1920 Republican Party presidential primaries explained

Election Name:1920 Republican Party presidential primaries
Country:United States
Flag Year:1912
Type:primary
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1916 Republican Party presidential primaries
Previous Year:1916
Next Election:1924 Republican Party presidential primaries
Next Year:1924
Election Date:March 9 to June 5, 1920
Votes For Election:940 delegates to the 1920 Republican National Convention
Needed Votes:471 (majority)
Color1:deaa87
Delegate Count1:287.5
Candidate1:Leonard Wood
Home State1:Massachusetts
States Carried1:8
Popular Vote1:710,863
Percentage1:22.3%
Color2:5d73e5
Delegate Count2:211.5
Candidate2:Frank Orren Lowden
Home State2:Illinois
States Carried2:1
Popular Vote2:389,127
Percentage2:12.2%
Delegate Count3:133.5
Color3:668c63
Candidate3:Hiram Johnson
Home State3:California
States Carried3:7
Popular Vote3:965,651
Percentage3:30.3%
Republican nominee
Before Election:Charles Evans Hughes
After Election:Warren G. Harding

From March 9 to June 5, 1920, voters of the Republican Party elected delegates to the 1920 Republican National Convention for the purpose of choosing the party's nominee for president in the 1920 election.

The delegates were largely contested between Governor Hiram Johnson of California, a progressive who had been the running mate of Theodore Roosevelt eight years prior; General Leonard Wood, one of Roosevelt's closest friends; and Frank O. Lowden, the Governor of Illinois.

After a series of primary elections and caucuses, no candidate had emerged with a clear majority of the delegates. At the 1920 Republican National Convention, held from June 8 to June 12, in Chicago, Illinois,[1] the delegations of the leading candidates deadlocked and Warren G. Harding was nominated as a dark horse candidate, although he had only won a few delegates entering the convention.

Background

1912 and 1916 elections

In 1912, the Republican Party was split. Former President Theodore Roosevelt challenged incumbent William Howard Taft for the nomination and, when it was denied at the 1912 Republican National Convention, bolted to form the Progressive Party. With Republicans (who had won eight of the previous eleven presidential elections) split, Woodrow Wilson won the race with a plurality of the popular vote and a large majority in the electoral college.

In 1916, the Republican Party nominated Associate Justice of the United States Charles Evans Hughes, a respected jurist and former Governor of New York, as one who could appeal to both Progressives and Republicans alike. Though Hughes was able to avoid disaster when Roosevelt declined to run on the Progressive ticket, he fell narrowly short of defeating President Wilson, who significantly improved on his vote from 1912. The campaign was dominated by two wars: the Mexican Revolution and World War I. Responding to Republican calls for military preparedness,[2] Wilson used the slogan "He kept us out of war" to emphasize the maintenance of U.S. neutrality.[3]

World War I

See also: American entry into World War I and United States in World War I. In January 1917, the Zimmermann telegram from Germany to Mexico was intercepted by British intelligence. In the telegram, German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann offered to restore much of the territory Mexico had lost in the Mexican–American War in the event the United States entered the war. Zimmermann, hoping to threaten the United States, admitted the telegram's authenticity in a March speech to the Reichstag. Public outcry ensued, and Wilson requested a declaration of a "war to end all wars" against Germany. Congress granted the request on April 6, 1917, shortly after Wilson began his second term and nearly three years after the war had begun.

Major General Frederick Funston, Wilson's first choice to command U.S. forces, had died in February.[4] Several Republican Party leaders called on Wilson to appoint Leonard Wood, a close friend and advisor of Theodore Roosevelt and long-time preparedness advocate. However, Wilson chose John J. Pershing, a Republican who had previously gained fame as commander of the Pancho Villa Expedition, at the behest of Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. After a yearlong mobilization effort, Pershing and U.S. troops began major combat operations during summer 1918, near the war's end. The United States was able to claim victory with relatively few casualties. Pershing's fame was further elevated to that of a war hero. He was widely considered a candidate for the presidency, though some Republicans considered him too close to the Wilson administration.[5]

Wilson's Fourteen Points

See main article: Fourteen Points and 1918 United States elections. On January 8, 1918, Wilson delivered a speech to Congress specifying his war aims. Those idealist aims, which came to be known as Wilson's Fourteen Points, sought to expand his progressive domestic program abroad. The Fourteen Points were to serve as the basis for negotiation of the Treaty of Versailles. Among the most controversial points were his proposals to remove economic barriers between nations, guarantee national self-determination, and establish a League of Nations, an international body designed to prevent future wars.

