1890 Minnesota Senate election explained

Election Name:1890 Minnesota Senate election
Seats2:15
Party1:Republican Party of Minnesota
Party2:Democratic Party of Minnesota
Seats3:13
Country:Minnesota
After Party:Minnesota Republican Party
Before Party:Minnesota Republican Party
Majority Seats:28
Image1: GOP
Image3: ALL
Seats For Election:All 54 seats in the Minnesota Senate
Next Year:1894
Seats1:26
Next Election:1894 Minnesota Senate election
Previous Year:1886
Previous Election:1886 Minnesota Senate election
Ongoing:no
Type:legislative
Flag Year:1872
Party3:Farmers' Alliance
Map Size:300px

The 1890 Minnesota Senate election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 4, 1890, to elect members to the Senate of the 27th and 28th Minnesota Legislatures.

The Minnesota Republican Party won a plurality of seats, followed by the Minnesota Democratic Party and the Minnesota Farmers' Alliance. The new Legislature convened on January 6, 1891.

The election resulted in Republicans losing control of the Senate for the first time since 1858 when Minnesota was granted statehood.

Background

In the late 1800s, Minnesota was one of the nation's most consistently Republican states, and conservative dominance extended to the State Senate as well. Since 1860, Republicans were the preeminent caucus in the Senate, not once losing a majority in the chamber.[1]

That being said, in the years leading up to 1890, Minnesota had emerged as a center of the Farmers' Alliance, a progressive agrarian movement. At the 1886 election, two members of the Alliance had taken seats from the Republicans, foreshadowing the 1890 result.

It was not uncommon for local Alliance organizations to endorse members of the two major parties if their values were aligned, though it was more likely for Alliance groups to endorse known Democrats than Republicans. The same is true of the Prohibition Party and other groups.

In St. Paul, a group of 100 local power brokers, 50 from either major party, assembled in August 1890 with the intention of nominating a "Citizens' Ticket" for Ramsey County. The "committee of 100" hoped that local Democratic and Republican organizations would endorse their unity ticket, which they did in most cases.

In western Minnesota, two candidates were endorsed as the "Peoples'" candidates. It is unclear if these endorsements were related as part of a broader organization or if the "Peoples'" designation was only of local significance.

Three Republicans who lost their party's endorsement ran as Independent Republicans and won, then caucused as Republicans in the Senate. Two Democrats, one endorsed and one unendorsed, ran in the 36th District of Scott County. The endorsed candidate, James McHale, won.[2]

Prior to the 1890 election, the Minnesota Senate had 47 seats. A redistricting undertaken in 1889 added 7 seats, bringing the total to 54. In particular, Hennepin and Ramsey Counties as well as western and northern Minnesota gained new seats. Goodhue County lost a seat.[3]

Results

Summary

Republicans won 26 seats, two short of the 28 needed to control the chamber. The Democratic Party and Farmers' Alliance won a combined 28 seats.

Due to the fact that numerous candidates were endorsed by more than one party, it is impossible to calculate how many people voted for each party without counting votes multiple times. It can be said, however, that Republicans had certainly not won such a small percentage of the vote since Minnesota had been granted statehood.

District results

The parties are as follows: (All.), (Cit.), (Dem.), (Ind.), (Lab.), (Peo.), (Pro.), (Rep.)

