1868 in animation explained

Events in 1868 in animation.

Events

• Specific date unknown:
  • In 1868, the physicist James Clerk Maxwell had an improved zoetrope constructed.^[1] Instead of slits, his version used concave lenses with a focal length equaling the diameter of the cylinder. The virtual image was thus seen in the centre and appeared much more sharp and steady than in the original zoetrope. Maxwell drew several strips that mostly demonstrated subjects relating to physics, like the vibrations of a harp string or Helmholtz's vortex rings threading through each other. An article about the "Zootrope perfectionné" was published in the French science magazine Le Cosmos in 1869, but Maxwell never marketed his animation device.^[2]
  • In 1868, the Birmingham-based printer John Barnes Linnett received the first patent for the flip book. He gave the name kineograph to his device.^{[3] [4]} A flip book is a small book with relatively springy pages, each having one in a series of animation images located near its unbound edge. The user bends all of the pages back, normally with the thumb. Then by a gradual motion of the hand, the user allows them to spring free one at a time. As with the phenakistoscope, the zoetrope, and the praxinoscope, the illusion of motion is created by the apparent sudden replacement of each image by the next in the series. Unlike those other inventions, no view-interrupting shutter or assembly of mirrors is required and no viewing device other than the user's hand is absolutely necessary. Early film animators cited flip books as their inspiration more often than the earlier devices, which did not reach as wide an audience.

Births

July

• July 18: Henry Mayer, German-American animator, children's book illustrator, comics artist, and editorial cartoonist, (created and directed the original film series Travelaughs and Such Is Life, which both combined animation with live action film taken in exotic locations; credited with directing over 100 short films from 1913 to 1926), (d. 1954).^{[5] [6] [7]}

August

• August 26: Edwin George Lutz, German-American cartoonist, illustrator, and non-fiction writer of training manuals about art and drawing techniques, (wrote the training manual Animated Cartoons - How they are made, their origin and development, which offered practical ideas for streamlining the production of animated drawings and influenced the techniques used by early animation studios; aspiring animator Walt Disney first read Lutz's book at the age of 19. The book was one of the primary animation guides used by Disney's Laugh-O-Grams studio team in Kansas City, Missouri, throughout the 1920s), (d. 1951).^{[8] [9] [10] [11]}

November

• November 12: Ada Driver, Australian photographer, (created her own magic lantern slides and stereoscopic photographs, some of which have been bequeathed to the State Library of Queensland), (d. 1954).^{[12] [13]}

Sources

• Book: Crafton, Donald . 1993 . Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928 . University of Chicago Press . Chicago . 0-226-11667-0.

Notes and References

1. Book: Maxwell, James Clerk. The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell. May 18, 1995. CUP Archive. 9780521256261. Google Books.
2. Web site: Le Cosmos; revue des sciences et de leurs applications. April 10, 1869. Google Books.
3. Book: McDonough . John . Egolf . Karen . The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising . 2015 . Routledge . 9781135949068 . 81 . 2 July 2018 . en.
4. Book: Chronological Index of Patents Applied for and Patents Granted . 1869 . G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode . 65 . 2 July 2018 . en.
5. https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mayer_hy.htm
6. Encyclopedia: Mayer, Henry. .
7. Lenburg, Jeff (2006) Who's who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-winning and Legendary Animators. Hal Leonard Corp .. p. 227.
8. Web site: Sporn. Michael. Lutz. Michael Sporn Animation, Inc. Splog. 22 February 2018.
9. Web site: Sedelmaier. J.J.. How Walt Disney Used His Kansas City Library Card. Print. 26 March 2012 . Print Magazine. 22 February 2018.
10. Book: Barrier. Michael. The animated man : a life of Walt Disney. 2008. University of California Press. Berkeley. 978-0520256194. 52. 1st pbk. print..
11. Book: Denney. Pat Williams with Jim. How to be like Walt. 2004. Health Communications. Deerfield Beach, Fla.. 978-0-7573-0231-2. 21.
12. Web site: Driver, Ada Annie . 2024-03-09 . AWR . en-AU.
13. Web site: DRIVER, ADA (G) . 2024-03-09 . Photoria . en-AU.