1874 in animation explained

Events in 1874 in animation.

Events

• December 9: In 1874, Jules Janssen made several practice discs for the recording of the passage of Venus with his series Passage de Vénus, which he intended to record with his photographic revolver. He used a model of the planet and a light source standing in for the Sun. While actual recordings of the passage of Venus have not been located, some practice discs survived and the images of one were turned into a short animated film after the development of cinematography.^[1] The images were purportedly taken in Japan by Janssen himself and the Brazilian engineer Francisco Antônio de Almeida by using Janssen's photographic revolver.^{[2] [3] [4]} The revolver could take several dozens of exposures at regulated intervals on a daguerreotype disc. The Janssen revolver was the instrument that originated chronophotography, a branch of photography based on capturing movement from a sequence of images. To create the apparatus Pierre Janssen was inspired by the revolving cylinder of Samuel Colt's revolver.^[5]
• Specific date unknown
  • One of the earliest examples of three-dimensional scientific visualisation was Maxwell's thermodynamic surface, sculpted in clay in 1874 by James Clerk Maxwell.^[6] This prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques that use computer graphics.^[7]
  • In 1874, the photographer Frederick Albert Bridge gave a series of lectures entitled Gems of English Scenery and Song, accompanied by magic lantern slides. ^[8]
  • By 1874, the photographer Henry Taunt sharted performing magic lantern shows in his regular series of children's events.

Births

January

• January 29: Raoul Barré, Canadian animator, cartoonist, and painter (co-founder of the animation studio Barré Studio which pioneered some early animation processes, including mechanical perforation of cels and animating special effects on glass; also worked as a contractor for the William Randolph Hearst-owned animation studio International Film Service, and as a "guest animator" for the film series Felix the Cat by Pat Sullivan Productions), (d. 1932).^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13]}

April

• April 15: Arthur Melbourne-Cooper, British filmmaker and photographer, pioneer of stop-motion animation (directed the animated films Dolly’s Toys and The Enchanted Toymaker), (d. 1961).^{[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]}

September

• September 21: Julienne Mathieu, French actress, screenwriter, and special effects artist, (acted in the silent film Hôtel électrique, one of the first films to incorporate stop motion animation; she was a specialist in the use of stop-motion animation, pixilation, overprinting, dissolving, and the tracking shot for special effects), (d. 1943).^{[21] [22] [23] [24] [25]}

Deaths

Specific date unknown

• Henry Langdon Childe, English showman, (developer of the magic lantern image projector and dissolving views, a precursor of the dissolve in cinematic technique.^{[26] [27] [28] [29] [30]}

References

Sources

• • De Vries, Tjitte and Ati Mul, They Thought it was a Marvel - Arthur Melbourne-Cooper: Pioneer of Animation, Filmmuseum Amsterdam, 2007.
• Book: Graham, Malcolm . 1973 . Henry Taunt of Oxford: A Victorian Photographer . Headington . . 0-902280-14-7 .