Dis.IncumbentCandidates
NamePartyFirst electedNameEndorsementsVotes%WinnerParty
All.Dem.Rep.Other
1Tosten Johnson[4] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Kelly, James C." James C. Kelly[5] align="center" ✓1,26342.54Dem.
data-sort-value="Johnson, Tosten" Tosten Johnson[6] align="center" ✓1,23241.50
data-sort-value="Pendergast, John" John Pendergast[7] align="center" ✓47415.97
2Charles G. Edwards[8] ‡Rep.1876, 1886†data-sort-value="Hammer, Evin D." Evin D. Hammer[9] align="center" ✓2,35154.25Rep.
data-sort-value="Tousley, Theodore" Theodore Tousley[10] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,98345.75
3Otis W. Gibson[11] Dem.1886data-sort-value="Ayers, Oscar" Oscar Ayers[12] align="center" ✓1,72550.31Rep.
data-sort-value="Gibson, Otis W." Otis W. Gibson[13] [14] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,70449.69
4Marcellus Halvorson[15] [16] §Rep.1886data-sort-value="Nelson, H. C." H. C. Nelson[17] [18] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,63952.26All.
data-sort-value="Knatvold, Thorvald V." Thorvald V. Knatvold align="center" ✓1,49747.74
5VacantN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Kiester, Jacob Armel" Jacob Armel Kiester[19] align="center" ✓1,89367.83Rep.
data-sort-value="Dunbar, Charles S." Charles S. Dunbar align="center" ✓74426.66
data-sort-value="Francisco, George E." George E. Francisco align="center" Pro.1134.05
data-sort-value="Morse, David H." David H. Morse align="center" ✓411.47
6Frank Arah Day[20] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Day, Frank Arah" Frank Arah Day[21] align="center" ✓1,77658.44Rep.
data-sort-value="Grogan, James E." James E. Grogan align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,22440.28
data-sort-value="McBroom, James D." James D. McBroom align="center" Pro.391.28
7Warrington B. Brown[22]Rep.1886data-sort-value="LaDue, Jay" Jay LaDue[23] align="center" ✓2,34248.94All.
data-sort-value="Miller, Herbert J." Herbert J. Miller align="center" ✓1,87139.10
data-sort-value="Becker, A. M." A. M. Becker[24] align="center" ✓57211.95
8John Clark[25] ‡Rep.1886data-sort-value="Sevatson, Eric" Eric Sevatson✓ align="center" ✓1,66662.07All.
data-sort-value="Knox, T. J." T. J. Knox align="center" ✓71526.64
data-sort-value="Portman, W. F." W. F. Portman[26] align="center" ✓27810.36
data-sort-value="Wallace, John I." John I. Wallace[27] align="center" Pro.250.09
9Thomas Evans Bowen[28] ‡Dem.1886data-sort-value="Peterson, Samuel D." Samuel D. Peterson[29] align="center" ✓2,19845.35Rep.
data-sort-value="Stewart, Andrew D." Andrew D. Stewart[30] align="center" ✓1,37828.43
data-sort-value="Baker, W. E." W. E. Baker[31] align="center" ✓1,27126.22
10Edmund Mann Pope[32] [33] §Dem.1886data-sort-value="Barr, George T." George T. Barr[34] align="center" ✓2,83251.21Rep.
data-sort-value="Pfau, Albert R." Albert R. Pfau[35] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓2,69848.79
11William G. Ward[36]Rep.1872, 1886†data-sort-value="Craig, Robert O." Robert O. Craig[37] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,29251.56Dem.
data-sort-value="Wagner, Cristoph" Cristoph Wagner align="center" ✓1,21448.44
12Charles Schretz Crandall[38] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Crandall, Charles Schretz" Charles Schretz Crandall[39] align="center" ✓1,28549.31Rep.
data-sort-value="Morehouse, E. M." E. M. Morehouse[40] align="center" ✓1,25348.08
data-sort-value="Ames, D. J." D. J. Ames[41] align="center" Pro.682.61
13E. N. Dodge[42] ‡Rep.1886data-sort-value="Grinnell, Jeremiah" Jeremiah Grinnell[43] align="center" ✓1,09150.18Rep.
data-sort-value="Edison, William H." William H. Edison[44] align="center" ✓96944.57
data-sort-value="Cohoon, A. R." A. R. Cohoon[45] align="center" Pro.1145.24
14Milton J. Daniels[46] ‡Rep.1886data-sort-value="Mayo, William Worrall" William Worrall Mayo[47] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓2,13151.46Dem.
