See main article: 1896 United States presidential election.
| Election Name: | 1896 United States presidential election in Iowa |
| Country: | Iowa |
| Flag Year: | 1921 |
| Type: | presidential |
| Ongoing: | no |
| Previous Election: | 1892 United States presidential election in Iowa |
| Previous Year: | 1892 |
| Next Election: | 1900 United States presidential election in Iowa |
| Next Year: | 1900 |
| Election Date: | November 3, 1896 |
| Image1: | William McKinley by Courtney Art Studio, 1896 (cropped).jpg |
| Nominee1: | William McKinley |
| Party1: | Republican Party (United States) |
| Home State1: | Ohio |
| Running Mate1: | Garret Hobart |
| Electoral Vote1: | 13 |
| Popular Vote1: | 289,293 |
| Percentage1: | 55.47% |
| Nominee2: | William Jennings Bryan |
| Party2: | Populist |
| Alliance2: | Democratic Party (United States) |
| Home State2: | Nebraska |
| Running Mate2: | Thomas E. Watson |
| Electoral Vote2: | 0 |
| Popular Vote2: | 223,741 |
| Percentage2: | 42.90% |
| Map Size: | 312px |
| President | |
| Before Election: | Grover Cleveland |
| Before Party: | Democratic Party (United States) |
| After Election: | William McKinley |
| After Party: | Republican Party (United States) |
The 1896 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 3, 1896. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1896 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.
Iowa voted for the Republican nominees, former Ohio Governor William McKinley and his running mate Garret Hobart of New Jersey, over the Populist nominees, former Representative William Jennings Bryan, and former Representative Thomas E. Watson.
McKinley won 55.47% of the vote to Bryan's 42.90%, a margin of 12.57%. Bryan's performance in Iowa was the worst performance for a Democratic candidate since 1880. McKinley both became the first Republican to win over 55% of the popular vote, and the first to win multiple counties that hadn't voted for the Republican candidate since 1880. This was also the first election since 1864 in which Iowa voted more Republican than neighboring Minnesota.
By 1896, incumbent president Grover Cleveland was eligible to run for a second consecutive term (third overall), however he had declined. People had begun losing money during the panic of 1893, and blamed Cleveland for it, which was a big blow for the Democrats. This left the Democratic nomination open to multiple candidates. Eventually, William Jennings Bryan won both the Democratic nomination and the endorsement of the Populist nomination. In Iowa, Bryan had uniquely run under the Populist party, with Thomas E. Watson as his running mate.
Bryan would lose Iowa to McKinley again four years later and would later lose the state again in 1908 to William Howard Taft.