1918 midterm elections and death of Roosevelt

Criticism of the Fourteen Points as idealistic or an abrogation of national sovereignty was a major focus of the Republican campaign of 1918. The leading critic was former President Theodore Roosevelt, by now the early favorite for the 1920 presidential nomination. Though Roosevelt himself had privately predicted 1916 was his last campaign, his public profile remained strong and his attacks on Wilson made him a natural contender. In early March 1918, he declared, "By George, if they'll take me, they'll have to take me without a single modification of the things that I have always stood for!" He met with Republican strategists during the summer, though he declined to run for Governor of New York, privately citing the need to preserve his strength for the 1920 campaign.

With the war in its final week, Americans elected the Republican Party to control of both houses of Congress. In the state elections, Republicans performed well in the West, gaining five governors' offices west of the Mississippi River. Their major loss came in Roosevelt's home of New York, where Al Smith gained the governor's office.

Roosevelt's physical condition deteriorated rapidly after his son Quentin was killed in action, and died at the age of sixty on January 6, 1919. His final written work, a criticism of the proposed League of Nations and defense of "Americanism," was published in Metropolitan Magazine shortly after his death.

With Roosevelt dead, the leading candidates for the nomination were his friend, General Wood, and Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio. On February 9, 1919, Wood delivered a memorial address for Roosevelt, in which he echoed the late President's criticisms of the League of Nations and raised his national profile as a political orator. "Either unconsciously or with a master hand," the Philadelphia Public Ledger reported, Wood had made a "bold and convincing bid for the Republican nomination." Wood soon replaced Roosevelt as a regular contributor to Metropolitan magazine and returned to command as head of the Army Central Department in Chicago.

Paris Peace Conference

Having lost command of Congress, Wilson left to personally represent the United States at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919; he was the first President to leave for Europe while still in office.[6] He brought with him only one Republican and chose, rather than a Senator or Representative, the ex-diplomat Henry White. Wilson's decision to double down on idealism and foreign intervention in the face of his rejection at the polls incensed Republican leadership (led by Henry Cabot Lodge), improved the party's political optimism for 1920, and promised to make foreign policy the defining issue of the upcoming campaign.

Labor and racial unrest

See also: Red Summer of 1919. The success of the Bolshevik Revolution and the threat of revolution in Germany, Austria, and Italy bred hope and fear for revolution in the United States, where the Socialist Party had made modest gains. With Wilson in Europe and Roosevelt dead, the country was leaderless, as were both of its major political parties.

Labor strikes in 1919, especially in New York and Seattle, startled conservatives. Further strikes rocked the textile industry, the clothing trade, and street railcars. A Boston police strike skyrocketed Governor Calvin Coolidge to national prominence when, amid rioting and looting, he sternly declared there was no right "to strike against the public safety." Frank O. Lowden of Illinois also came to prominence for his handling of the Chicago race riot of 1919, facing off with mayor William Hale Thompson in a game of brinksmanship.

Leonard Wood made his personal contribution to the counterrevolution by leading his troops to West Virginia in April, where they headed off armed miners without violence. In September, Wood led troops to suppress a race riot in Omaha, brought on by the lynching of a black civilian. Again, he restored the peace without further bloodshed. His most controversial political act came in October, when he attempted to mediate the steel strike of 1919. The mediation ultimately failed, but Wood imposed terms on the strikers and capital with pleased neither. "I am now," he declared to Henry Stimson, "practically the Mayor of Omaha and Gary, with prospects of additions to the crop."

Pre-primary maneuvering

Between his domestic deployments in 1919, Wood traveled the country speaking on behalf of veterans' organizations. Everywhere, he was received as if he were already the Republican nominee. He hired John T. King, a former associate of Roosevelt's from Bridgeport, Connecticut, as a political manager. Others in the party's Old Guard, however, saw Wood as too independent and preferred Harding.

By November 1919, Wood's political-military campaign had been a rousing success. "Unless the situation changes," wrote William Allen White, "no other candidate will be mentioned in the Republican Convention. But the situation of course in this country will have to be desperate if it does not change." As the popular front-runner, Wood was vulnerable both from fatigue and the attention of other candidates, led first by Harding.

