1870 in science explained

The year 1870 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

January 18 – Gerhardt Krefft first describes the Queensland lungfish, in The Sydney Morning Herald.
Charles Valentine Riley confirms Phylloxera as the cause of the Great French Wine Blight.^[1]
Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz postulates that the number of ova in the female is fixed.

Norman Lockyer and Edward Frankland propose that the gas detected in solar observations should be called 'helium'.^[2] ^[3]

Felix Klein constructs a model for hyperbolic geometry establishing its self-consistency and the logical independence of Euclid's fifth postulate. (Note: Eugenio Beltrami had previously given such a model in 1868.)
W. Stanley Jevons publishes the popular textbook Elementary Lessons on Logic.^[4]

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease.
Henry Maudsley publishes his lectures on Body and Mind: an Inquiry into their Connection and Mutual Influence.
Frances Morgan becomes the first British woman to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from a European university, the University of Zurich.

November 1 – In the United States, the newly created Weather Bureau (later renamed the National Weather Service) makes its first official meteorological forecast: "High winds at Chicago and Milwaukee... and along the Lakes".

February 26 – The Beach Pneumatic Transit subway in New York City is opened.
March 8 – Joy valve gear for steam locomotives is patented in the United Kingdom by David Joy.
August 2 – Official opening of the Tower Subway beneath the River Thames in London, first use of the cylindrical wrought iron tunnelling shield devised by Peter W. Barlow and James Henry Greathead^[7] and of a permanent tunnel lining of cast iron segments.^[8]
Svend Foyn receives a Norwegian patent for the grenade harpoon cannon for whaling.
Henry R. Heyl receives a United States patent for a magic lantern movie projector.
A practical stock ticker is introduced by Thomas Edison.
First known use of weapons for anti-aircraft warfare, at Paris during the Franco-Prussian War.

Ellen Swallow Richards becomes the first woman admitted to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
December 20 – Missouri University of Science and Technology established as the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy.

January 9 – Joseph Strauss (died 1938), American bridge engineer.
January 13 – Ross Granville Harrison (died 1959), American physiologist.
February 7 – Alfred Adler (died 1937), Austrian psychotherapist.
March 17 – Horace Donisthorpe (died 1951), English entomologist.
May 20 – Arthur Korn (died 1945), German inventor.
May 27 – Anna Stecksén (died 1904), Swedish scientist, physician and pathologist.
June 21 – Clara Immerwahr (suicide 1915), German chemist.
August 25 – Mihran Kassabian (died 1910), American radiologist.
October 23 – George Newman (died 1948), English public health physician.

January 25 – Janet Taylor (born 1804), English mathematician and navigational instrument maker.
March 9 – 'Granny' Maria Ann Smith (born 1799), English-born Australian horticulturalist.
March 12 – Charles Xavier Thomas (born 1785), French inventor of the first mass-produced calculator.
July 12 – Alexander Henry Haliday (born 1806), Anglo Irish entomologist.
November 14 – Karl Weltzien (born 1813), German inorganic chemist.
December 27 (O.S. December 15) – Nikolai N. Kaufman (born 1834), Russian botanist.

The Great French Wine Blight. Wine Tidings. 96 . 2011-08-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717235415/http://www.wampumkeeper.com/wineblight.html. 17 July 2011 . dead . July–August 1986.
Thomson, W. (1872) Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 99.
Web site: Discovery of Helium. Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer. 2011-03-30. 2011-02-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20110226230800/http://www-solar.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~clare/Lockyer/helium.html. dead.
Book: Grattan-Guinness, Ivor. Ivor Grattan-Guinness
. Ivor Grattan-Guinness. 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots, 1870–1940. Princeton University Press. 978-0-691-05858-0.
Book: Phillips, John. John Phillips (geologist)
. John Phillips (geologist). Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1871. Display in Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
10.1007/BF01855743. Hermann. L.. 1870. Eine Erscheinung simultanen Contrastes. Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie. 3. 13–15.
Book: Smith, Denis. Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley. Thomas Telford. 2001. 22–23. 0-7277-2876-8.
Book: West, Graham. Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry. Cambridge University Press. 2005. 116–118. 0-521-33512-4.
Web site: Copley Medal British scientific award . Encyclopædia Britannica . 23 July 2020 .