| 1896 United States presidential election in Iowa[1] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | ||
| Republican | William McKinley | 289,293 | 55.47% | 13 | ||
| Populist | William Jennings Bryan | 223,741 | 42.90% | 0 | ||
| National Democratic | John M. Palmer | 4,516 | 0.87% | 0 | ||
| Prohibition | Joshua Levering | 3,192 | 0.61% | 0 | ||
| Socialist Labor | Charles H. Matchett | 453 | 0.09% | 0 | ||
| National Prohibition | Charles E. Bentley | 352 | 0.07% | 0 | ||
| Totals | 521,547 | 100.00% | 13 | |||
| Voter turnout | — | |||||
| County[2] | William McKinley Republican | William Jennings Bryan Populist | John McAuley Palmer National Democratic | Joshua Levering Prohibition | Various candidates Other parties | Margin | Total votes cast | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| data-sort-type="number" | data-sort-type="number" | % | data-sort-type="number" | data-sort-type="number" | % | data-sort-type="number" | data-sort-type="number" | % | data-sort-type="number" | data-sort-type="number" | % | data-sort-type="number" | data-sort-type="number" | % | data-sort-type="number" | data-sort-type="number" | % | ||||||||||
| Adair | 2,127 | 51.74% | 1,946 | 47.34% | 28 | 0.68% | 9 | 0.22% | 1 | 0.02% | 181 | 4.40% | 4,111 | ||||||||||||||
| Adams | 1,736 | 49.77% | 1,701 | 48.77% | 22 | 0.63% | 25 | 0.72% | 4 | 0.11% | 35 | 1.00% | 3,488 | ||||||||||||||
| Allamakee | 2,471 | 55.16% | 1,897 | 42.34% | 95 | 2.12% | 13 | 0.29% | 4 | 0.09% | 574 | 12.81% | 4,480 | ||||||||||||||
| Appanoose | 3,046 | 50.54% | 2,940 | 48.78% | 19 | 0.32% | 12 | 0.20% | 10 | 0.17% | 106 | 1.76% | 6,027 | ||||||||||||||
| Audubon | 1,705 | 54.14% | 1,417 | 45.00% | 16 | 0.51% | 11 | 0.35% | 0 | 0.00% | 288 | 9.15% | 3,149 | ||||||||||||||
| Benton | 3,604 | 57.50% | 2,560 | 40.84% | 63 | 1.01% | 38 | 0.61% | 3 | 0.05% | 1,044 | 16.66% | 6,268 | ||||||||||||||
| Black Hawk | 4,643 | 66.05% | 2,167 | 30.83% | 158 | 2.25% | 56 | 0.80% | 6 | 0.09% | 2,476 | 35.22% | 7,030 | ||||||||||||||
| Boone | 3,741 | 56.43% | 2,801 | 42.25% | 26 | 0.39% | 56 | 0.84% | 6 | 0.09% | 940 | 14.18% | 6,630 | ||||||||||||||
| Bremer | 2,116 | 54.02% | 1,704 | 43.50% | 73 | 1.86% | 20 | 0.51% | 4 | 0.10% | 412 | 10.52% | 3,917 | ||||||||||||||
| Buchanan | 2,865 | 55.30% | 2,233 | 43.10% | 50 | 0.97% | 31 | 0.60% | 2 | 0.04% | 632 | 12.20% | 5,181 | ||||||||||||||
| Buena Vista | 2,368 | 65.83% | 1,178 | 32.75% | 22 | 0.61% | 26 | 0.72% | 3 | 0.08% | 1,190 | 33.08% | 3,597 | ||||||||||||||
| Butler | 2,670 | 64.95% | 1,372 | 33.37% | 31 | 0.75% | 36 | 0.88% | 2 | 0.05% | 1,298 | 31.57% | 4,111 | ||||||||||||||