data-sort-value="Stebbins, Alonzo Thomas" Alonzo Thomas Stebbins[48] align="center" ✓1,95647.24
data-sort-value="Kimball, D. D." D. D. Kimball[49] align="center" Pro.521.26
data-sort-value="Marsh, P. H." P. H. Marsh20.05
15Thomas Taylor Hayden[50]Dem.1886data-sort-value="Tawney, James Albertus" James Albertus Tawney[51] align="center" ✓3,15653.30Rep.
data-sort-value="Ludwig, John" John Ludwig[52] align="center" ✓2,76546.70
16Ole Olson Lende[53]Rep.1886data-sort-value="Mott, Orrin" Orrin Mott[54] align="center" ✓1,55635.49All.
data-sort-value="Lavesson, Hans" Hans Lavesson[55] align="center" ✓1,33830.52
data-sort-value="Burchard, Henry M." Henry M. Burchard[56] 1,30129.68
data-sort-value="Larson, G. I." G. I. Larson[57] align="center" Pro.1894.31
17Gideon Sprague Ives[58] ‡Rep.1886data-sort-value="Davis, Charles Russell" Charles Russell Davis[59] align="center" ✓1,40755.72Rep.
data-sort-value="Randall, H. C." H. C. Randall[60] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,11844.28
18Thomas Welch[61]Dem.1882data-sort-value="Streissguth, Theodore G." Theodore G. Streissguth align="center" ✓1,25142.81Rep.
data-sort-value="Bray, Patrick" Patrick Bray[62] align="center" ✓1,09137.34
data-sort-value="Solomonson, J. A." J. A. Solomonson align="center" ✓58019.85
19C. U. Chapman[63]Rep.1886data-sort-value="Smith, Edson R." Edson R. Smith align="center" ✓1,81444.56Rep.
data-sort-value="Doyle, Dennis" Dennis Doyle align="center" ✓1,67541.15
data-sort-value="Byrnes, John" John Byrnes align="center" ✓50012.28
data-sort-value="Kenrick, Alex" Alex Kenrick align="center" Pro.822.01
20George Weston Wood[64]Rep.1886data-sort-value="Stockton, Albert William" Albert William Stockton[65] align="center" ✓2,01144.66Rep.
data-sort-value="Crocker, S. L." S. L. Crocker[66] align="center" ✓1,76139.11
data-sort-value="O'Grady, Timothy" Timothy O'Grady align="center" ✓57612.79
data-sort-value="Plummer, Royal" Royal Plummer align="center" Pro.1553.44
21Anders K. Finseth[67] §Rep.1874, 1886†data-sort-value="Peterson, John W." John W. Peterson[68] align="center" ✓2,07841.27Rep.
data-sort-value="Nelson, Peter" Peter Nelson align="center" ✓2,04340.58
data-sort-value="Conley, A. T." A. T. Conley[69] [70] align="center" ✓ align="center" Pro.91218.11
data-sort-value="Wilson, T." T. Wilson20.04
22Henry Burkhardt[71] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Burkhardt, Henry" Henry Burkhardt[72] align="center" ✓1,77650.40Rep.
data-sort-value="Southard, E. D." E. D. Southard align="center" ✓1,67447.50
data-sort-value="Albertson, George B." George B. Albertson align="center" Pro.742.10
23Edward White Durant[73] §Dem.1886data-sort-value="Searles, Jasper N." Jasper N. Searles[74] align="center" ✓2,11546.25Rep.
data-sort-value="O'Brien, James S." James S. O'Brien[75] align="center" ✓2,01143.98
data-sort-value="Richmond, Andrew" Andrew Richmond[76] align="center" ✓4479.78
24Albert H. Truax[77] Rep.1882data-sort-value="Donnelly, Ignatius L." Ignatius L. Donnelly align="center" ✓1,64741.37All.
data-sort-value="Libbey, R. C." R. C. Libbey align="center" ✓1,30532.78
data-sort-value="Hodgson, William" William Hodgson align="center" ✓95123.89
data-sort-value="Nichols, C. M." C. M. Nichols align="center" Pro.781.96
25New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Sanborn, John B." John Benjamin Sanborn[78] [79] [80] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓ align="center" Cit.5,10390.51Rep.
data-sort-value="Lindstrom, John" John Lindstrom align="center" Pro.5359.49
26New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Lienau, Charles H." Charles H. Lienau[81] align="center" ✓ align="center" Cit.4,471100.00Dem.
27New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Dean, William Blake" William Blake Dean align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓ align="center" Cit.4,283100.00Rep.