Candidates

Nominee

CandidateMost recent positionHome statedata-sort-type="date" CampaignPopular vote Contests won Running mate
Warren G. HardingU.S. Senator from Ohio
(1915–1921)

Ohio
(Campaign • Positions)
Announced: December 17, 1919
Secured nomination:
June 12, 1920
Calvin Coolidge

Withdrew during convention

CandidateMost recent positionHome statedata-sort-type="date" CampaignDelegates on first ballotContests won
Hiram JohnsonU.S. Senator from California
(1917–1945)

California
Defeated at convention:
June 12, 1920
Leonard WoodChief of Staff of the United States Army
(1910–1914)

Massachusetts
Defeated at convention:
June 12, 1920
Frank O. LowdenGovernor of Illinois
(1917–1921)

Illinois
Defeated at convention:
June 12, 1920
data-sort-value="0" data-sort-value="1"
Miles PoindexterU.S. Senator from Washington
(1911–1923)

Washington
Defeated at convention:
June 12, 1920
data-sort-value="0" data-sort-value="1"
Herbert HooverBusinessman and former Director of the U.S. Food Administration
(1908–1926)

California
Defeated at convention:
June 12, 1920
data-sort-value="0" data-sort-value="1"

Did not run

Favorite sons

The following candidates stood for nomination in their home states for the purpose of controlling their delegate slate at the convention. They did not receive the first-ballot support of delegates in more than two other states or territories.

Primary campaign

Though he was among the stronger potential candidates, Harding intended from the start to run a low-key campaign that would position himself as the alternative to the chaotic open field left by Roosevelt's death. As he told campaign manager Frank Scobey, "It has been my own judgment not to go at it too vigorously in order to reach the high tide of our publicity movement until late in the campaign. Some enterprises make such a booming start that they fizzle out later on."

There were at least ten serious contenders at the onsent of the campaign: Wood, Harding, Lowden, Coolidge, Hiram Johnson, Howard Sutherland, William Cameron Sproul, Miles Poindexter, Herbert Hoover, and Nicholas Murray Butler. Only Wood, who had the support of major corporations, and Lowden, who acquired a fortune through his marriage to heiress Florence Pullman, were well-funded enough to run a public national campaign; other candidates sought mainly to influence delegate selection behind closed doors or compete in small-state primaries.

Ohio: April 27

One of the key contests came late in April in Harding's home state of Ohio, which he would absolutely need to carry to stand any chance at the nomination. Wood's supporters in the state, led by William C. Procter, surprised Harding by entering the general's name for the primary rather than letting Harding's status as a favorite son go unchallenged. Procter offered to withdraw Wood's name on the condition that he be declared the second choice of the Ohio delegates, but Harding flatly refused.

Wood hit the state with a barnstorming tour, dressed in his military uniform and echoing Roosevelt's progressivism. Harding declined to confront Wood directly, instead delivering speeches on the Republican mantra of "Americanism" as a contrast to internationalist Wilsonian idealism:

"[We must] make sure our own house is in perfect order before we attempt the miracle of Old World stabilization. Call it selfishness or nationality if you will, I think it an inspiration to patriotic devotion: to safeguard America first, to stabilize America first, to prosper America first, to think of America first, to exalt America first to live for and revere America first."

Harding was so confident in winning Ohio that he left the state early to campaign in Indiana. However, the result was a narrow victory over Wood, closer than anyone expected.

Indiana: May 4

The Indiana primary was among the most sharply contested of the campaign, featuring four serious candidates in Wood, Lowden, Harding, and Hiram Johnson. Harding had been convinced to enter the primary by Senator Harry New, one of his closest allies in the Senate.

Harding finished fourth with only nine percent of the vote. Having been humiliated in the only two primaries he contested outside his home state, Harding strongly considered withdrawing to focus on his re-election to the Senate. Instead, his wife convinced him to remain in the race and leverage his status as the Ohio candidate, as others had done before him, and win the nomination on a later ballot. His strategy now focused on becoming the "available man" in the event of a deadlock, securing secondary commitments from delegates who favored Wood, Lowden, or Johnson.