| Calhoun | 2,698 | 67.25% | 1,280 | 31.90% | 24 | 0.60% | 10 | 0.25% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,418 | 35.34% | 4,012 | ||||||||||||||
| Carroll | 2,066 | 45.67% | 2,417 | 53.43% | 25 | 0.55% | 13 | 0.29% | 3 | 0.07% | -351 | -7.76% | 4,524 | ||||||||||||||
| Cass | 2,959 | 56.11% | 2,240 | 42.47% | 58 | 1.10% | 13 | 0.25% | 4 | 0.08% | 719 | 13.63% | 5,274 | ||||||||||||||
| Cedar | 2,717 | 54.50% | 2,128 | 42.69% | 78 | 1.56% | 50 | 1.00% | 12 | 0.24% | 589 | 11.82% | 4,985 | ||||||||||||||
| Cerro Gordo | 3,048 | 66.73% | 1,408 | 30.82% | 38 | 0.83% | 59 | 1.29% | 15 | 0.33% | 1,640 | 35.90% | 4,568 | ||||||||||||||
| Cherokee | 2,343 | 60.08% | 1,464 | 37.54% | 25 | 0.64% | 64 | 1.64% | 4 | 0.10% | 879 | 22.54% | 3,900 | ||||||||||||||
| Chickasaw | 1,967 | 48.20% | 2,084 | 51.07% | 17 | 0.42% | 10 | 0.25% | 3 | 0.07% | -117 | -2.87% | 4,081 | ||||||||||||||
| Clarke | 1,646 | 51.53% | 1,517 | 47.50% | 11 | 0.34% | 19 | 0.59% | 1 | 0.03% | 129 | 4.04% | 3,194 | ||||||||||||||
| Clay | 1,880 | 65.99% | 933 | 32.75% | 14 | 0.49% | 19 | 0.67% | 3 | 0.11% | 947 | 33.24% | 2,849 | ||||||||||||||
| Clayton | 3,302 | 52.16% | 2,910 | 45.96% | 81 | 1.28% | 32 | 0.51% | 6 | 0.09% | 392 | 6.19% | 6,331 | ||||||||||||||
| Clinton | 5,584 | 54.02% | 4,590 | 44.40% | 83 | 0.80% | 10 | 0.10% | 70 | 0.68% | 994 | 9.62% | 10,337 | ||||||||||||||
| Crawford | 2,189 | 46.98% | 2,396 | 51.43% | 28 | 0.60% | 38 | 0.82% | 8 | 0.17% | -207 | -4.44% | 4,659 | ||||||||||||||
| Dallas | 3,326 | 57.87% | 2,316 | 40.30% | 36 | 0.63% | 55 | 0.96% | 14 | 0.24% | 1,010 | 17.57% | 5,747 | ||||||||||||||
| Davis | 1,652 | 40.87% | 2,367 | 58.56% | 8 | 0.20% | 15 | 0.37% | 0 | 0.00% | -715 | -17.69% | 4,042 | ||||||||||||||
| Decatur | 2,268 | 48.46% | 2,362 | 50.47% | 35 | 0.75% | 9 | 0.19% | 6 | 0.13% | -94 | -2.01% | 4,680 | ||||||||||||||
| Delaware | 2,799 | 60.52% | 1,778 | 38.44% | 23 | 0.50% | 24 | 0.52% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,021 | 22.08% | 4,625 | ||||||||||||||
| Des Moines | 4,549 | 53.06% | 3,741 | 43.63% | 241 | 2.81% | 31 | 0.36% | 12 | 0.14% | 808 | 9.42% | 8,574 | ||||||||||||||
| Dickinson | 1,131 | 67.36% | 517 | 30.79% | 17 | 1.01% | 14 | 0.83% | 0 | 0.00% | 614 | 36.57% | 1,679 | ||||||||||||||
| Dubuque | 5,203 | 43.51% | 6,570 | 54.94% | 153 | 1.28% | 18 | 0.15% | 14 | 0.12% | -1,367 | -11.43% | 11,958 | ||||||||||||||
| Emmet | 1,429 | 70.05% | 559 | 27.40% | 3 | 0.15% | 47 | 2.30% | 2 | 0.10% | 870 | 42.65% | 2,040 | ||||||||||||||
| Fayette | 3,522 | 54.69% | 2,822 | 43.82% | 38 | 0.59% | 54 | 0.84% | 4 | 0.06% | 700 | 10.87% | 6,440 | ||||||||||||||
| Floyd | 2,749 | 64.15% | 1,461 | 34.10% | 35 | 0.82% | 30 | 0.70% | 10 | 0.23% | 1,288 | 30.06% | 4,285 | ||||||||||||||
