1870 in the United Kingdom explained

Events from the year 1870 in the United Kingdom.

Incumbents

• Monarch – Victoria
• Prime Minister – William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)

Events

• 28 January
  • General Post Office takes over business of private telegraph companies.^[1]
  • Inman Line's departs Halifax, Nova Scotia, on a passage for Liverpool on which it will be lost with all 191 aboard.^[2]
• 5 March – first ever (unofficial) international football match, England v Scotland, takes place under the approval of the Football Association at The Oval, London.
• 10 May – Jem Mace wins the boxing championship of the world, defeating fellow Englishman Tom Allen at Kenner, near New Orleans.^[3]
• 19 May – the Home Government Association is established in Ireland by Isaac Butt to argue for devolution for Ireland and repeal of the Act of Union 1800.
• late Spring – Army Enlistment (Short Service) Act 1870 allows reduction in length of enlistment to the British Army as part of the Cardwell Reforms.^[4]
• 2 June – competitive examination for entry to the British civil service introduced.^[5]
• 8 June – the final splice to the first telegraph submarine cable to India is made off Porthcurno, Cornwall.
• 23 June – Keble College, Oxford, opens, the first new college of the University of Oxford in more than a century.
• 2 August – official opening of the Tower Subway beneath the River Thames in London, the world's first underground passenger "tube" railway.^[6] Although this lasts as a railway operation only until November, it demonstrates the technologically successful first use of the cylindrical wrought iron tunnelling shield devised by Peter W. Barlow and James Henry Greathead.^[7]
• 4 August – British Red Cross established as the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War by Lord Wantage.^[6]
• 9 August
  • Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 75) drafted by William Edward Forster MP encourages elementary education by creating a system of secular school boards in England and Wales at whose schools attendance may be compulsory.^{[8] [6]} Women are eligible to stand and vote for local school boards where created.
  • Married Women's Property Act 1870 grants wives the ability to retain any earnings as their own; and provides that in future they may inherit and retain property in their own right.^[5]
• 27 August – White Star's first ocean liner RMS Oceanic is launched by Harland and Wolff in Belfast.^[9]
• 7 September – masted turret ship HMS Captain capsizes off Cape Finisterre, less than 5 months after commissioning, due to design flaws, with the loss of 481 lives.
• 1 October – postcards and halfpenny postage stamps introduced by the Post Office.^[6]
• 19 October – is wrecked on Inishtrahull (Ireland) with the loss of 179 lives.^[10]
• Undated – the David Greig grocery chain begins with a store in London.

Publications

• 1 January
  • Completion of the Ordnance Survey one-inch-to-the-mile "Old Series" maps of England.^[11]
  • The Northern Echo newspaper launched in Darlington.
• April–September – serialisation of Charles Dickens' novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood, only half complete due to his death on 9 June.
• Edward Jenkins' satire Ginx's Baby: his birth and other misfortunes.
• William Robinson's gardening book The Wild Garden.
• Dante Gabriel Rossetti's Poems,^[12] exhumed from Elizabeth Siddal's grave.

Births

• 7 January – Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart, English judge and politician, 7th Lord Chief Justice of England (died 1943)
• 25 January – Fred Spiksley, footballer (died 1948)
• 5 February – C. E. Brock, painter and illustrator (died 1938)
• 8 February – Millie Hylton, actress, dancer and male impersonator (died 1920)^[13]
• 12 February – Marie Lloyd, music-hall singer (died 1922)
• 4 March – Thomas Sturge Moore, poet, author and artist (died 1944)
• 17 March – Horace Donisthorpe, entomologist (died 1951)
• 9 May – Harry Vardon, golfer (died 1937)
• 27 May – Lionel Palairet, cricketer (died 1933)
• 4 August – Harry Lauder, Scottish entertainer (died 1950)
• 11 August – Tom Richardson, cricketer (died 1912)
• 12 August – Hubert Gough, general (died 1963)
• 22 August – Bertram Fletcher Robinson, journalist, editor and author (died 1907)
• 1 September – Leopold Wharton, English-born American film director (died 1927)
• 22 September – Charlotte Cooper, tennis player (died 1966)^[14]
• 21 October – Horace Hood, admiral (killed in action 1916)
• 22 October – Lord Alfred Douglas, minor Uranian poet best remembered as a lover of writer Oscar Wilde (died 1945)
• 30 October – Lawrence Grant, film actor (died 1952 in the United States)
• 18 November – P. Morley Horder, architect (died 1944)
• 18 December – Saki (H. H. Munro), short-story writer (killed in action 1916)
• Doncaster, racehorse (died 1892)