28New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Stevens, Hiram Fairchild" Hiram Fairchild Stevens align="center" ✓2,32749.31Rep.
data-sort-value="Benedict, Charles H." Charles H. Benedict align="center" ✓ align="center" Cit.2,24347.53
data-sort-value="Rhines, John W." John W. Rhines align="center" Pro.1493.16
29New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="March, Samuel A." Samuel A. March[82] align="center" ✓4,06283.94Dem.
data-sort-value="Lucas, Thomas H." Thomas H. Lucas align="center" ✓51210.58
data-sort-value="Cilley, Washington S." Washington S. Cilley[83] align="center" Pro.2655.48
30New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="McMillan, Frank G." Frank G. McMillan align="center" ✓1,78452.59Dem.
data-sort-value="Johnson, Edward M." Edward M. Johnson[84] align="center" ✓1,22336.06
data-sort-value="Hammond, William B." William B. Hammond align="center" ✓2447.19
data-sort-value="Way, Charles M." Charles M. Way align="center" Pro.1414.16
31New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Morse, Frank L." Frank L. Morse align="center" ✓2,83550.02Dem.
data-sort-value="Boardman, Albert J." Albert J. Boardman align="center" ✓2,57345.40
data-sort-value="Whitcomb, George R." George R. Whitcomb align="center" Pro.2604.59
32New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Phillips, Alonzo" Alonzo Phillips align="center" ✓3,72255.46Dem.
data-sort-value="Wolverton, J. A." J. A. Wolverton align="center" ✓2,39935.75
data-sort-value="Morgan, Michael W." Michael W. Morgan align="center" ✓3184.74
data-sort-value="Lawrence, W. M." W. M. Lawrence align="center" Pro.2724.05
33New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Bell, John W." John W. Bell align="center" ✓2,99256.81Dem.
data-sort-value="Ellingson, Sever" Sever Ellingson align="center" ✓1,80634.29
data-sort-value="Miler, Edwin B." Edwin B. Miller align="center" ✓4698.90
34New constituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Smith, John Day" John Day Smith align="center" ✓2,06249.18Rep.
data-sort-value="Barnes, Elbridge S." Elbridge S. Barnes align="center" ✓1,93346.10
data-sort-value="Knapp, Herman W." Herman W. Knapp align="center" Pro.1984.72
35David Marston Clough‡[85] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Guderian, Christopher S." Christopher S. Guderian[86] align="center" ✓1,69353.95Rep.
data-sort-value="Reed, E. L." E. L. Reed[87] align="center" ✓ align="center" Pro.1,41645.12
data-sort-value="Curial, Edward L." Edward L. Curial150.48
data-sort-value="Steed, J. W." J. W. Steed140.45
36Mathias Nachbar[88] §Dem.1886data-sort-value="McHale, James H." James H. McHale[89] align="center" ✓1,79763.39Dem.
data-sort-value="Nachbar, Mathias" Mathias Nachbar1,03836.61
37Andrew G. Anderson‡[90] Dem.1886data-sort-value="Craven, Joseph W." Joseph W. Craven align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,95561.83Dem.
data-sort-value="Halgren, Charles G." Charles G. Halgren align="center" ✓1,20738.17
38Alcinus Young Eaton§[91] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Eaton, Alcinus Young" Alcinus Young Eaton[92] align="center" ✓ align="center" Peo.3,04451.95Rep.
data-sort-value="Houlton, William H." William H. Houlton align="center" ✓2,48242.36
data-sort-value="Murdock, D." D. Murdock align="center" Pro.3335.68
39John S. Shields¶[93] [94] All.1886data-sort-value="Leavitt, Silas W." Silas W. Leavitt[95] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,56652.45Dem.
data-sort-value="Hanson, Peter E." Peter E. Hanson align="center" ✓1,33444.68
data-sort-value="Squire, S. S." S. S. Squire align="center" Pro.862.88
40Elisha Adrian Child¶[96] Dem.1886data-sort-value="Brown, Samuel P." Samuel P. Brown align="center" ✓1,63654.52Dem.
data-sort-value="Reed, Axel Hayford" Axel Hayford Reed align="center" ✓93030.99
data-sort-value="Perkins, C. N." C. N. Perkins align="center" ✓37012.33
data-sort-value="Record, B. M." B. M. Record align="center" Pro.652.17
