1901 Pacific typhoon season explained

Basin:WPac
Year:1901
First Storm Formed:January 1901
Last Storm Dissipated:December 1901
Strongest Storm Name:"De Witte typhoon"
Strongest Storm Pressure:920
Average Wind Speed:10
Total Storms:21[1]
Track:1901 Pacific typhoon season summary.png
Fatalities:>4
Atlantic Season:1901 Atlantic hurricane season
East Pacific Season:1900–09 Pacific hurricane seasons
North Indian Season:1900s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons

In 1901, 21 tropical cyclones were observed in the western Pacific Ocean, north of the equator. In that region of the world, cyclones that attain maximum sustained winds of at least 118km/h are known as typhoons. Out of the 21 storms, the Hong Kong Observatory tracked nine of them. The strongest storm, known as the De Witte typhoon, reached a minimum barometric pressure of 920mbar, before striking eastern China.

On May 22, 1901, the Manila Observatory in the Philippines (then a territory of the United States) was renamed the Philippine Weather Bureau, whose successor eventually became the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration.[2] [3]

January - July

There were two storms tracked in January.[1] On February 2, a storm was observed northwest of Borneo in the South China Sea. It moved to the west and later to the west-southwest, dissipating on February 5 between Borneo and Vietnam.[4] There was a storm in April and another two in May.[1]

On May 14, a tropical cyclone was observed just east of Samar, an island in the east-central Philippines. Estimated to have reached typhoon intensity, the storm moved westward through the Visayas archipelago, producing a barometric pressure of 971mbar aboard a ship. The storm curved northeastward in the South China Sea, striking Taiwan on May 20. The storm proceeded through the Ryukyu Islands and was last noted on May 23.[5] [6]

There were two storms in June. The first was observed on June 1 into the following day, moving northeastward while remaining east of Taiwan.[7] A typhoon formed east of Luzon on July 12. It moved westward, crossing Cagayan and Ilocos before entering the South China Sea. The system intensified and crossed Hainan, ultimately making landfall on northern Vietnam on July 16, where it soon dissipated. At Haiphong, winds reached 140km/h, and the minimum pressure fell to 967mbar.[6]

De Witte typhoon

Basin:WPac
Formed:July 30
Dissipated:August 3
Pressure:920

Originating near the Caroline Islands,[8] a typhoon was observed on July 30 to the southeast of Okinawa. It moved west-northwestward, entering the East China Sea on August 1. That day, the Russian steamer De Witte encountered the typhoon's rough waves and high winds, which damaged the ship's railings. On August 2, while the ship was about 80km (50miles) north of Taiwan, a large wave washed overboard and flooded the engine room; this forced the crew to evacuate into two boats, and after two days they were rescued.[9] Known as the De Witte typhoon, the storm continued to intensify until reaching a peak late on August 2, when a minimum barometric pressure of 920mbar was recorded. At its peak, the typhoon had an elliptical 8abbr=onNaNabbr=on eye, moving west-northwestward at 7to, with gale-force winds extending 565km (351miles) from the center.[8] On August 3, the storm struck eastern China, near the border of Chekiang and Hokkien provinces. It rapidly weakened and dissipated over land.[8] [10] The trajectory of the storm and nearby stations provided an opportunity to study the mechanics of intense tropical cyclones' movements.[11]

Ishigaki Island, part of the Ryukyu Islands, recorded peak winds of 37abbr=onNaNabbr=on while the storm passed to the north.[11] In addition to wrecking the De Witte, the typhoon also damaged two other boats.[12] Onshore mainland China, the typhoon flooded the region around Wenzhou several miles inland due to increased levels along the Ou River. On Lingkun Dao near the city, the storm destroyed an embankment, killing many people. Regional officials later provided coffins for the deceased, as well as rice and money for survivors. Heavy damage occurred around Wenzhou.[13]

August - December

A tropical cyclone was observed in the South China Sea on August 15. It moved northwestward and struck the Leizhou Peninsula in southern China on August 18. The storm turned to the west and crossed the northern Gulf of Tonkin, hitting northern Vietnam and dissipating on August 20.[14] Another storm was first detected northeast of Luzon on August 21. A northwest trajectory brought the system through the Ryukyu Islands, and the storm ultimately dissipated over eastern China on August 24, having moved ashore near Wenzhou.[15]