Schedule and results

Tablemaker's Note:

DateTotal pledged
delegates
Contest
Delegates won and popular vote
Other(s)
Unpledged
January 298 (of 8)Florida
State Convention[7]
-------------8 Del.
February 511 (of 11)South Carolina
State Convention[8]
-------------11 Del.
February 1120 (of 20)Oklahoma
State Convention[9]
-------------20 Del.
February 2312 (of 12)Louisiana
State Convention[10]
-------------12 Del.
February 286 (of 6)Arizona
State Convention[11]
-------------6 Del.
March 326 (of 26)Kentucky
State Convention[12]
-------------26 Del.
22 (of 22)North Carolina
State Convention[13]
--------22 Del.-----
March 98 (of 8)New Hampshire
Del. Primary[14]
8 Del.
9,878
(61.63%)
-2,010
(12.54%)
----------4,434
(27.67%)
March 1610 (of 10)North Dakota
Primary[15]
987
(3.10%)
265
(0.83%)
10 Del.
30,573
(96.07%)
-----------
March 1715 (of 15)Virginia
State Convention[16]
-15 Del.------------
March 2024 (of 24)Minnesota
State Convention[17] [18]
12 Del.------------12 Del.
March 2310 (of 10)South Dakota
Primary[19]
10 Del.
31,265
(36.49%)
26,981
(31.49%)
26,301
(30.69%)
------1,144
(1.34%)
----
14 (of 14)Connecticut
State Convention[20]
-------------14 Del.
March 2512 (of 12)Maine
State Convention[21]
-------------12 Del.
March 266 (of 6)New Mexico
State Convention[22]
6 Del.-------------
March 3120 (of 20)Kansas
State Convention[23]
-------------20 Del.
April 530 (of 30)Michigan
Primary[24]
112,568
(27.53%)
62,418
(15.26%)
30 Del.
156,939
(38.38%)
------2,662
(0.65%)
--52,503
(12.84%)
21,828
(5.34%)
10 (of 10)Rhode Island
State Convention[25]
-------------10 Del.
April 617 (of 17)Georgia
State Convention[26] [27]
6 Del.11 Del.------------
88 (of 88)New York
Del. Primary
-------------88 Del.
?
(?%)
0 (of 26)Wisconsin
Pres. Primary[28]
4,505
(14.97%)
921
(3.06%)
2,413
(8.02%)
----15,826
(52.58%)
----3,910
(12.99%)
2,474
(8.22%)
26 (of 26)Wisconsin
Del. Primary[29]
20,626
(?%)
------26 Del.
117,647
(?%)
-----70,747
(?%)
April 130 (of 58)Illinois
Pres. Primary
156,719
(33.79%)
236,082
(50.90%)
64,201
(13.84%)
---------3,401
(0.73%)
2,674
(0.58%)
50 (of 58)Illinois
Del. Primary[30]
-35 Del.
?
(?%)
1 Del.
?
(?%)
----------14 Del.
?
(?%)
April 1420 (of 20)Tennessee
State Convention[31]
17 Del.------------3 Del.
April 206 (of 6)Delaware
State Convention[32]
-------------6 Del.
16 (of 16)Nebraska
Primary[33] [34]
4 Del.
42,385
(31.02%)
-12 Del.
63,161
(46.22%)
----------31,101
(22.76%)
April 2126 (of 26)Iowa
State Convention[35]
-26 Del.------------
April 238 (of 8)Montana
Primary[36]
6,804
(16.95%)
6,503
(16.20%)
8 Del.
21,034
(52.40%)
--723
(1.80%)
