left colspan=8Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityX (%)XI (%)XIII (%)
Czechoslovak parties62.5470.7686.40
German parties29.8718.631.13
Communists6.919.8411.34
Polish-Jewish parties0.680.781.13
align=left colspan=4Source: Manuel Statistique
Moravská Ostrava
PartyXII. OlomoucXIV. Moravská Ostrava
Votes%Votes%
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party64,31414.5595,78618.56
Czechoslovak People's Party68,36115.4759,99411.62
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants53,08812.0135,1226.80
German Christian Social People's Party45,60810.3235,6446.91
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia28,6116.4752,21810.12
German Social Democratic Workers' Party42,3199.5836,9847.17
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party28,6876.4942,2758.19
German National Socialist Workers Party22,8835.1833,3216.46
German Electoral Coalition32,7447.4119,2653.73
German National Party15,5453.5227,8425.39
Czechoslovak National Democracy12,7702.8923,2644.51
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party20,1704.5614,8392.87
United Jewish and Polish Parties2,5120.5730,7105.95
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party2,0320.466,6391.29
League Against Bound Tickets2,2340.512,2480.44
Total valid votes441,878100516,151100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityXII (%)XIV (%)
Czechoslovak parties56.9554.28
German parties36.0129.65
Communists6.4710.12
Polish-Jewish parties0.575.95
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Turčiansky Svätý Martin
PartyXV. TrnavaXVII. Turčiansky Svätý Martin
Votes%Votes%
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party82,26737.93114,88348.89
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants45,29120.8836,35215.47
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party26,28112.1223,2499.89
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia24,47111.2814,5206.18
Czechoslovak People's Party4,0811.8820,0288.52
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party6,9673.215,0502.15
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party7,0323.243,9191.67
United Jewish and Polish Parties5,1982.405,2012.21
Czechoslovak National Democracy4,4572.055,3862.29
Provincial Christian-Socialist Party5,9572.753,7791.61
German Electoral Coalition2,1560.992,1960.93
Juriga's Slovak People's Party2,7521.27
League Against Bound Tickets3990.17
Total valid votes216,910100234,962100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityXV (%)XVII (%)
Czechoslovak parties82.5889.06
Communists11.286.18
Polish-Jewish parties2.402.21
Magyar-German parties2.751.61
German parties0.990.93
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš
PartyXVIII. Bánská BystricaXIX. Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš
Votes%Votes%
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party62,14339.0539,88834.20
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants31,83020.0031,73027.20
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party22,43814.1013,35211.45
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia12,0887.609,1667.86
Czechoslovak National Democracy7,5974.779,9768.55
Provincial Christian-Socialist Party8,9685.634,2913.68
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party4,6882.953,0152.58
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party2,5871.631,6681.43
United Jewish and Polish Parties1,7731.111,4351.23
German Electoral Coalition2,7321.724070.35
Czechoslovak People's Party1,6141.011,4961.28
Juriga's Slovak People's Party6910.43
League Against Bound Tickets2200.19
Total valid votes159,149100116,644100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityXV (%)XVII (%)
Czechoslovak parties83.9486.88
Communists7.607.86
Magyar-German parties5.633.68
Polish-Jewish parties1.111.23
German parties1.720.35
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Prešov
PartyXXI. Prešov
Votes%
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants70,22436.56
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party55,65128.98
Czechoslovak National Democracy17,4159.07
Provincial Christian-Socialist Party13,4617.01
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia8,7774.57
United Jewish and Polish Parties7,6013.96
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party6,3013.28
Czechoslovak People's Party5,6632.95
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party4,6412.42
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party2,3221.21
Total valid votes192,056100
align=left colspan=4Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityXXI (%)
Czechoslovak parties84.46
Magyar-German parties7.01
Communists4.57
Polish-Jewish parties3.96
align=left colspan=2Source: Manuel Statistique
Nové Zámky

