| Election Name: | 1901 Darling Downs by-election |
| Popular Vote1: | 4,532 |
| After Election: | Littleton Groom |
| Before Party: | Protectionist Party |
| Before Election: | William Henry Groom |
| MP | |
| Swing2: | 37.22 |
| Percentage2: | 37.22% |
| Popular Vote2: | 2,687 |
| Party2: | Independent (politician) |
| Candidate2: | Joshua Thomas Bell |
| Swing1: | 15.72 |
| Percentage1: | 62.78% |
| Party1: | Protectionist Party |
| Country: | Australia |
| Candidate1: | Littleton Groom |
| Seats For Election: | The Darling Downs seat in the House of Representatives |
| Turnout: | 7,264 |
| Next Year: | 1903 |
| Next Election: | 1903 Australian federal election |
| Previous Year: | 1901 |
| Previous Election: | 1901 Australian federal election |
| Ongoing: | no |
| Type: | Parliamentary |
| After Party: | Protectionist Party |
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives electorate of Darling Downs in Queensland on 14 September 1901, a Saturday. It was triggered by the death of William Henry Groom on 8 August 1901. It was the first by-election of the Australian parliament since Federation. The writ for the by-election was issued on 13 August, nominations for candidates closed on 27 August.
Littleton Groom was elected in the by-election, receiving nearly 63 per cent of the vote. Groom was the third son of the deceased former member, William Groom. The other candidate in the by-election was Joshua Thomas Bell, a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the electoral district of Dalby.