1881 in animation explained

Events in 1881 in animation.

Events

• Specific date unknown:
  • In 1881, Eadweard Muybridge first visited Étienne-Jules Marey's studio in France and viewed stop-motion studies before returning to the United States to further his own work in the same area.^[1] The Chronophotography of Muybridge and Marey was a predecessor to cinematography and the moving film. It also had a profound influence on the beginnings of Cubism and Futurism. Chronophotography involved a series or succession of different images, originally created and used for the scientific study of movement.^{[2] [3]}
  • In 1881, Ottomar Anschütz created his first instantaneous photographs. By 1882, he had developed a portable camera that allowed shutter speeds as short as 1/1000 of a second. The quality of his pictures was generally regarded to be much higher than that of the chronophotography works of Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey.^[4] By 1886, Anschütz had developed the Electrotachyscope, an early device that displayed short motion picture loops with 24 glass plate photographs on a 1.5 meter wide rotating wheel that was hand-cranked to the speed of circa 30 frames per second. Different versions were shown at many international exhibitions, fairs, conventions and arcades from 1887 until at least 1894. ^{[5] [4]}
  • In 1881, Eadweard Muybridge collected his chronophotographic pictures in the portfolio The Attitudes of Animals in Motion, showcasing a technique that resembles stop motion. Muybridge kept the edition very limited because of his plans for related book projects with Leland Stanford and Étienne-Jules Marey.^[6]

Births

August

• August 28: Joseph Rosenberg, Hungarian-American bank executive (approved loans to the Walt Disney Animation Studios and influenced the animation studio's decision making, approved loans for the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, issued a 1941 ultimatum which restricted the Disney studio to only produce new animation shorts and to finish the animated features which were already in production, with no other new productions allowed), (d. 1971).^{[7] [8]}

October

• October 20: Norman Whitten, English silent film producer, director, and actor (founder of the General Film Supply company (GFS), credited for creating Ireland's first animated film), (d. 1969).^{[9] [10] [11]}

December

• December 8: Padraic Colum, Irish poet, novelist, dramatist, biographer, playwright, children's author and collector of folklore (screenwriter for the stop-motion animated film ), (d. 1972).^{[12] [13] [14]}

Sources

• Book: Barrier, Michael. Michael Barrier. Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. registration. 1999. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-802079-0.
• Book: Gabler, Neal. Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. registration. 2006. Vintage Books. 978-0-679-75747-4.

Notes and References

1. Book: Brookman, Philip. Helios : Eadweard Muybridge in a time of change. 2010. Steidl. [Göttingen, Germany]. 9783865219268. 91. Marta Braun . Andy Grundberg . Corey Keller . Rebecca Solnit .
2. Tomkins, Calvin (1996). Duchamp: A Biography. U.S.: Henry Holt and Company, Inc.
3. http://www2.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/marey/?do=fic&idn=P345 Étienne-Jules Marey, La Science du mouvement et l'image du temps
4. Web site: Rossell. Deac. The Exhibition of Moving Pictures before 1896. en.
5. Web site: Rossell. Deac. The Anschuetz Zoetropes. en.
6. Book: Braun, Marta . Eadweard Muybridge . 2012-01-01 . Reaktion Books . 978-1-78023-000-9 . en.
7. Bob Thomas. Walt Disney: An American Original. Simon & Schuster, 1976
8. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/01/archives/j-h-rosenberg-banker-89-dies-lehman-brothers-director-aided-coast.html JH Rosenberg, Banker, 89, dies. NY Times. July 1, 1971
9. Roddy Flynn and Tony Tracy, Historical Dictionary of Irish Cinema, Rowman & Littlefield (2019) – Google Books p. xxii
10. Ruth Barton, Irish National Cinema, Routledge (2004) – Google Books p. 15
11. https://www.ancestry.co.uk/interactive/1904/48589_83024005506_3487-00305?pid=74413004&backurl=https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D1904%26h%3D74413004%26tid%3D%26pid%3D%26usePUB%3Dtrue%26_phsrc%3Ddjv3684%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=djv3684&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.197343211.597747525.1592506576-1197399642.1515349816 England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995 for Norman Hughes Chapler Whitten: 1969 – Ancestry.com
12. Web site: Biodata . Poemhunter.com . 30 April 2012 . 1 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120701192233/http://www.poemhunter.com/padraic-colum. live .
13. Web site: The Padraic and Mary Colum Collection, 1890-1997 | Binghamton University Libraries . September 20, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170309064221/http://slipknot.binghamton.edu/?p=collections%2Ffindingaid&id=5746&q=&rootcontentid=38960 . March 9, 2017 . dead. mdy-all .
14. http://slipknot.binghamton.edu/index.php?p=collections/findingaid&id=5746&rootcontentid=38727#id38737