1900 in science explained

The year 1900 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Aeronautics

• July 2 – The first rigid airship flight is made by the LZ1 designed by Ferdinand von Zeppelin.
• c. October 3 – The Wright brothers begin their first manned glider experimental flights at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina; their first few attempts fail.

Chemistry

• Moses Gomberg identifies the first organic radical (according to the modern definition), triphenylmethyl radical.
• Johannes Rydberg refines the expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths.

Earth sciences

• January 5 – Physicist Dr Henry A. Rowland of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore announces his theory that the cause of Earth's magnetic field is its own rotation, based on experiments to produce magnetism by the rotation of a motor.^[1]
• Richard Dixon Oldham distinguishes between primary, secondary and tertiary waveforms as recorded by seismometers.^[2]

Exploration

• American explorer Robert Peary first sights Kaffeklubben Island, the northernmost point of land on Earth.

Genetics

• Hugo de Vries publishes the results of his experiments in Mendelian inheritance.^[3]

Mathematics

• Max Dehn introduces two examples of Dehn plane and the Dehn invariant.
• David Hilbert states his list of 23 problems which show where some further mathematical work is needed.
• Russell's paradox is first discovered by Ernst Zermelo but he does not publish it, and it is known only to Hilbert, Husserl and other members of the University of Göttingen.
• Gaston Tarry confirms Euler's conjecture that no 6×6 orthogonal Graeco-Latin square is possible.^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}
• Alfred Young introduces the Young tableau.

Medicine

• English surgeon and ophthalmologist Edward Treacher Collins describes the essential traits of Treacher Collins syndrome.^{[8] [9]}
• German gynecologist Hermann Johannes Pfannenstiel publishes his description of the "Pfannenstiel incision", a transverse incision used in genitourinary surgery that continues to be widely used.

Paleontology

• Barnum Brown finds the first partial skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex in eastern Wyoming.
• Dr. James K. Hampson identifies the Island 35 Mastodon skeleton in the Mississippi River.

Photography

• Kodak introduce their first Brownie (camera).

Physics

• April 26 – Guglielmo Marconi patents the tuned circuit.
• October 7 – Max Planck hosts fellow physicist Heinrich Rubens for tea and considers news that Rubens' experiments have contradicted Planck's theories. Later this evening, Planck reviews and refines his calculations to what will be announced on October 19 as Planck's law.^[10]
• October 19 – Max Planck first states Planck's law of black-body radiation to a meeting of the German Physical Society in Berlin, marking the birth of modern quantum mechanics.^{[11] [12]}
• December 14 – Max Planck restates his law, utilising the Planck postulate, at a meeting of the German Physical Society.^{[13] [14]}
• December 23 – Reginald Fessenden, experimenting with a high-frequency spark transmitter, successfully transmits speech over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers (one mile), from Cobb Island, Maryland, which appears to have been the first audio radio transmission.
• Gamma rays discovered by Paul Villard while studying uranium decay.

Physiology

• Karl Landsteiner makes the first discovery of blood types, identifying the ABO blood group system.^[15]
• Carl Rasch coins the term 'polymorphous light eruption'.
• Jōkichi Takamine and Keizo Uenaka discover adrenaline.^{[16] [17]}

Zoology

• Richard J. Ussher and Robert Warren publish The Birds of Ireland.^{[18] [19]}

Awards

• Copley Medal: Marcellin Berthelot^[20]

Births

• January 2 – Una Ledingham (died 1965), English physician specialising in diabetes mellitus and pregnancy.^[21]
• March 4 – Heinrich Willi (died 1971), Swiss pediatrician.
• March 8 – Howard H. Aiken (died 1973), American computing pioneer.
• March 19 – Frédéric Joliot (died 1958), French physicist.^[22]
• April 3 – Albert Ingham (died 1967), English mathematician.
• April 25 – Wolfgang Pauli (died 1958), Austrian-born physicist.
• April 26 – Charles Richter (died 1985), American geophysicist and inventor.
• April 28 – Jan Oort (died 1992), Dutch astronomer.
• May 5 – Helen Redfield (died 1988), American geneticist.^[21]
• May 6 – Zheng Ji (died 2010), Chinese biochemist and nutritionist.
• May 10 – Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (died 1979), English-born American astronomer and astrophysicist.^[23]
• May 22 – Honor Fell (died 1986), English biologist.
• June 24 – Wilhelm Cauer (killed 1945), German mathematician and electronic engineer.
• June 25 – Philip D'Arcy Hart (died 2006), English medical researcher, pioneer in tuberculosis treatment.
• June 30 – James Stagg (died 1975) Scottish meteorologist.
• July 9 – Frances McConnell-Mills, born Frances Mary McConnell (died 1975), American toxicologist.
• August 25 – Hans Adolf Krebs (died 1981), German-born medical doctor and biochemist.
• August 26 – Hellmuth Walter (died 1980), German-born engineer and inventor.
• October 2 – Isabella Forshall (died 1989), English pediatric surgeon.
• November 5 – Ethelwynn Trewavas (died 1993), English ichthyologist.^[24]
• December 9 – Joseph Needham (died 1995), English biochemist and writer on the history of science and technology in China.
• December 12 – Mária Telkes (died 1995), Hungarian-American scientist and inventor.
• December 17 – Mary Cartwright (died 1998), English mathematician, one of the first people to analyze a dynamical system with chaos.^[25]
• Robina Addis (died 1986), English pioneering professional psychiatric social worker.^[26]
• Ernest Gibbins (killed 1942), English entomologist.