------5,076
(12.65%)
-
April 246 (of 6)Nevada
State Convention[37] [38]
-------------6 Del.
April 2735 (of 35)Massachusetts
Del. Primary[39]
2 Del.
32,745
(?%)
-----------31,540
(?%)
33 Del.
75,616
(?%)
0 (of 28)New Jersey
Pres. Primary
52,909
(50.06%)
-51,685
(48.90%)
--40
(0.04%)
17
(0.02%)
-----900
(0.85%)
150
(0.14%)
28 (of 28)New Jersey
Del. Primary[40] [41]
16 Del.
60,262
(?%)
-9 Del.
42,833
(?%)
----------3 Del.
52,611
(?%)
0 (of 48)Ohio
Pres. Primary
108,565
(41.91%)
-16,783
(6.48%)
--123,257
(47.58%)
------10,467
(4.04%)
-
48 (of 48)Ohio
Del. Primary[42] [43]
9 Del.
107,449
(?%)
----39 Del. 131,190
(?%)
--------
14 (of 14)Washington
State Convention[44]
---------14 Del.----
April 2813 (of 13)Arkansas
State Convention[45]
-------------13 Del.
8 (of 8)Idaho
State Convention[46]
-------------8 Del.
May 316 (of 16)Maryland
Primary
16 Del.
18,666
(64.85%)
-10,117
(35.15%)
-----------
8 (of 8)Utah
State Convention[47]
-------------8 Del.
May 426 (of 26)California
Primary
--26 Del.
370,819
(63.89%)
---------209,612
(36.11%)
-
0 (of 30)Indiana
Primary[48]
85,708
(37.93%)
39,627
(17.54%)
79,840
(35.33%)
--20,782
(9.20%)
--------
May 512 (of 12)Mississippi
State Convention[49]
-------------12 Del.
36 (of 36)Missouri
State Convention[50]
-------------36 Del.
May 612 (of 12)Colorado
State Convention[51]
-------------12 Del.
May 108 (of 58)Illinois
State Convention[52]
-6.4 Del.-----------1.6 Del.
6 (of 6)Wyoming
State Convention[53]
-------------6 Del.
May 1230 (of 30)Indiana
State Convention[54]
10 Del.-4 Del.----------16 Del.
May 180 (of 76)Pennsylvania
Pres. Primary
3,878
(1.39%)
-10,869
(3.89%)
1,256
(0.45%)
--------2,825
(1.01%)
260,644
(93.26%)
76 (of 76)Pennsylvania
Del.. Primary
-------------76 Del.
?
(?%)
8 (of 8)Vermont
Pres. Primary
8 Del.
3,457
(66.11%)
29
(0.56%)
402
(7.69%)
---335
(6.41%)
-----564
(10.79%)
442
(8.45%)
May 2014 (of 14)Alabama
State Convention[55]
-------------14 Del.
May 2110 (of 10)Oregon
Primary
43,770
(36.44%)
15,581
(12.97%)
10 Del.
46,163
(38.44%)
------36
(0.03%)
--14,557
(12.12%)
-
May 2523 (of 23)Texas
State Convention[56]
-------------23 Del.
16 (of 16)West Virginia
Pres. Primary
53,490
(44.67%)
---------16 Del.
61,371
(51.25%)
--4,886
(4.08%)
June 50 (of 22)North Carolian
Pres. Primary
5,603
(26.71%)
-15,375
(73.29%)
-----------
Total
984 pledged delegates
115
93.4
110
0
0
39
0
26
22
14
16
0
0
517.6
Delegate Count
On 1st Ballot
287.5
(29.22%)
211.5
(21.49%)
133.5
(13.57%)
84
(8.54%)
69.5
(7.06%)
65.5
(6.66%)
34
(3.46%)
24
(2.44%)
21
(2.13%)
20
(2.03%)
17
(1.73%)
7
(0.71%)
5.5
(0.56%)
4
(0.41%)