41Marcus Johnson¶[97] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Glader, Gustavus A." Gustavus A. Glader[98] align="center" ✓ align="center" Peo.1,22846.46Rep.
data-sort-value="Quam, Nels" Nels Quam[99] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,20445.55
data-sort-value="Johnson, Charles E." Charles E. Johnson align="center" Pro.2117.98
42Darwin Scott Hall[100] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Borchert, Ferdinand" Ferdinand Borchert[101] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,42345.07All.
data-sort-value="Brooks, J. T." J. T. Brooks[102] align="center" ✓1,28940.83
data-sort-value="Walstrom, Peter F." Peter F. Walstrom37611.91
data-sort-value="Foster, Morris Bishop" Morris Bishop Foster692.19
43Hiram Eugene Hoard¶[103] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Erickson, Erick O." Erick O. Erickson align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓3,47964.59All.
data-sort-value="Barber, Myron F." Myron F. Barber align="center" ✓1,90735.41
44Otto Alexander Bernhard Wallmark¶[104] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Dedon, William S." William S. Dedon[105] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,63651.79All.
data-sort-value="McKusick, Levi H." Levi H. McKusick[106] align="center" ✓1,52348.21
45Henry Keller[107] Dem.1886data-sort-value="Keller, Henry" Henry Keller[108] align="center" ✓4,21357.09Dem.
data-sort-value="Gilman, Charles A." Charles A. Gilman[109] 2,17329.45
data-sort-value="Robbins, J. L." J. L. Robbins[110] align="center" ✓99313.46
46Clarence Bennett Buckman[111] Rep.1882data-sort-value="Geissel, George" George Geissel[112] align="center" ✓5,16772.25Dem.
data-sort-value="Flynn, James C." James C. Flynn align="center" ✓1,98527.75
47George W. Thacker¶[113] All.1886data-sort-value="Grafe, Herman A." Herman A. Grafe[114] align="center" ✓2,60680.71All.
data-sort-value="Wilson, Hill H." Hill H. Wilson align="center" ✓62319.29
data-sort-value="Kortsch, G. A." G. A. Kortsch align="center" ✓N/AN/A
48James Compton¶[115] Rep.1882data-sort-value="Hompe, John B." John B. Hompe[116] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓ align="center" Pro.3,86566.76All.
data-sort-value="Mosher, F. M." F. M. Mosher[117] align="center" ✓1,92433.24
49Daniel W. Hixon[118] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Canestorp, Ole O." Ole O. Canestorp2,29843.80Rep.
data-sort-value="Hixon, Daniel W." Daniel W. Hixon align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓1,76433.62
data-sort-value="Peterson, Louis" Louis Peterson align="center" ✓1,09520.87
data-sort-value="Stone, Archibald A." Archibald A. Stone align="center" Pro.901.72
50Elon G. Holmes[119] Rep.1888*data-sort-value="Probstfield, Randolph Michael" Randolph Michael Probstfield[120] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓2,81254.92All.
data-sort-value="Holmes, Elon G." Elon G. Holmes align="center" ✓2,30845.08
51Bernard Sampson¶[121] Rep.1886data-sort-value="Lommen, Edwin E." Edwin E. Lommen align="center" ✓4,79062.79All.
data-sort-value="Cromb, John" John Cromb[122] align="center" ✓1,44318.91
data-sort-value="McKinnon, Alexander" Alexander McKinnon align="center" ✓1,39618.30
52New ConstituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Wood, Lorenzo G." Lorenzo G. Wood align="center" ✓1,98464.10All.
data-sort-value="Hanson, Hans O." Hans O. Hanson align="center" ✓1,11135.90
53New ConstituencyN/AN/Adata-sort-value="Allen, William Prescott" William Prescott Allen[123] align="center" ✓2,22652.02Rep.
data-sort-value="Hawkins, H. H." H. H. Hawkins[124] align="center" ✓ align="center" ✓2,05347.98
54Alonzo Jay Whiteman‡[125] Dem.1886data-sort-value="Daugherty, Frank B." Frank B. Daugherty[126] align="center" ✓3,57244.72Rep.
data-sort-value="Maginnis, Charles P." Charles P. Maginnis[127] [128] align="center" ✓ align="center" Lab.2,90336.35
data-sort-value="Mannheim, Joseph A." Joseph A. Mannheim align="center" ✓1,51218.93