On September 8, a low pressure area formed east of the Philippines. It intensified into a tropical storm while moving to the northwest, passing near the Ryukyu Islands on September 17. After bypassing Taiwan to the north, the storm approached the mouth of the Yangtze in eastern China, before recurving to the northeast. It was last noted on September 21 in the Sea of Japan.[6] [16] On the last day of the month, a typhoon formed west of Palau. Steered to the northwest, the storm moved across northern Luzon, hitting Nueva Ecija and Pangasinan. After emerging into the South China Sea, the storm turned to the northeast, brushing the Batanes islands as well as southeastern Taiwan on October 4. Crossing the Ryukyu Islands, the storm was last noted on October 6 to the southwest of Kyushu.[6] [17]

A westward-moving tropical cyclone was noticed on October 12 to the east of the Philippines. With wind speeds approaching 167abbr=onNaNabbr=on, the typhoon passed north of Polillo Island before crossing Luzon, bypassing Manila about 95km (59miles) to the north. Seven boats were wrecked during the height of the storm. Along the Pasig River, a lorcha (Chinese boat) was left adrift after separating from a towboat, causing it to capsize along the breakwater; one person was killed in the incident, while the others swam to safety.[18] Three American soldiers also died in the typhoon, alongside many Filipinos. Considered one of the most severe typhoons in 20 years by newspapers, the storm downed most telegraph lines and damaged many houses. In the capital Manila, most streets were flooded in the Paco district up to a foot deep. Rainfall during the storm reached 4.063inches.[19] After leaving the Philippines, the typhoon progressed westward into the South China Sea and was last noted on October 18 south of Hainan island.[20]

On October 18, a short-lived tropical cyclone existed east of the Ryukyu Islands. It was moving northeastward and was last noted on the next day.[21] A tropical storm was first observed on October 21 and moved westward through the Philippines over the succeeding days. It crossed the South China Sea and dissipated over east-central Vietnam on October 26.[22] Concurrently, a tropical cyclone was noted on October 24 northeast of the Philippines. It curved northwestward and later turned to the northeast, and was last noted on October 29 east of Okinawa.[23]

