1879 in animation explained

Events in 1879 in animation.

Events

• Specific date unknown:
  • In 1879, Charles-Émile Reynaud registered a modification to the praxinoscope patent to include the Praxinoscope Théâtre, which utilized the Pepper's ghost effect to present the animated figures in an exchangeable background. Later improvements included the "Praxinoscope à projection" (marketed since 1882) which used a double magic lantern to project the animated figures over a still projection of a background.^[1]
  • In 1879, Eadweard Muybridge created the zoöpraxiscope (animal action viewer), a projection device that created cyclical animations of animal movement, incorporating technologies from photography, the magic lantern and the zoetrope. The photographer created painted sequences on the glass zoöpraxiscope discs that were based on his motion-study photographs to produce an early form of animation. Muybridge used these to illustrate his lectures that were presented to audiences in the United States and Europe, marking his contribution to photography and film in relation to the "experience of time within modernity."^{[2] [3]}
  • An 1879 edition of the Sallie Gardner cabinet card has the images altered to create more distinct outlines (with straight lines and clear numbers replacing the original photographic background) "with care to preserve their original positions". The verso has a diagram of the mare's foot movements in a complete stride, executed per Leland Stanford's instructions.^[4]
  • Eadweard Muybridge continued the studies at Palo Alto, California with 24 cameras in 1879, producing further chronophotographic pictures of more horses, some other animals, male athletes, and a sequence depicting a horse skeleton jumping a hurdle (utilizing a technique that resembles stop motion).^[5]

Births

June

• June 22: Guido Seeber, German film director, cinematographer and animator (Prosit Neujahr 1910!), (d. 1940).^{[6] [7] [8]}

July

• July 10: Amedee J. Van Beuren, American film producer, (eponymous owner and studio head of the animation studio the Van Beuren Corporation, producer of the early sound cartoon Dinner Time.) (d. 1938)^{[9] [10] [11]}
• July 31: Léopold Survage, Russian-French avant-garde painter, pioneer of abstract animation (Rythmes colorés), (d. 1968).^{[12] [13]}

August

• August 25: J. R. Bray, American animator, cartoonist, and film producer (Colonel Heeza Liar), (d. 1978).^{[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]}

October

• October 2: Angel Espoy, Spanish-American painter (worked in the animation industry of San Francisco, staff member of the Animated Film Corporation), (d. 1963).^{[24] [25] [26]}

Notes and References

1. Web site: Le Praxinoscope à projection. emilereynaud.fr. fr. 2019-07-25.
2. Web site: Eadweard Muybridge: Defining Modernities . Arts and Humanities Research Council, Kingston University, London . 26 February 2022.
3. Web site: Motion Pictures: The Zoopraxiscope . Tate Museum . 26 February 2022.
4. Web site: The horse in motion, illus. by Muybridge. "Sallie Gardner", owned by Leland Stanford, running at a 1:40 gait over the Palo Alto track, 19 June 1878: 2 frames showing diagram of foot movements. Library of Congress. 2020-03-30.
5. Book: Braun, Marta . Eadweard Muybridge . 2012-01-01 . Reaktion Books . 978-1-78023-000-9 . en.
6. Book: Bendazzi, Giannalberto . Cartoons: One hundred years of cinema animation . registration . . 1994 . 0-253-20937-4 . Anna Taraboletti-Segre . 26 .
7. Herbst, Helmut. Drei Bildbeschreibungen und eine Liste. Der Filmpionier Guido Seeber. pp. 15–41 in C. Müller und H. Segeberg (ed.) Die Modellierung des Kinofilms. Munich, 1998.
8. Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek (publ.) Das wandernde Bild. Der Filmpionier Guido Seeber. Berlin, 1979.
9. Web site: Animation from Van Beuren Studios . . August 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180826080728/http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/1035104%7C0/Animation-from-Van-Beuren-Studios.html. August 26, 2018.
10. A. J. VAN BEUREN, 58, FILM OFFICIAL, DIES. New York Times. November 13, 1938, Sunday p 45
11. THEATER GOSSIP. Evening Independent - Google News Archive - Feb 20, 1938
12. http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=5735 Daniel Robbins, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, MoMA, 2009
13. https://books.google.com/books?id=9pCzyQ9yOrkC&dq=survage%2C+%22symphonies+en+couleur%22+%22Rythmes+color%C3%A9s%22&pg=PA204 Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe, European Culture in a Changing World: Between Nationalism and Globalism, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2004
14. Web site: J.R. Bray . lambiek.net . May 20, 2020.
15. Book: Grant, John . Masters of Animation . . 9780713486285 . 48 . 2001 . 2022-05-16 . Google Books.
16. Web site: Innovative Animators . Karen . Lund . Information Bulletin . . June 1999 . 2022-05-16.
17. Book: Clarke, James. Animated Films. Virgin Books. 2007. 978-0753512586. 13.
18. Book: Barrier . Michael . Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age . 1999 . Oxford University Press . 9780198020790 . 11.
19. Book: Kanfer . Stefan . Serious Business: The Art and Commerce of Animation in America from Betty Boop to Toy Story . 2000 . Da Capo Press . 978-0306809187 . 48 . 25 January 2020.
20. Book: Kroon, Richard W. . A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment, and Other Audiovisual Terms . . 2010 . 9780786444052 . 46.
21. Book: Robertson, Patrick . Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time . . 326 . November 11, 2011 . 9781608197385 . May 29, 2015.
22. Book: Crafton, Donald. Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898-1928. University of Chicago Press. 1993. 9780226116679. 376.
23. News: John R. Bray, 99, film pioneer . . Bridgeport, Connecticut . Associated Press . 42 . 1978-10-12 . 2022-05-16 . Newspapers.com.
24. News: Angel Espoy. Broadmoor Galleries . September 4, 2021.
25. Web site: The fabulous career Byington Ford . Eisner . Judith A. . September 24, 1970 . archive.org . Carmel Pine Cone . April 11, 2020 .
26. News: Espoy (Seal Beach). Press-Telegram. Long Beach, California. January 13, 1963. 18 . newspapers.com.