The Third Fox Ministry was a responsible government which held power in New Zealand from June 1869 to September 1872. Although William Fox was the head of the government, he was never appointed Premier as that office had yet to be established, although he did resign the office at the end of his tenure.[1] The Ministry was also known as the Fox-Vogel Ministry as most of the agenda was set by the Treasurer,[2] while Fox busied himself with administrative affairs[3] and moral crusades such as the attempted introduction of local option polls for liquor licensing.[4]
The provincialist faction behind William Fox defeated the Stafford Ministry in 1869 with a 40–29 no-confidence motion over the sacking of Donald McLean as Government Agent in the Native Department.[5] McLean, also a Member of the House of Representatives, was appointed Native Minister in the new Ministry and focused largely on his own portfolio: his aim was to ‘glide into a state of peace’ by ending confiscation of Maori land.[6] Other than Maori policy, the rest of the Government’s ideas were unclear at first.[7] They attempted to cut central government spending while removing restrictions on provincial borrowing.[8] Isaac Featherston grew detached from the Ministry due to its “inflexible” provincialism[9] and was sent to London with Dillon Bell to request that the Imperial Government retain two Army regiments in New Zealand and guarantee a £1 million loan – they were successful only in the second objective.[10]
By the time they returned to New Zealand, however, Treasurer Julius Vogel had presented his 1870 Budget, which envisaged £10 million in expenditure on Public Works and Immigration, £6 million of this to be funded by fresh borrowing.[11] Vogel’s idea was to boost the colonisation process and end the economic stagnation engendered by the wars of the 1860s.[12] The Great Public Works policy attracted widespread support, especially from Members whose electorates stood to gain a bridge or railway line.[13] However, critics condemned Vogel’s preparedness to encourage local greed and the lack of parliamentary oversight about how the funds were spent. On a trip to Britain, Vogel arranged a construction contract with the Brogdens firm which he had no authority to make, and it was heavily amended by the Opposition when he returned. The policy made no detailed provisions for settling immigrants, as this was still a responsibility of the Provinces.[14]
The Fox-Vogel Ministry started off with relatively few Ministers, and Vogel spent much of its duration abroad, so it gained a reputation as a fairly weak team:[15] William Gisborne was criticised for holding a civil service job (unpaid) while he was a Government Minister,[16] and despite regarding himself as an administrator he often had to lead the House in the absence of other Ministers.[17] Henry Sewell joined the Ministry from Opposition in 1870 to lead it in the Legislative Council and to make it more ‘cautious’ in policy, but ended up being asked to resign for refusing to bring Vogel’s bills into the upper house.[18] He was replaced by George Waterhouse, who filled in for three weeks and then resigned to pursue his own business interests.[19] Finally John Hall, another former oppositionist, filled the role of presenting government measures in the Council.[20]
This Ministry presented a high number of bills which were withdrawn or defeated,[21] and finally in 1872 it was defeated in a confidence motion by Edward Stafford – however, Stafford’s attempted takeover was not successful and most of Fox’s ministers returned in the Waterhouse Ministry.[22] This was the beginning of the idea of a Continuous Ministry.
The following members served in the Fox Ministry:[23]
| Name | Portrait | Office | Term | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| William Fox | Premier | 28 June 1869 – 10 September 1872 | ||
| Colonial Secretary | 28 June 1869 – 5 July 1869 | |||
| Julius Vogel | Colonial Treasurer | 28 June 1869 – 10 September 1872 | ||
| Commissioner of Customs | 28 June 1869 – 8 January 1871 | |||
| 30 October 1871 – 10 September 1872 | ||||
| Postmaster-General | 28 June 1869 – 10 September 1872 | |||
| Commissioner of Stamp Duties | 29 June 1869 – 10 September 1872 | |||
| Electric Telegraph Commissioner | 1 July 1869 – 10 September 1872 | |||
| Donald McLean | Native Minister | 29 June 1869 – 10 September 1872 | ||
| Minister for Colonial Defence | 29 June 1869 – 10 September 1872 | |||
| Dillon Bell | Member of Executive Council | 2 July 1869 – 14 August 1871 | ||
| William Gisborne, MLC | Member of Executive Council | 2 July 1869 – 10 September 1872 | ||
| Colonial Secretary | 5 July 1869 – 10 September 1872 | |||
| Minister of Public Works | 27 September 1870 – 6 December 1871 | |||
| Isaac Featherston | Member of Executive Council | 16 November 1869 – 31 March 1871 | ||
| Henry Sewell, MLC | Minister of Justice | 13 June 1870 – 30 October 1871 | ||
| Commissioner of Stamp Duties | 2 January 1871 – 27 October 1871 | |||
| Commissioner of Customs | 8 January 1871 – 30 October 1871 | |||
| George Waterhouse, MLC | Member of Executive Council | 30 October 1871 – 20 November 1871 | ||
| William Reeves | Member of Executive Council | 27 November 1871 – 10 September 1872 | ||
| Resident Minister for Middle Island | 6 December 1871 – 10 September 1872 | |||
| John Davies Ormond | Minister of Public Works | 6 December 1871 – 10 September 1872 | ||
| John Hall, MLC | Member of Executive Council | 20 July 1872 – 10 September 1872 | ||
| Henry Miller, MLC | Member of Executive Council | 29 July 1872 – 10 September 1872 |