The Nové Zámky senatorial district consisted of the Nové Zámky 16th electoral district and the Košice 20th electoral district, two districts that together hosted around 96% of the Hungarian and 56% of the German population of Slovakia.[23] [24] [25] The percentage achieved by the Communist Party in the Nové Zámky 16th electoral district was the highest in the country in the 1929 vote.[23] [17]

Hlinka's Slovak People's Party fielded Vojtech Tuka in the Košice 20th electoral district, but he failed to win a seat.[26] Fielding Tuka in a district where the party lacked strong support displayed the ambiguity the party had towards him during his treason trials.[26]

PartyXVI. Nové ZámkyXX. Košice
Votes%Votes%
Provincial Christian-Socialist Party119,98737.6470,47437.19
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia53,70216.8429,51815.58
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants33,68710.5729,86515.76
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party29,4759.2519,37610.22
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party31,0939.7512,7926.75
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party12,1403.817,4673.94
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party8,5692.694,0372.13
United Jewish and Polish Parties7,4802.354,9912.63
Czechoslovak National Democracy4,0021.264,9122.59
Provincial Party of Smallholders,
Entrepreneurs and Workers of Czechoslovakia		5,7331.801,1680.62
German Electoral Coalition4,2681.341,9451.03
German Social Democratic Workers' Party3,8131.201,0110.53
Czechoslovak People's Party2,0650.651,6010.84
Juriga's Slovak People's Party1,9520.61
League Against Bound Tickets8430.263480.18
Total valid votes318,809100189,505100
align=left colspan=6Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityXVI (%)XX (%)
Czechoslovak parties38.8442.43
Magyar-German parties37.6437.19
Communists16.8415.58
Polish-Jewish parties2.352.63
German parties2.531.56
Magyar parties1.800.62
align=left colspan=3Source: Manuel Statistique
Užhorod

A bloc aligned with the Agrarians merged as the most voted list in the Užhorod electoral district, the sole electoral district in Subcarpathian Rus'.[17] The bloc formed by the National Democrats and the Russian National Bloc, which included the Autonomous Agrarian Union, the Russian National Party, the Russian National Union and the Carpatho-Russian Labour Party of Small Peasants and Landless, finished in second place.[17] [27] [28]

The Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party stood on a joint list with the Social Democratic Workers' Party in Subcarpathian Rus' in the constituency. The sole mandate won by this list went to Julius Husnaj of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party.[29] [30]

The Czechoslovak People's Party contested under the name 'Christian People's Party' in the Užhorod electoral district.[17]

PartyXXII. Užhorod
Votes%
Republican Party of Farmers and Peasants77,41929.07
Czechoslovak National Democracy48,60918.25
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia40,58215.24
Provincial Christian-Socialist Party30,45511.44
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party22,9248.61
United Jewish and Polish Parties16,7686.30
Czechoslovak National Socialist Party10,0253.76
Christian People's Party (ČSL)8,9793.37
bgcolor=Czechoslovak Traders' Party7,3482.76
German Electoral Coalition3,2181.21
Total valid votes266,327100
align=left colspan=4Source: Manuel Statistique
NationalityXXII (%)
Czechoslovak parties65.82
Communists15.24
Magyar-German parties11.44
Polish-Jewish parties6.30
German parties1.21
align=left colspan=2Source: Manuel Statistique

Aftermath

On 7 December 1929 František Udržal formed a coalition government of Czechoslovak Agrarians, Czechoslovak People's Party, Czechoslovak Social Democrats, Czechoslovak National Socialists, Czechoslovak National Democrats, Czechoslovak Traders' Party, German Agrarians and German Social Democrats.[31] Whilst the cabinet was politically broadened after the 1929 elections, it lacked representation from Slovak populists, German Clericals or the Magyar parties.[7] [8]