| Franklin | 2,439 | 72.57% | 894 | 26.60% | 17 | 0.51% | 9 | 0.27% | 2 | 0.06% | 1,545 | 45.97% | 3,361 | ||||||||||||||
| Fremont | 1,948 | 40.21% | 2,857 | 58.97% | 19 | 0.39% | 11 | 0.23% | 10 | 0.21% | -909 | -18.76% | 4,845 | ||||||||||||||
| Greene | 2,606 | 60.80% | 1,629 | 38.01% | 26 | 0.61% | 18 | 0.42% | 7 | 0.16% | 977 | 22.80% | 4,286 | ||||||||||||||
| Grundy | 1,894 | 60.36% | 1,206 | 38.43% | 21 | 0.67% | 13 | 0.41% | 4 | 0.13% | 688 | 21.92% | 3,138 | ||||||||||||||
| Guthrie | 2,541 | 52.66% | 2,220 | 46.01% | 19 | 0.39% | 41 | 0.85% | 4 | 0.08% | 321 | 6.65% | 4,825 | ||||||||||||||
| Hamilton | 3,074 | 69.25% | 1,300 | 29.29% | 46 | 1.04% | 15 | 0.34% | 4 | 0.09% | 1,774 | 39.96% | 4,439 | ||||||||||||||
| Hancock | 1,975 | 65.64% | 1,007 | 33.47% | 12 | 0.40% | 11 | 0.37% | 4 | 0.13% | 968 | 32.17% | 3,009 | ||||||||||||||
| Hardin | 3,575 | 68.46% | 1,568 | 30.03% | 38 | 0.73% | 37 | 0.71% | 4 | 0.08% | 2,007 | 38.43% | 5,222 | ||||||||||||||
| Harrison | 2,839 | 46.48% | 3,214 | 52.62% | 24 | 0.39% | 27 | 0.44% | 4 | 0.07% | -375 | -6.14% | 6,108 | ||||||||||||||
| Henry | 2,774 | 55.83% | 2,092 | 42.10% | 45 | 0.91% | 52 | 1.05% | 6 | 0.12% | 682 | 13.73% | 4,969 | ||||||||||||||
| Howard | 1,929 | 55.24% | 1,507 | 43.16% | 21 | 0.60% | 29 | 0.83% | 6 | 0.17% | 422 | 12.08% | 3,492 | ||||||||||||||
| Humboldt | 2,010 | 71.18% | 783 | 27.73% | 10 | 0.35% | 17 | 0.60% | 4 | 0.14% | 1,227 | 43.45% | 2,824 | ||||||||||||||
| Ida | 1,475 | 50.36% | 1,421 | 48.51% | 15 | 0.51% | 15 | 0.51% | 3 | 0.10% | 54 | 1.84% | 2,929 | ||||||||||||||
| Iowa | 2,391 | 53.78% | 1,956 | 43.99% | 79 | 1.78% | 15 | 0.34% | 5 | 0.11% | 435 | 9.78% | 4,446 | ||||||||||||||
| Jackson | 2,768 | 47.21% | 3,019 | 51.49% | 60 | 1.02% | 16 | 0.27% | 0 | 0.00% | -251 | -4.28% | 5,863 | ||||||||||||||
| Jasper | 3,713 | 52.49% | 3,279 | 46.35% | 40 | 0.57% | 39 | 0.55% | 3 | 0.04% | 434 | 6.14% | 7,074 | ||||||||||||||
| Jefferson | 2,478 | 57.24% | 1,772 | 40.93% | 36 | 0.83% | 35 | 0.81% | 8 | 0.18% | 706 | 16.31% | 4,329 | ||||||||||||||
| Johnson | 2,910 | 47.06% | 3,170 | 51.26% | 90 | 1.46% | 8 | 0.13% | 6 | 0.10% | -260 | -4.20% | 6,184 | ||||||||||||||
| Jones | 3,057 | 57.84% | 2,143 | 40.55% | 54 | 1.02% | 20 | 0.38% | 11 | 0.21% | 914 | 17.29% | 5,285 | ||||||||||||||
| Keokuk | 3,166 | 50.72% | 2,891 | 46.32% | 118 | 1.89% | 61 | 0.98% | 6 | 0.10% | 275 | 4.41% | 6,242 | ||||||||||||||
| Kossuth | 2,930 | 60.30% | 1,861 | 38.30% | 50 | 1.03% | 16 | 0.33% | 2 | 0.04% | 1,069 | 22.00% | 4,859 | ||||||||||||||
| Lee | 4,847 | 47.70% | 5,153 | 50.71% | 120 | 1.18% | 35 | 0.34% | 7 | 0.07% | -306 | -3.01% | 10,162 | ||||||||||||||
