1877 in animation explained

Events in 1877 in animation.

Events

• August 11: On August 11, 1877, the Daily Alta newspaper announced a project by Eadward Muybridge and Leland Stanford to produce sequences of photographs of a running horse with 12 stereoscopic cameras. Muybridge had much experience with stereo photography and had already made instantaneous pictures of Stanford's horse Occident running at full speed. He eventually managed to shoot the proposed sequences of running horses in June 1878, with stereoscopic cameras. The published result and animated versions for his zoopraxiscope were not stereoscopic, but in 1898 Muybridge claimed that he had (privately) viewed the pictures in two synchronized zoetropes with Wheatstone's reflecting stereoscope as a "very satisfactory reproduction of an apparently solid miniature horse trotting, and of another galloping".^[1]
• August 30: Charles-Émile Reynaud patented the praxinoscope, an animation device that improved on the zoetrope. Like the zoetrope, the praxinoscope used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. The praxinoscope improved on the zoetrope by replacing its narrow viewing slits with an inner circle of mirrors that intermittently reflected the images.^{[2] [3]} The praxinoscope allowed a much clearer view of the moving image compared to the zoetrope, since the zoetrope's images were actually mostly obscured by the spaces in between its slits.^[4] Reynaud mentioned the possibility of projecting the images in his 1877 patent, but did not complete his praxinoscope projection device until 1880.^{[5] [6]}

Births

February

• February 13: Sidney Smith, American cartoonist (created an animated film series adapting his own comic strip Old Doc Yak, credited as the first animated series with a recurring character; created the popular comic strip The Gumps, which was adapted into a film series combining live-action and animation), (d. 1935).^{[7] [8] [9] [10] [11]}

May

• May 25: Billy Murray, American singer (voice of Bimbo in the Betty Boop cartoons), (d. 1954).^{[12] [13] [14]}

July

• July 27: Florence Gill, British actress (voice of Clara Cluck, and the title character in The Wise Little Hen), (d. 1965).^{[15] [16] [17]}

August

• August 8: Aleksandr Khanzhonkov, Russian cinema entrepreneur, film director, and screenwriter (producer of Ladislas Starevich's ground-breaking stop motion animation), (d. 1945).^{[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]}

Sources

• Book: Bendazzi, Giannalberto . Giannalberto Bendazzi . Cartoons: One hundred years of cinema animation . . 1994 . 0253209374.
• Myrent . Glenn . Emile Reynaud: First Motion Picture Cartoonist . Film History . . 1989 . 3 . 3 . 191–202 . 10.2307/3814977 . 3814977 .

Notes and References

1. Book: Muybridge, Eadweard. Animals in Motion. September 24, 2012. Courier Corporation. 978-0-486-12999-0. en.
2. Book: Brunn . Stanley D.. Cutter . Susan L. . Susan Cutter . Harrington. J.W. Jr.. Geography and technology. 31 March 2004. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. 978-1402018718. 274.
3. Book: Chandramouli, Magesh . 3D Modeling & Animation: A Primer . CRC Press . 2021 . 9781498764926 . 181.
4. Web site: Le Praxinoscope à projection. emilereynaud.fr. fr. 2019-07-25.
5. Laurent Mannoni, The great art of light and shadow : archaeology of the cinema (1995)
6. Book: Reynaud, Émile. Brevet d'invention N° 194 482. 1888-12-01.
7. http://www.toonopedia.com/thegumps.htm Markstein, Don. Toonopedia.
8. https://books.google.com/books?id=FVShFCjVzvIC&dq=gumps+%22sidney+smith%22&pg=PA43 Lenburg, Jeff. Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television. Applause, 2006.
9. http://lambiek.net/artists/s/smith_sidney.htm Smith profile
10. Book: Lenburg . Jeff . The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons . 1999 . Checkmark Books . 0-8160-3831-7 . 6 June 2020 . 26.
11. Book: Lenburg . Jeff . The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons . 1999 . Checkmark Books . 0-8160-3831-7 . 6 June 2020 . 29.
12. Web site: Ruhlmann. William. Billy Murray. Allmusic. October 14, 2011.
13. Web site: The Walter Lantz Cartune Encyclopedia: 1930 . 2011-04-24 . The Walter Lantz Cartune Encyclopedia . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110514224259/http://lantz.goldenagecartoons.com/1930.html . May 14, 2011 . mdy-all.
14. Web site: Billy Murray: A Biography. The Official Website of Billy Murray (1877–1954). Phonostalgia . October 14, 2011.
15. Book: Smith . Dave . Disney Trivia from the Vault: Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered: Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered . 2012 . Disney Electronic Content . 978-1-4231-7857-6 . 10 July 2020 . en.
16. Dizney Coast to Coast - The Unofficial Disney Fan Podcast (The Voice of Minnie Mouse: An Interview with Kaitlyn Robrock) . Dizney Coast to Coast . DePodcast Network. Jeff DePaoli . February 16, 2022 . 13:14. February 17, 2022.
17. Book: Kaufman . J.B. . Gerstein . David . Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse: The Ultimate History . 2018 . Taschen . Cologne . 978-3-8365-5284-4 . 345–348.
18. Peter Rollberg (2016). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. — Rowman & Littlefield, p. 366
19. Richard Abel (2005). Encyclopedia of Early Cinema. — Routledge: London and New York, p. 356
20. Book: Tsivian. Yuri. Early Cinema in Russia and Its Cultural Reception. 1991. 132.
21. Marina Parkhomenko. Life and Death of Aleksandr Khanzhonkov interview with granddaughter Irina Orlova, Evening Donetsk newspaper № 153 (7825), October 17, 2003 (in Russian)
22. Irina Orlova (2007). Dedicate My Life to Cinema. — Donetsk: Promin, 127 pages (Biography)
23. http://media.ukr-info.net/smi/view_article.cgi?sid=22&nid=2583&aid=29817 Interview with Aleksandr Khanzhonkov's granddaughter Irina Orlova
24. Maxim Medvedev. A slave of cinema in the garden of the parting paths article at Chastny Korrespondent, August 8, 2014 (in Russian)