Notes and References

1. 2012-05-05 . 1874 Pierre Jules César Janssen - Passage artificiel de Venus sur le Soleil . magical media museum . . 2021-08-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210717194344/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LowU9vKZzJs . 2021-07-17 . live.
2. Web site: La "photographie du temps" avant le cinéma . French . "Time photography" before cinema. www.jf-doucet.com. 2016-02-20. Jean-François. Doucet.
3. The 1874 Transit of Venus Observed in Japan by the French, and Associated Relics . adsabs.harvard.edu. 2006JAHH....9..167D . 2016-08-01. Débarbat . Suzanne . Launay . Françoise . Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage . 2006 . 9 . 2 . 167 .
4. The Brazilian contribution to the observation of the transit of Venus. adsabs.harvard.edu. 2005tvnv.conf..154R. Rogério De Freitas Mourão. Ronaldo. IAU Colloq. 196: Transits of Venus: New Views of the Solar System and Galaxy. 2005. 2004. 154. 10.1017/S1743921305001353. 140645257. free.
5. Web site: Revolver fotográfico IDIS. proyectoidis.org. en-US. 2018-11-30.
6. James Clerk Maxwell and P. M. Harman (2002), The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, Volume 3; 1874–1879, Cambridge University Press,, p. 148.
7. Thomas G.West . Images and reversals: James Clerk Maxwell, working in wet clay . ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics . 33 . 1 . February 1999 . 15–17 . 10.1145/563666.563671. 13968486 .
8. Web site: Bridge, Frederick Albert. 18 December 2015. 30 May 2016. https://archive.today/20160530071614/http://www.photolondon.org.uk/pages/details.asp?pid=946. dead.
9. L’Académie Julian et ses élèves canadiens Paris, 1880-1900 par Samuel Montiège, Thèse de doctorat, Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques, Faculté des arts et sciences, Montréal, mai 2011.
10. Book: Gifford, Denis . American Animated Films: The Silent Era, 1897-1929 . 1990 . McFarland & Co . 0-89950-460-4.
11. Book: Maltin, Leonard . Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons . 1987 . Plume . 0-452-25993-2 . Revised . 11–14.
12. Book: Maltin, Leonard . Of mice and magic : a history of American animated cartoons . . 1987 . 25. 9780452259935 .
13. Donald Crafton; Before Mickey: The Animated Film, 1898-1928; The University of Chicago Press; ISBN 0-226-11667-0 (1982, 1993)
14. Crafton (2015), p. 223
15. de Vries, Mul (2009), p. 323
16. Web site: Arthur Melbourne-Cooper pioneer film maker . UEA East Anglian Film Archive . 2015-07-04.
17. Gray . Frank . Smith versus Melbourne-Cooper: History and Counter-History . Film History . 11. 246–261 . 1999 .
18. Tjitte . de Vries . Letter to the Editor: The Case for Melbourne-Cooper . Film History . 12 . 330–335 . 2000 .
19. Stephen . Bottomore . Smith Versus Melbourne-Cooper: An End to the Dispute . Film History . 14 . 57–73 . 2002 . 10.2979/FIL.2002.14.1.57 .
20. Web site: T M Cooper of St Albans . Genealogy in Hertfordshire . 2015-07-04.
21. Josep Maria Minguet Batllori, Segundo de Chomón. El cinema de la fascinació., Barcelone, Filmoteca de Catalunya, 2010, p.272
22. Batllori. Joan M. Minguet. 2009. Segundo de Chomōn and the Fascination for Colour. 27670759. Film History. 21. 1. 7–103. 0892-2160.
23. Web site: Segundo de Chomon mago misterioso. 2011-03-28. sempre in penombra. it-IT. 2020-04-26.
24. Book: Hennefeld, Maggie. Specters of Slapstick and Silent Film Comediennes. 2018-03-27. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-54706-2. en.
25. Billaut Manon, Por Katalin, « Colloque « Les mille et un visages de Segundo de Chomón : truqueur, coloriste, cinématographiste... et pionnier du cinématographe » à la Fondation Jérôme Seydoux-Pathé ; exposition « Effets Spéciaux. Crevez l’écran ! » à la Cité des Sciences et de l’industrie », 1895, 2018/1 (n° 84), p. 172-175. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-1895-2018-1-page-172.htm
26. Book: Deac Rossell. Living Pictures: The Origins of the Movies. 1998. SUNY Press. 978-0-7914-3767-4. 13–4.
27. Book: David M. Frohlich. Audiophotography: Bringing Photos to Life with Sounds. 19 May 2004. Springer. 978-1-4020-2209-8. 23.
28. 5293. Childe, Henry Langdon . Robert. Murphy.
29. Book: Henry Petroski. Success through Failure: The Paradox of Design. 7 August 2013. Princeton University Press. 978-1-4008-4911-6. 18–9.
30. Book: Charles Musser. The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. 1994. University of California Press. 978-0-520-08533-6. 29.