| Linn | 7,335 | 57.14% | 5,283 | 41.16% | 95 | 0.74% | 99 | 0.77% | 24 | 0.19% | 2,052 | 15.99% | 12,836 | ||||||||||||||
| Louisa | 2,035 | 59.12% | 1,334 | 38.76% | 37 | 1.07% | 33 | 0.96% | 3 | 0.09% | 701 | 20.37% | 3,442 | ||||||||||||||
| Lucas | 1,859 | 52.43% | 1,621 | 45.71% | 28 | 0.79% | 33 | 0.93% | 5 | 0.14% | 238 | 6.71% | 3,546 | ||||||||||||||
| Lyon | 1,568 | 51.33% | 1,464 | 47.92% | 5 | 0.16% | 16 | 0.52% | 2 | 0.07% | 104 | 3.40% | 3,055 | ||||||||||||||
| Madison | 2,313 | 50.28% | 2,224 | 48.35% | 28 | 0.61% | 28 | 0.61% | 7 | 0.15% | 89 | 1.93% | 4,600 | ||||||||||||||
| Mahaska | 4,256 | 50.69% | 3,974 | 47.33% | 56 | 0.67% | 90 | 1.07% | 20 | 0.24% | 282 | 3.36% | 8,396 | ||||||||||||||
| Marion | 2,741 | 46.05% | 3,119 | 52.40% | 33 | 0.55% | 54 | 0.91% | 5 | 0.08% | -378 | -6.35% | 5,952 | ||||||||||||||
| Marshall | 4,541 | 61.85% | 2,626 | 35.77% | 66 | 0.90% | 102 | 1.39% | 7 | 0.10% | 1,915 | 26.08% | 7,342 | ||||||||||||||
| Mills | 2,153 | 51.93% | 1,958 | 47.23% | 18 | 0.43% | 15 | 0.36% | 2 | 0.05% | 195 | 4.70% | 4,146 | ||||||||||||||
| Mitchell | 2,498 | 69.80% | 1,031 | 28.81% | 31 | 0.87% | 17 | 0.47% | 2 | 0.06% | 1,467 | 40.99% | 3,579 | ||||||||||||||
| Monona | 1,526 | 36.86% | 2,558 | 61.79% | 13 | 0.31% | 40 | 0.97% | 3 | 0.07% | -1,032 | -24.93% | 4,140 | ||||||||||||||
| Monroe | 1,836 | 45.69% | 2,086 | 51.92% | 35 | 0.87% | 53 | 1.32% | 8 | 0.20% | -250 | -6.22% | 4,018 | ||||||||||||||
| Montgomery | 2,927 | 63.67% | 1,634 | 35.54% | 12 | 0.26% | 19 | 0.41% | 5 | 0.11% | 1,293 | 28.13% | 4,597 | ||||||||||||||
| Muscatine | 3,627 | 55.02% | 2,863 | 43.43% | 72 | 1.09% | 21 | 0.32% | 9 | 0.14% | 764 | 11.59% | 6,592 | ||||||||||||||
| O'Brien | 2,421 | 60.10% | 1,562 | 38.78% | 19 | 0.47% | 25 | 0.62% | 1 | 0.02% | 859 | 21.33% | 4,028 | ||||||||||||||
| Osceola | 1,094 | 57.91% | 767 | 40.60% | 12 | 0.64% | 15 | 0.79% | 1 | 0.05% | 327 | 17.31% | 1,889 | ||||||||||||||
| Page | 3,213 | 56.32% | 2,390 | 41.89% | 22 | 0.39% | 53 | 0.93% | 27 | 0.47% | 823 | 14.43% | 5,705 | ||||||||||||||
| Palo Alto | 1,595 | 50.00% | 1,547 | 48.50% | 12 | 0.38% | 35 | 1.10% | 1 | 0.03% | 48 | 1.50% | 3,190 | ||||||||||||||
| Plymouth | 2,623 | 51.40% | 2,392 | 46.87% | 47 | 0.92% | 38 | 0.74% | 3 | 0.06% | 231 | 4.53% | 5,103 | ||||||||||||||
| Pocahontas | 1,866 | 56.82% | 1,377 | 41.93% | 16 | 0.49% | 24 | 0.73% | 1 | 0.03% | 489 | 14.89% | 3,284 | ||||||||||||||
| Polk | 11,127 | 60.24% | 7,087 | 38.37% | 111 | 0.60% | 121 | 0.66% | 25 | 0.14% | 4,040 | 21.87% | 18,471 | ||||||||||||||
| Pottawattamie | 5,810 | 51.00% | 5,468 | 48.00% | 86 | 0.75% | 14 | 0.12% | 14 | 0.12% | 342 | 3.00% | 11,392 | ||||||||||||||