Aftermath

When the new legislature met in January 1891, a flurry of activity and political dealmaking led to a strange arrangement of power in St. Paul. The 1891 session opened by Republican Lieutenant Governor Gideon Ives, and was swiftly moved to recess for three hours. In this time, Ignatius Donnelly organized the Democratic and Alliance members into a caucus (known as the "Combine") with him as its leader.[129] To the great surprise of Republicans, the caucus was able to topple all their nominations for officers of the Senate.

By custom, Lieutenant Governor Ives would each day pass the president's gavel to Republican Senator John B. Sanborn to serve as president pro tempore (i.e., temporary) of the Senate.[130] The Combine never elected a president of their own, making Sanborn the de facto president of the Senate until the start of the 1895 session.

The result in the 23rd District of Washington County was contested in late January 1891. The originally certified results counted Republican Jasper N. Searles as the winner by 4 votes, but after a tabulation discrepancy was discovered in Marine Township, Democrat James S. O'Brien was awarded the seat by the Senate's vote of 32 to 21 on January 29, 1891.[131] This expanded the Combine's majority to 29 over the Republicans' 25 seats.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Minnesota Senate President and President Pro Tempore, 1849-present - Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. 2021-05-02. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  2. Book: 1891 Minnesota Legislative Manual. Minnesota Secretary of State. 1891. 560–571.
  3. Act. 22 April 1889. Minnesota Legislature. An Act to Prescribe the Bounds of Senatorial and Representative Districts, and to Apportion Anew the Senators and Representatives among the Several Districts. English.
  4. Web site: Johnson, Tosten "T., Tostin" - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-02. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  5. News: 30 October 1890. County Tickets. Houston Valley Signal. 2 April 2021.
  6. News: Hohl. H. L.. 23 October 1890. Republican Ticket. Hokah Chief. 2 April 2021.
  7. News: 27 September 1890. Prepare Your Ballots. Caledonia Argus. 2 April 2021.
  8. Web site: Edwards, Charles G. "C.G., G.C." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-03. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  9. News: 24 July 1890. Republican County Convention. Preston Times. 2 April 2021.
  10. News: 30 October 1890. The Alliance Ticket. The Rushford Star. 2 April 2021.
  11. Web site: Gibson, Otis W. "O.W." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-03. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  12. News: 8 October 1890. The First Gun of the Campaign. Mower County Transcript. 3 April 2021.
  13. News: 8 October 1890. The Alliance Convention. Mower County Transcript. 3 April 2021.
  14. News: 27 October 1890. Legislative Nominations for 1890. St. Paul Daily Globe. 3 April 2021.
  15. Web site: Halvorson, Marcellus "M." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-03. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  16. News: 1 October 1890. Wisely and Well Done. Freeborn County Standard. 3 April 2021.
  17. News: 17 September 1890. This Means Business. 3 April 2021.
  18. News: 8 October 1890. United They Stand. Freeborn County Standard. 3 April 2021.
  19. News: 5 October 1890. Specials. The Minneapolis Tribune. 3 April 2021.
  20. Web site: Day, Frank Arah "F.A." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-03. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  21. News: 16 Oct 1890. Local. The Worthington Advance. 3 April 2021.
  22. Web site: Brown, Warrington B. "W.B." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-03. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  23. News: 9 Oct 1890. Ticket. The Worthington Advance. 3 April 2021.
  24. News: 30 Oct 1890. A Word to Voters. The Worthington Advance. 3 April 2021.
  25. Web site: Clark, John - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-04. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  26. News: 23 Oct 1890. Democratic Legislative Convention. The Windom Reporter. 3 April 2021.
  27. Book: Rose, Arthur. An Illustrated History of Jackson County. Northern History. 1910. 202.
  28. Web site: Bowen, Thomas Evans "T.E." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-04. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  29. News: 23 Oct 1890. Republican Ticket. The Sleepy Eye Dispatch. 4 April 2021.
  30. News: 9 Oct 1890. Alliance Senatorial Convention. The Redwood Gazette. 4 April 2021.
  31. News: 1 Oct 1890. Local News. New Ulm Weekly Review. 4 April 2021.
  32. Web site: Pope, Edmund Mann "E.M." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-04. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  33. News: 3 Oct 1890. The News. 4 April 2021.
  34. News: 4 September 1890. Blue Earth and Traverse Republicans Hold Conventions. St. Paul Daily Globe. 4 April 2021.