Post-primary maneuvering

Kenyon Committee report

On the eve of the convention, no man had secured enough support for the nomination. However, Wood and Lowden suffered a major blow when the Senate investigation into campaign expenditures was published. The subcommittee chaired by William S. Kenyon revealed massive spending by both Wood and Lowden's campaigns, including two canceled checks from Lowden to Missouri delegates that could not be explained. Johnson was indirectly damaged by the investigation as well, since Wood and Lowden supporters blamed him for instigating it; the enmity between the front-runners appeared to ensure none could secure the others' support.

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Book: Guide to U.S. Elections - Google Books . 2016-02-19 . 9781483380353 . 2016-02-19. Kalb . Deborah . CQ Press .
  2. Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes (1951) vol 1 p 356
  3. John Milton Cooper, Jr., Woodrow Wilson (2009) pp 341-2, 352, 360
  4. Book: Peck, Garrett . 2018 . The Great War in America: World War I and Its Aftermath . New York . Pegasus Books . 109–110 . 978-1-6817-7944-7 . Google Books.
  5. Book: Fleming, Thomas . 2003 . The Illusion Of Victory: America In World War I . New York . Basic Books . 451 . 978-0-465-02467-4.
  6. MacMillan, Paris 1919 (2001), p. 3.
  7. News: January 30, 1920 . STATE REPUBLICANS NOMINATE A TICKET . English . The Miami Herald . Miami, Florida. September 15, 2023 .
  8. News: February 6, 1920 . FACTIONS DIVIDE REPUBLICAN PARTY . English . The State . Columbia, South Carolina. September 15, 2023 .
  9. News: February 12, 1920 . HAMON RULED THE CONVENTION OF THE REPUBLICANS . English . The Pawhuska Daily Capital . Pawhuska, Oklahoma. September 15, 2023 .
  10. News: February 29, 1920 . G.O.P. DELEAGTES GO MINUS INSTRUCTIONS . English . The Shreveport Times . Shreveport, Louisiana. September 15, 2023 .
  11. News: February 29, 1920 . WELL-OILED G.O.P. MACHINERY RUNS SMOOTHLY ALONG AS STATE CONVENTION ENDS ITS SESSIONS . English . The Arizona Daily Star . Tucson, Arizona. September 14, 2023 .
  12. News: March 4, 1920 . G.O.P. PREPARES FOR NEW CONQUESTS . English . The Lexington Leader . Lexington, Kentucky. September 15, 2023 .
  13. News: March 4, 1920 . HATCHET BURIED BY REPUBLICANS . English . The Daily Advance . Elizabeth City, North Carolina. September 15, 2023 .
  14. News: March 29, 1920 . EIGHT NEW HAMPSHIRE MEN PLEDGED TO WOOD . English . The Boston Globe . Boston, Massachusetts. September 12, 2023 .
  15. News: April 17, 1920 . MUCH STRENGTH SHOWN IN VOTE OF REPUBLICANS . English . The Bismarck Tribune . Bismarck, North Dakota. September 12, 2023 .
  16. News: March 18, 1920 . G.O.P. DELEGATES GIVEN INSTRUCTIONS TO VOTE IN SUPPORT OF LOWDEN . English . The Daily Press . Newport, Virginia. September 14, 2023 .
  17. News: March 20, 1920 . FIGHT ON WOOD WILL BE FEATURE OF REPUBLICAN STATE CONVENTION . English . The Minneapolis Morning Tribune . Minneapolis, Minnesota. September 14, 2023 .
  18. News: March 21, 1920 . MINNESOTA REPUBLICANS REFUSE TO INSTRUCT FOR WOOD . English . The Minneapolis Morning Tribune . Minneapolis, Minnesota. September 14, 2023 .
  19. News: April 16, 1920 . OFFICIAL PRIMARY ELECTION FIGURES . English . The Bismarck Tribune . Bismarck, North Dakota. September 12, 2023 .
  20. News: March 23, 1920 . ASK GOVERNOR HOLCOMB TO ACT . English . The Greenfield Daily Recorder . Greenfield, Massachusetts. September 14, 2023 .
  21. News: March 26, 1920 . MAINE REPUBLICANS IN FIGHTING TRIM . English . The Bangor Daily News . Bangor, Maine. September 14, 2023 .
  22. News: March 27, 1920 . NEW MEXICO REPUBLICANS INSTRUCT FOR WOOD . English . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Santa Fe, New Mexico. September 18, 2023 .
  23. News: April 1, 1920 . DELEGATES GO UNINSTRUCTED . English . The Junction City Union . Junction City, Kansas. September 14, 2023 .
  24. News: April 23, 1920 . JOHNSON'S LEAD IN STATE 44,371 . English . The Detroit Free Press . Detroit, Michigan. September 12, 2023 .
  25. News: April 6, 1920 . CONDEMN THE "SOCLIALISM OF PRESIDENT WILSON" . English . The Norwich Bulletin . Norwich, Connecticut. September 14, 2023 .
  26. News: April 8, 1920 . FINAL DECISION IN REPUBLICAN SPLIT UP TO CONVENTION . English . The Macon Daily Telegraph . Macon, Georgia. September 14, 2023 .