| Poweshiek | 2,969 | 58.49% | 2,013 | 39.66% | 42 | 0.83% | 49 | 0.97% | 3 | 0.06% | 956 | 18.83% | 5,076 | ||||||||||||||
| Ringgold | 2,209 | 56.47% | 1,651 | 42.20% | 18 | 0.46% | 25 | 0.64% | 9 | 0.23% | 558 | 14.26% | 3,912 | ||||||||||||||
| Sac | 2,513 | 64.14% | 1,346 | 34.35% | 17 | 0.43% | 36 | 0.92% | 6 | 0.15% | 1,167 | 29.79% | 3,918 | ||||||||||||||
| Scott | 6,449 | 58.84% | 4,032 | 36.79% | 278 | 2.54% | 29 | 0.26% | 172 | 1.57% | 2,417 | 22.05% | 10,960 | ||||||||||||||
| Shelby | 2,019 | 47.85% | 2,175 | 51.55% | 11 | 0.26% | 7 | 0.17% | 7 | 0.17% | -156 | -3.70% | 4,219 | ||||||||||||||
| Sioux | 2,841 | 59.00% | 1,898 | 39.42% | 50 | 1.04% | 24 | 0.50% | 2 | 0.04% | 943 | 19.58% | 4,815 | ||||||||||||||
| Story | 3,630 | 68.72% | 1,589 | 30.08% | 22 | 0.42% | 41 | 0.78% | 0 | 0.00% | 2,041 | 38.64% | 5,282 | ||||||||||||||
| Tama | 3,054 | 53.28% | 2,596 | 45.29% | 37 | 0.65% | 41 | 0.72% | 4 | 0.07% | 458 | 7.99% | 5,732 | ||||||||||||||
| Taylor | 2,468 | 51.56% | 2,293 | 47.90% | 7 | 0.15% | 16 | 0.33% | 3 | 0.06% | 175 | 3.66% | 4,787 | ||||||||||||||
| Union | 2,196 | 46.85% | 2,425 | 51.74% | 32 | 0.68% | 31 | 0.66% | 3 | 0.06% | -229 | -4.89% | 4,687 | ||||||||||||||
| Van Buren | 2,478 | 53.54% | 2,076 | 44.86% | 45 | 0.97% | 28 | 0.61% | 1 | 0.02% | 402 | 8.69% | 4,628 | ||||||||||||||
| Wapello | 4,319 | 50.76% | 4,041 | 47.49% | 112 | 1.32% | 24 | 0.28% | 13 | 0.15% | 278 | 3.27% | 8,509 | ||||||||||||||
| Warren | 2,826 | 55.28% | 2,214 | 43.31% | 20 | 0.39% | 50 | 0.98% | 2 | 0.04% | 612 | 11.97% | 5,112 | ||||||||||||||
| Washington | 2,882 | 54.42% | 2,292 | 43.28% | 51 | 0.96% | 54 | 1.02% | 17 | 0.32% | 590 | 11.14% | 5,296 | ||||||||||||||
| Wayne | 2,101 | 48.93% | 2,115 | 49.25% | 29 | 0.68% | 45 | 1.05% | 4 | 0.09% | -14 | -0.33% | 4,294 | ||||||||||||||
| Webster | 3,691 | 58.09% | 2,557 | 40.24% | 45 | 0.71% | 60 | 0.94% | 1 | 0.02% | 1,134 | 17.85% | 6,354 | ||||||||||||||
| Winnebago | 1,912 | 72.12% | 714 | 26.93% | 10 | 0.38% | 15 | 0.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,198 | 45.19% | 2,651 | ||||||||||||||
| Winneshiek | 3,422 | 61.75% | 2,033 | 36.68% | 50 | 0.90% | 25 | 0.45% | 12 | 0.22% | 1,389 | 25.06% | 5,542 | ||||||||||||||
| Woodbury | 6,204 | 54.86% | 4,876 | 43.12% | 117 | 1.03% | 97 | 0.86% | 15 | 0.13% | 1,328 | 11.74% | 11,309 | ||||||||||||||
| Worth | 1,696 | 73.74% | 584 | 25.39% | 15 | 0.65% | 5 | 0.22% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,112 | 48.35% | 2,300 | ||||||||||||||
| Wright | 2,992 | 71.39% | 1,138 | 27.15% | 20 | 0.48% | 38 | 0.91% | 3 | 0.07% | 1,854 | 44.24% | 4,191 | ||||||||||||||
| Totals | 289,293 | 55.47% | 223,741 | 42.90% | 4,516 | 0.87% | 3,192 | 0.61% | 799 | 0.15% | 65,552 | 12.57% | 521,541 | ||||||||||||||