  35. News: 10 Sep 1890. The Farmers' Alliance of Blue Earth County. New Ulm Weekly Review. 4 April 2021.
  36. Web site: Ward, William G. "W.G." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-05. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  37. News: 21 November 1890. The Legislature Elect. Chatfield Democrat. 6 April 2021.
  38. Web site: Crandall, Charles Schretz "C.S., C.A." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-05. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  39. News: 10 Oct 1890. Republican County Convention. The People's Press. 5 April 2021.
  40. News: 17 Oct 1890. Democratic Convention. The People's Press. 5 April 2021.
  41. News: 24 Oct 1890. Temperance Items. The People's Press. 5 April 2021.
  42. Web site: Dodge, E. N. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-05. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  43. News: 16 Oct 1890. Our Candidates. Dodge County Republican. 5 April 2021.
  44. News: 3 July 2021. County Alliance Convention. Dodge County Republican. 5 April 2021.
  45. News: 31 Oct 1890. The Tickets. The Mantorville Express. 5 April 2021.
  46. Web site: Daniels, Milton J. "M.J." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-05. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  47. News: 17 Oct 1890. Democratic Convention. The Record and Union. 5 April 2021.
  48. News: 24 Oct 1890. Our Legislative Ticket. The Rochester Post. 5 April 2021.
  49. News: 20 June 1890. Locals. The Record and Union. 5 April 2021.
  50. Web site: Hayden, Thomas Taylor "T.T." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-05. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  51. News: 10 Oct 1890. Republican County Convention. St. Charles Union. 5 April 2021.
  52. News: 3 October 1890. Democratic County Convention. St. Charles Union. 5 April 2021.
  53. Web site: Lende, Ole Olson "Ola" - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-06. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  54. News: 11 July 1890. Would-Be Senator Mott. The News Messenger of Lyon County. 6 April 2021.
  55. News: 3 Oct 1890. Legislative District. The News Messenger of Lyon County. 6 April 2021.
  56. News: 10 Oct 1890. Candidate for Senator. The News Messenger of Lyon County. 6 April 2021.
  57. News: 31 Oct 1890. Home Gossip. The News Messenger of Lyon County. 6 April 2021.
  58. Web site: Ives, Gideon Sprague "Gid S., G.S." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-06. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  59. News: 17 Sep 1890. Nicollet Republican Convention. New Ulm Weekly Review. 6 April 2021.
  60. News: 1 Oct 1890. Local News. New Ulm Weekly Review. 6 April 2021.
  61. Web site: Welch, Thomas "Thos." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-06. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  62. News: 7 Sep 1890. To Name a Winning Ticket. St. Paul Daily Globe. 6 April 2021.
  63. Web site: Chapman, J. U.C. or C.U. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-06. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  64. Web site: Wood, George Weston "G.W." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-06. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  65. News: 27 Sep 1890. Republican Ticket. The Northfield News. 6 April 2021.
  66. News: 4 Oct 1890. Rice County Politics. The Northfield News. 6 April 2021.
  67. Web site: Finseth, Anders K. "A.K." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-07. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  68. News: 27 June 1890. First in the Field. The News. 6 April 2021.
  69. News: 5 Sep 1890. Prohibitionists Nominate. The News. 6 April 2021.
  70. News: 10 Oct 1890. Farmers' Alliance Convention. Pine Island Journal. 6 April 2021.
  71. Web site: Burkhardt, Henry - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-07. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  72. News: 20 Sep 1890. Republican Convention. The Plainview News. 6 April 2021.
  73. Web site: Durant, Edward White "E.W." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-07. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  74. News: 6 Sep 1890. Republican County Convention. Stillwater Messenger. 6 April 2021.
  75. News: 30 Aug 1890. Democratic Co. Convention. Stillwater Messenger. 6 April 2021.
  76. News: 20 Sep 1890. The Alliance County Convention. Stillwater Messenger. 6 April 2021.
  77. Web site: Truax, Albert H. "A.H." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-07. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  78. News: 30 Aug 1890. Republican Harmony. The Appeal. 7 April 2021.
  79. News: 23 Aug 1890. St. Paul. The Irish Standard. 7 April 2021.
  80. News: 14 Aug 1890. Sprung its Report. St. Paul Daily Globe. 7 April 2021.
  81. News: 17 Aug 1890. Did Its Work Well. St. Paul Daily Globe. 7 April 2021.
  82. News: 3 Sep 1890. County and City Conventions. The North. 7 April 2021.
  83. News: 7 Sep 1890. Cold Water for All. St. Paul Daily Globe. 8 April 2021.
  84. News: 2 Sep 1890. Legislative Nominations. The Minneapolis Tribune. 8 April 2021.