Deaths

• 2 January – Ignatius Bonomi, architect and surveyor (born 1787)
• 9 January – Elizabeth Sackville-West, Countess De La Warr, peeress (born 1795)
• 20 January – Sir George Seymour, admiral of the fleet (born 1787)
• 25 January – Janet Taylor, mathematician and navigational instrument maker (born 1804)
• 30 March – William Hale, inventor (born 1797)
• 25 April – Daniel Maclise, historical painter (born 1806)
• 6 May – Sir James Young Simpson, physician and researcher (born 1811)
• 14 May – Thomas Dale, Anglican priest, Dean of Rochester (born 1797)
• 17 May – David Octavius Hill, Scottish painter and pioneer photographer (born 1802)
• 24 April – Louisa Stuart Costello, miniature-painter, poet, historical novelist and travel writer (born 1799)
• 9 June – Charles Dickens, novelist (born 1812)
• 27 June – George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, diplomat and statesman (born 1800)
• 12 September – Eleanora Atherton, philanthropist in Manchester (born 1782)
• 25 September – John Braithwaite, engineer, inventor of the first steam fire engine (born 1797)
• 6 October – James Giles, painter (born 1801)
• 11 October – Margaret Waters, serial killer, hanged (born 1835)
• 21 October – Charles George James Arbuthnot, general (born 1801)
• 8 December – Thomas Brassey, railway contractor (born 1805)
• 9 December – Patrick MacDowell, sculptor (born 1799)
• 28 December – Philip Hardwick, architect (born 1792)

Notes and References

1. Book: Blake, Richard. The Book of Postal Dates, 1635–1985. Caterham. Marden. 15.
2. Web site: Loss of City of Boston, Halifax to Liverpool, 1870. The Ships List. 2008-08-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20080511183006/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/cityofboston1870.htm#. 2008-05-11. dead.
3. Web site: Ralph. Mace. Jem Mace, Champion of the World. 2010-08-09.
4. Ensor, R. C. K. (1936). "England 1870–1914". The Oxford History of England, 14. Oxford University Press. p. 16.
5. Book: Palmer. Alan. Palmer. Veronica. 1992. The Chronology of British History. Century Ltd. London. 291–292. 0-7126-5616-2.
6. Book: Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 0-14-102715-0. 2006.
7. Book: Smith, Denis. Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley. Thomas Telford. 2001. 22–23. 0-7277-2876-8.
8. Book: Williams, Hywel. Cassell's Chronology of World History. registration. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2005. 0-304-35730-8. 422–423.
9. Web site: Oceanic (I). Daniel. Othfors. 2018-03-15. The Great Ocean Liners. 2021-05-16.
10. News: The Wreck of the Cambria. The New York Times. 1870-10-28. 2012-11-05.
11. With sheet 108, covering south-west Northumberland. Book: Hewitt, Rachel. Rachel Hewitt

    . Rachel Hewitt. Map of a Nation: a biography of the Ordnance Survey. London. Granta. 2010. 2011. 978-1-84708-254-1. 305.

12. Book: Cox, Michael. The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. 2004. 0-19-860634-6. registration.
13. Book: Gänzl. Kurt. Kurt Gänzl. The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre: Gi-N. 2001. Schirmer Books. 9780028655734. 1210 .
14. Web site: Olympedia – Charlotte Cooper . www.olympedia.org . 20 July 2021.