| Year: | 1918 |
| Type: | Midterm elections |
| Election Day: | November 5 |
| Incumbent President: | Woodrow Wilson (Democratic) |
| Next Congress: | 66th |
| Senate Seats Contested: | 38 of 96 seats (32 Class 2 seats + 9 special elections)[1] |
| Senate Control: | Republican gain |
| Senate Net Change: | Republican +6[2] |
| Senate Map Caption: | 1930 Senate election results |
| House Seats Contested: | All 435 voting seats |
| House Control: | Republican gain |
| House Net Change: | Republican +24 |
| House Map Caption: | 1918 House of Representatives results |
| Governor Seats Contested: | 32 |
| Governor Net Change: | Republican +4 |
| Governor Map Caption: | 1918 gubernatorial election results |
The 1918 United States elections elected the 66th United States Congress, and took place in the middle of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's second term. The election was held during the Fourth Party System. It was the lone election to take place during America's involvement in World War I. Republicans won control of both chambers of Congress for the first time since the 1908 election.
The election took place during the Spanish flu pandemic. Campaigning was disrupted around the country. In Nebraska, for instance, authorities lifted a ban on public gatherings in early November 1918 and permitted politicians to campaign five days prior to polls opening. The turnout was 40%, which was unusually low for a midterm election (turnout was at 52% and 50% in the 1910 and 1914 midterm elections). The low turnout was possibly due to the disruption caused by the pandemic.[3] [4]
In an example of the six-year itch phenomenon, Republicans took complete control of Congress from the Democrats. The Republicans won large gains in the House, taking 25 seats and ending coalition control of the chamber.[5] In the Senate, Republicans gained 5 seats, taking control of the chamber by a slim majority.[6]
The elections were a major defeat for progressives and Wilson's foreign policy agenda, and foreshadowed the Republican victory in the 1920 election. Republicans ran against the expanded war-time government and the Fourteen Points, especially Wilson's proposal for the League of Nations. The Republican victory left them in control of both houses of Congress until the 1930 election.[7]
The election was also a turning point for women's suffrage in the United States: ballot initiatives to extend suffrage to women (among all-male electorates) were held in the states of Oklahoma, Louisiana, South Dakota, and Michigan. Of these initiatives, all but the one in Louisiana passed, and despite the ongoing pandemic, extensive grassroots organizing by suffragists [8] meant they successfully campaigned against incumbent Senators who had refused to support the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, including John W. Weeks of Massachusetts, who had been considered invincible, and Willard Saulsbury Jr. of Delaware.