  85. News: 31 July 1890. Merriam the Man. The Princeton Union. 16 April 2021.
  86. News: 1 Oct 1890. Anoka, Minn.. St. Paul Daily Globe. 16 April 2021.
  87. News: 23 Oct 1890. In the 35th District. The Princeton Union. 16 April 2021.
  88. Web site: Nachbar, Mathias "M." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-17. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  89. News: 18 Oct 1890. McHale for Senator. St. Paul Daily Globe. 17 April 2021.
  90. News: 10 Sep 1890. Completing the Ticket. St. Paul Daily Globe. 17 April 2021.
  91. Web site: Eaton, Alcinus Young "A.Y." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-17. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  92. News: 18 Sep 1890. Hurrah for Wright. St. Paul Daily Globe. 17 April 2021.
  93. Web site: Shields, John S. "J.S." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-18. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  94. News: 25 Oct 1886. Want to Make Laws. St. Paul Daily Globe. 2 May 2021.
  95. News: 10 Oct 1890. Litchfield, Minn.. The Minneapolis Tribune. 17 April 2021.
  96. Web site: Child, Elisha Adrian "E.A." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-18. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  97. Web site: Johnson, Marcus "M." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-18. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  98. News: 17 Oct 1890. Saturday Oct. 11th. The Atwater Press. 17 April 2021.
  99. News: 30 Oct 1890. The Tickets. Willmar Republican-Gazette. 17 April 2021.
  100. Web site: Hall, Darwin Scott "D.S." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-18. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  101. News: 17 Oct 1890. Mr. Borchert. The Great West. 25 April 2021.
  102. News: 6 Oct 1890. A Republican Ticket. The Minneapolis Tribune. 25 April 2021.
  103. Web site: Hoard, Hiram Eugene "H.E." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-27. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  104. Web site: Wallmark, Otto Alexander Bernhard - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-26. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  105. News: 1 Oct 1890. Rush City, Minn.. St. Paul Daily Globe. 27 April 2021.
  106. News: 24 Sep 1890. M'Kusick and Gag Law. St. Paul Daily Globe. 27 April 2021.
  107. Web site: Keller, Henry - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-27. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  108. News: 1 Oct 1890. Keller has a Walk-Over. St. Paul Daily Globe. 27 April 2021.
  109. News: 23 Oct 1890. St. Cloud, Minn.. The Minneapolis Tribune. 27 April 2021.
  110. News: 22 Oct 1890. Five Hours in Session. St. Paul Daily Globe. 27 April 2021.
  111. Web site: Buckman, Clarence Bennett "C.B." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-27. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  112. News: 2 Oct 1890. The Legislative Tickets. The Princeton Union. 27 April 2021.
  113. Web site: Thacker, George W. "G.W." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-27. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  114. News: 2 Nov 1890. Kortsch May Win It. St. Paul Daily Globe. 27 April 2021.
  115. Web site: Compton, James - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-27. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  116. News: 3 Sep 1890. Lidt mere om vore Kandidater. Fergus Falls Ugeblad. 27 April 2021.
  117. News: 25 Oct 1890. J. M. Burlingame. The Park Region Pioneer. 28 April 2021.
  118. Web site: Hixon, Daniel W. "D.W." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-28. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  119. Web site: Holmes, Elon G. - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-28. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  120. News: 23 July 1890. Choice of the Grangers. St. Paul Daily Globe. 28 April 2021.
  121. Web site: Sampson, Bernard "B." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-28. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  122. News: 18 Sep 1890. John Cromb. Warren Sheaf. 28 April 2021.
  123. News: 27 Sep 1890. Marked for Defeat. The Aitkin Age. 28 April 2021.
  124. News: 4 Oct 1890. Winners Named. The Aitkin Age. 28 April 2021.
  125. Web site: Whiteman, Alonzo Jay "A.J." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-04-28. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  126. News: 7 Oct 1890. The Legislative Fight. Duluth Evening Herald. 28 April 2021.
  127. News: 9 Oct 1890. Dems Convene. Duluth Evening Herald. 28 April 2021.
  128. News: 8 Sep 1890. Named Their Leaders. Duluth Evening Herald. 28 April 2021.
  129. News: 7 Jan 1891. Tied in a Bow Knot. St. Paul Daily Globe. 2 May 2021.
  130. Web site: Sanborn, John Benjamin "Jno., J.B." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2021-05-02. www.lrl.mn.gov.
  131. Web site: O'Brien, James S. "J.S." - Legislator Record - Minnesota Legislators Past & Present. 2020-01-07. www.leg.state.mn.us.

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