Deaths

• January 13 – Peter Waage (born 1833), Norwegian chemist.
• January 22 – David E. Hughes (born 1831), British-American inventor.
• March 6 – Gottlieb Daimler (born 1834), German engineer, automotive pioneer.
• March 10 – George James Symons (born 1838), English meteorologist.
• April 1 – George Jackson Mivart (born 1827), English biologist.
• August 4 – Étienne Lenoir (born 1822), Belgian mechanical engineer.
• August 31 – John Bennet Lawes (born 1814), English agricultural scientist.
• September 4 – Charles Harrison Blackley (born 1820), English allergist.
• October 16 – Henry Acland (born 1815), English physician.
• October 29 – Bruno Abakanowicz (born 1852), Polish mathematician, inventor and electrical engineer.

Notes and References

1. News: Magnetism of the Earth. The New York Times. January 6, 1900. 1.
2. Web site: Andrew. Grout. Oldham, Richard Dixon (1858–1936). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004. 10.1093/ref:odnb/37820. 2011-10-20.
3. De Vries . H. . 1900 . Sur la loi de disjonction des hybrides . On the law of hybrid disjunction . Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences . fr . Paris . 130 . 845–847.
4. Web site: From Latin Squares to Sudoku:A History of Magic Numbers . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081001193239/http://www1.hollins.edu/faculty/clarkjm/M471/From%20Latin%20Squares%20to%20Sudoku.ppt . 2008-10-01 .
5. Web site: 36 Officer Problem . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080828085817/http://academic.scranton.edu/faculty/doughertys1/euler.htm . 2008-08-28 .
6. Gaston. Tarry. Le Probléme de 36 Officiers. Compte Rendu de l'Association Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences. 1. 122–123. 1900. Secrétariat de l'Association.
7. Gaston. Tarry. Le Probléme de 36 Officiers. Compte Rendu de l'Association Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences. 2. 170–203. 1901. Secrétariat de l'Association.
8. Treacher Collins. E.. 1900. Cases with symmetrical congenital notches in the outer part of each lid and defective development of the malar bones. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom. 20. 190–192.
9. Web site: Edward Treacher Collins. Whonamedit?. 2021-02-15.
10. Book: Steward, Edward G.. Quantum Mechanics: Its Early Development and the Road to Entanglement. Imperial College Press. London. 2008. 36–42.
11. Planck. M.. 1900. Über eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2. 202–204. Translated in Book: ter Haar. D.. Dirk ter Haar. 1967. On an Improvement of Wien's Equation for the Spectrum. The Old Quantum Theory. Pergamon Press. 79–81. 66029628.
12. Book: Gamow, Max. Thirty Years that Shook Physics. Dover Publications. 978-0486248950. 1985.
13. Planck. M.. 1900. Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2. 237–245. Translated in Book: ter Haar. D.. 1967. The Old Quantum Theory. Pergamon Press. 82. 66029628.
14. Book: Jagdish Mehra. Jagdish. Mehra. Helmut Rechenberg. Helmut. Rechenberg. The Historical Development of Quantum Theory: The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr, and Sommerfeld: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties 1900–1925. Springer. 2000. 50–53.
15. Landsteiner. K.. Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie. 1900. 27. 357–62.
16. Yamashima. T.. Jokichi Takamine (1854–1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin. Journal of Medical Biography. 11. 2. 95–102. 2003. 12717538. 10.1177/096777200301100211.
17. Bennett. M.. One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors. Clinical Autonomic Research. 9. 3. 145–59. 1999. 10454061. 10.1007/BF02281628.
18. Book: Ussher, Richard John . The birds of Ireland; an account of the distribution, migrations and habits of birds as observed in Ireland, with all additions to the Irish list . Warren . Robert . 1900 . Gurney and Jackson (successors to Mr. Van Voorst) . London . 10.5962/bhl.title.49473.
19. Web site: Richard J. Ussher and "The Birds of Ireland". Ask about Ireland. 2012-10-04.
20. Web site: Copley Medal British scientific award . Encyclopædia Britannica . 23 July 2020 .
21. Book: The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. registration. 2000. Routledge. New York.
22. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 . NobelPrize.org . 2 January 2022.
23. Book: The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. 2007. Springer. 9780387304007. New York.
24. News: Obituary: Ethelwynn Trewavas. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ethelwynn-trewavas-1462529.html . 2022-05-01 . subscription . live. 1993-08-21. The Independent. London. 2017-10-22.
25. Web site: Mary Cartwright Times obituary. www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. 2017-10-20.
26. Web site: Robina Addis. Wellcome Library. 2019-03-16.