  27. News: June 6, 1920 . HOW 137 CONTESTED CONVENTION SEATS WERE APPORTIONED . English . The Chicago Tribune . Chicago, Illinois. September 14, 2023 .
  28. News: April 30, 1920 . WISCONSIN FOR BOB AND JOHNSON . English . The Wisconsin State Journal . Madison, Wisconsin. September 12, 2023 .
  29. News: April 22, 1920 . COMPLETE OFFICIAL RETURNS ON RECENT DELEGATE ELECTION . English . The Capital Times . Madison, Wisconsin. September 13, 2023 .
  30. News: April 14, 1920 . LOWDEN WINS STATE BY 80,000; WOOD GETS COOK BY 27,533 . English . The Chicago Tribune . Chicago, Illinois. September 13, 2023 .
  31. News: April 15, 1920 . EIGHT DELEGATES NAMED BY G.O.P. . English . The Chattanooga Daily Times . Chattanooga, Tennessee. September 14, 2023 .
  32. News: April 21, 1920 . STATE REPUBLICANS LAUD GOV. TOWNSEND'S RECORD; FIRM STAND FOR SUFFRAGE . English . The Evening Journal . Wilmington, Delaware. September 15, 2023 .
  33. News: April 23, 1920 . WOOD TO HAVE TWO VOTES FROM STATE . English . The Lincoln State Journal . Lincoln, Nebraska. September 12, 2023 .
  34. News: April 24, 1920 . WOOD TO HAVE TWO VOTES FROM STATE . English . The Reno Gazette-Journal . Reno, Nevada. September 14, 2023 .
  35. News: April 23, 1920 . INSTRUCTED FOR LOWDEN . English . The Des Moines Register . Des Moines, Iowa. September 15, 2023 .
  36. Web site: State of Montana. archive.org. 11 February 2024.
  37. News: April 25, 1920 . G.O.P DELEGATES ELECTED WINGFIELD OVER PLATT . English . The Nevada State Journal . Reno, Nevada. September 14, 2023 .
  38. News: April 25, 1920 . NEVADA DELEAGTES ARE UNINSTRUCTED . English . The Salt Lake Herald-Republican . Salt Lake City, Utah. September 14, 2023 .
  39. News: April 28, 1920 . REPUBLICAN DELEGATES . English . The Boston Globe . Boston, Massachusetts. September 13, 2023 .
  40. News: April 28, 1920 . WOOD WINS OUT BY 612 VOTE MARGIN IN LATE COUNT . English . The Atlantic City Daily Press . Atlantic City, New Jersey. September 13, 2023 .
  41. News: April 29, 1920 . WOOD'S LEAD NOW 1,092 . English . The Atlantic City Daily Press . Atlantic City, New Jersey. September 13, 2023 .
  42. News: May 7, 1920 . HARDING DENIES PLAN TO ABANDON CONTEST; COX ITINERARY BARED . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Cincinnati, Ohio. September 13, 2023 .
  43. News: May 2, 1920 . SATISFACTION . English . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Cincinnati, Ohio. September 13, 2023 .
  44. News: April 28, 1920 . THE SPOKANE PRESS . English . Spokane, Washington. September 14, 2023 .
  45. News: April 29, 1920 . WOOD FORCES APPEAR IN MINORITY . English . The Prescott Daily News . Prescott, Arkansas. September 14, 2023 .
  46. News: April 29, 1920 . THE SPOKANE PRESS . English . The Idaho Daily Statesman . Boise, Idaho. September 14, 2023 .
  47. News: May 4, 1920 . UTAH REPUBLICANS NAME DELEGATES TO ATTEND CONVENTION . English . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City, Utah. September 14, 2023 .
  48. News: May 5, 1920 . WOOD AND McCRAY LEAD IN INDIANA PRIMARY; JOHNSON AHEAD IN CAL . English . The Evansville Courier . Evansville, Indiana. September 15, 2023 .
  49. News: May 6, 1920 . MULVIHILL WILL HEAD MISSISSIPPI G.O.P. . English . The Natchez Democrat . Natchez, Mississippi. September 18, 2023 .
  50. News: May 7, 1920 . STATE G.O.P. PUTS OVER PLANS WITH ONLY FEW CHANGES . English . The St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis, Missouri. September 14, 2023 .
  51. News: May 7, 1920 . REPUBLICANS ELECT DELEGATES . English . The Fort Collins Courier . Fort Collins, Colorado. September 14, 2023 .
  52. News: May 11, 1920 . MAYOR LOSES TO LOWDEN . English . The Chicago Tribune . Chicago, Illinois. September 18, 2023 .
  53. News: May 11, 1920 . WYOMING WILL NOT BIND DELEGATES . English . The Salt Lake Herald-Republican . Salt Lake City, Utah. September 14, 2023 .
  54. News: May 4, 1920 . 16 DELEGATES UNINSTRUCTED . English . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City, Utah. September 14, 2023 .
  55. News: May 20, 1920 . NAME DELEGATES TO THE NAT'L CONVENTION . English . The Selma Times-Journal . Selma, Alabama. September 14, 2023 .
  56. News: May 26, 1920 . TEXAS REPUBLICANS SPLIT CONVENTION IN TWO FACTIONS . English . The Austin American . Austin, Texas. September 14, 2023 .