Notes and References

  1. [Dieter Nohlen]
  2. Nohlen & Stöver, p472
  3. Book: J. W. Bruegel. Czechslovkia Before Munich: The German Minority Problem and British Appeasement Policy. 21 June 1973. CUP Archive. 978-0-521-08687-5. 80.
  4. Book: Josef Korbel. The Communist Subversion of Czechoslovakia, 1938-1948: The Failure of Co-existence. 8 December 2015. Princeton University Press. 978-1-4008-7963-2. 13.
  5. Book: Tatjana Lichtenstein. Zionists in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Minority Nationalism and the Politics of Belonging. 18 April 2016. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-01872-4. 291.
  6. Book: James Ramon Felak. At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929–1938. 15 June 1995. University of Pittsburgh Pre. 978-0-8229-7694-3. 94.
  7. Book: Richard Crampton. Benjamin Crampton. Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. 11 June 2016. Routledge. 978-1-317-79952-8. 59.
  8. Book: Hugh Agnew. The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. 1 September 2013. Hoover Press. 978-0-8179-4493-3. 188.
  9. Book: James Ramon Felak. At the Price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929–1938. 15 June 1995. University of Pittsburgh Pre. 978-0-8229-7694-3. 61–62.
  10. Book: Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. The A to Z of Slovakia. 10 May 2010. Scarecrow Press. 978-1-4616-7215-9. xl, 264.
  11. Book: Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. The A to Z of Slovakia. 10 May 2010. Scarecrow Press. 978-1-4616-7215-9. 94.
  12. Book: Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. The A to Z of Slovakia. 10 May 2010. Scarecrow Press. 978-1-4616-7215-9. 78.
  13. Book: Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. The A to Z of Slovakia. 10 May 2010. Scarecrow Press. 978-1-4616-7215-9. 93, 223.
  14. Book: Kateřina Čapková. Czechs, Germans, Jews?: National Identity and the Jews of Bohemia. 30 May 2012. Berghahn Books. 978-0-85745-475-1. 223.
  15. Book: Tatjana Lichtenstein. Zionists in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Minority Nationalism and the Politics of Belonging. 18 April 2016. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-01872-4. 276.
  16. Book: Nancy Meriwether Wingfield. Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands Became Czech. 2007. Harvard University Press. 978-0-674-02582-0. 207.
  17. Manuel Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. IV. 1932. Prague. Annuaire Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. pp. 400–402
  18. Poslanecké sněmovny. ADÁMEK Josef
  19. Book: Mads Ole Balling. Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei. 1991. Dokumentation Verlag. 978-87-983829-3-5. 252, 306–309, 311, 375–376.
  20. Book: Jan N. Berwid-Buquoy. Integration und Separation der Sudetendeutschen in der ČSR (1918–1920): Theorien der Nationalismen. 2005. Herbia. 198.
  21. Book: Joachim Lilla. Martin Döring. Andreas Schulz. Statisten in Uniform: die Mitglieder des Reichstags 1933-1945 : ein biographisches Handbuch : unter Einbeziehung der völkischen und nationalsozialistischen Reichstagsabgeordneten ab Mai 1924. 2004. Droste. 978-3-7700-5254-7. 340.
  22. Book: Mads Ole Balling. Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei. 1991. Dokumentation Verlag. 978-87-983829-3-5. 394–398.
  23. Book: Egbert K. Jahn. Die Deutschen in der Slowakei in den Jahren 1918-1929: Beitrag zur Nationalitätenproblematik. 1971. Oldenbourg. 978-3-486-43321-0. 124, 130.
  24. Book: Zborník Ústavu marxizmu-leninizmu a Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenského: Historica. 32–33. 1981. Slovenské pedagogické nakladatels̕tvo. 113.
  25. Book: Mads Ole Balling. Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei. 1991. Dokumentation Verlag. 978-87-983829-3-5. 247.
  26. Book: Carol Skalnik Leff. National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987. 14 July 2014. Princeton University Press. 978-1-4008-5921-4. 83.
  27. Collegium Carolinum (Munich, Germany), and Karl Bosl. Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978. München: Oldenbourg, 1979. p. 233
  28. Book: Politika a náboženství Podkarpatské Rusi v letech 1919–1929. 49, 53. Sabina Línová. 2019.
  29. Kowalski, Werner. Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923 – 1940. Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1985. p. 330
  30. [Magocsi, Paul R.]
  31. Book: Czechoslovakia. 1949. University of California Press. 158–160. GGKEY:F5RXS62F3UG.

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