There was one additional storm in October, and one each in November and December.[1]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Monthly Weather Review. July 26, 2016. Notes on Typhoons, with Charts of Normal and Aberrant Tracks. Stephen Visher. November 1922. 10.1175/1520-0493(1922)50<583:NOTWCO>2.0.CO;2. 50. 11. 583–589. 1922MWRv...50..583V. October 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009183009/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/050/mwr-050-11-0583.pdf. live. free.
  2. Book: 628. The Catholic Encyclopedia: an International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Herbermann. Charles G.. Pace. Edward A.. Shahan. Thomas J.. New York. Robert Appleton Company. 1910. Nine. July 31, 2016. May 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210502015501/https://books.google.com/books?id=KR09LOqeyFAC&pg=PA601&lpg=PA601&dq=may+1901+philippines+typhoon&source=bl&ots=Y_RMWoicIe&sig=NrG8M8tvX0ToscORNMICMpguMR8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7rna357OAhUFKh4KHekIC60Q6AEIMzAE#v=onepage&q=may%201901%20philippines%20typhoon&f=false. live.
  3. 478. Monthly Weather Review. The Philippine Weather Bureau. United States Weather Bureau. July 31, 2016. October 1903. PDF. 10.1175/1520-0493(1903)31[477:TPWB]2.0.CO;2. 31. 10. 1903MWRv...31..477.. free. December 22, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222130051/https://books.google.com/books?id=ujpOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&dq=may+1901+philippines+typhoon&source=bl&ots=ooQdVbo8V2&sig=8loy3h4YwXZbItQdDnYONWdFuYE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7rna357OAhUFKh4KHekIC60Q6AEIRDAH#v=onepage&q=may%201901%20philippines%20typhoon&f=false. live.
  4. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901034N06115). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. July 31, 2016.
  5. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901135N11127). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. July 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160214213025/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1901135N11127. February 14, 2016. dead.
  6. Web site: R. García-Herrera. P. Ribera. E. Hernández. L. Gimeno. Typhoons in the Philippine Islands Part II: 1901-1934. Journal of Climate. July 14, 2016. Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Centro Universitario Villanueva. August 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170819151933/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/tropical/selga-ii.html. live.
  7. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901153N22128). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. July 31, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161105032218/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1901153N22128. November 5, 2016. dead.
  8. Indian Engineering. Pat Doyle. June 21, 1902. 385–386. 31. The "De Witte" Typhoon. August 6, 2016. May 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210502015529/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTTnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA385&lpg=PA385&dq=august+1901+typhoon+china&source=bl&ots=avl7NkNCQx&sig=3IJOIGBhhAttW8GTLOU2QBfrgyI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQsNGzh6jOAhXn34MKHWzmApgQ6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=august%201901%20typhoon%20china&f=false. live.
  9. 218–219. Typhoons and Cyclones. The Edinburgh Review. January 1905. 201. José Algué. August 4, 2016. December 22, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161222102440/https://books.google.com/books?id=vdp1uJJktAkC&pg=PA218&dq=1901+de+witte+typhoon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXwcypg6jOAhUi2oMKHcdvDG4Q6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=1901%20de%20witte%20typhoon&f=false. live.
  10. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901212N23132). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 3, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205031/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1901212N23132. November 4, 2016. dead.
  11. Monthly Weather Review. Frank H. Bigelow. Studies on the Vortices of the Atmosphere of Earth: The DeWitte Typhoon. October 1908. 10.1175/1520-0493(1908)36<328:sotvot>2.0.co;2. 36. 10 . 328–333. 1908MWRv...36..328B. 2027/chi.086021521. free. August 3, 2016. May 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210502015510/https://books.google.com/books?id=UsFGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA328&lpg=PA328&dq=1901+dewitte+typhoon&source=bl&ots=saxAL5Jza-&sig=PBLdAH8byOJ_xzeHxCuY_0IZh8E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin6cKnk6bOAhVs3IMKHYGKALMQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=1901%20dewitte%20typhoon&f=false. live.
  12. News: First Typhoon of the Season. The Far East. August 15, 1901. September 13, 1901. 3. The Sydney Morning Herald. August 24, 2016. May 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210502015533/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14409463. live.
  13. Book: 243. Statistical Series. Decennial Reports on the Trade, Navigation, Industries, Etc., of the Ports Open to Foreign Commerce in China and on the Condition and Development of the Treaty Port Provinces 1892-1901. 1906. Inspector General of Customs. Shanghai. August 6, 2016. September 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200916090524/https://books.google.com/books?id=3hQ2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=august+1901+typhoon+china&source=bl&ots=vj25O35oJZ&sig=88gRphvHizNsgBRcxRH02y2tlWU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQsNGzh6jOAhXn34MKHWzmApgQ6AEIKTAC#v=onepage&q=august%201901%20typhoon%20china&f=false. live.
  14. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901228N17115). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 15, 2016.
  15. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901234N20129). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 15, 2016.
  16. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901257N20132). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 15, 2016.
  17. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901274N09131). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 15, 2016.
  18. The United States vs Francisco Nava. L-991. Supreme Court of the Philippines. December 19, 1902. http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1902/dec1902/gr_l-991_1902.html. August 16, 2016. J. Cooper.
  19. News: December 13, 1901. Terrible Typhoon at the Philippines. Darling Downs Gazette. 3. Queensland, Australia. August 19, 2016. May 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210502015532/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/171561758?searchTerm=typhoon&searchLimits=exactPhrase. live.
  20. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901286N14133). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 16, 2016.
  21. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901292N22131). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204710/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1901292N22131. November 4, 2016. dead.
  22. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901295N14132). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204830/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1901295N14132. November 4, 2016. dead.
  23. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1901 Missing (1901297N17133). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161105032258/http://atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v03r04/browse-ibtracs/index.php?name=v03r04-1901297N17133. November 5, 2016. dead.

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