1868–69 United States Senate elections explained

Election Name:	1868–69 United States Senate elections
Country:	United States
Flag Year:	1867
Type:	legislative
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	1866–67 United States Senate elections
Next Election:	1870–71 United States Senate elections
Seats For Election:	25 of the 66 (8 vacant)/74 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
Majority Seats:	34
Election Date:	Dates vary by state (And other dates for special elections)
1Blank:	Seats up
Party1:	Republican Party (US)
Leader1:	Henry B. Anthony
Image1:	Henry B. Anthony - Brady-Handy.jpg
Leader Since1:	March 4, 1863
Leaders Seat1:	Rhode Island
Last Election1:	39 seats
Seats Before1:	57
Seats1:	17
Seats After1:	57
1Data1:	17
Party2:	Democratic Party (US)
Last Election2:	10 seats
Seats Before2:	9
Seats2:	5
Seats After2:	9
1Data2:	5
Majority Party
Before Party:	Republican Party (US)
After Party:	Republican Party (US)

The 1868–69 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1868 and 1869, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

The Republican Party maintained their Senate majority. Six former Confederate states were then readmitted separately from the regular election, each electing two Republicans. This increased the Republicans' already overwhelming majority to the largest proportion of seats ever controlled by the party.

Results summary

Senate party division, 41st Congress (1869–1871)

Majority party: Republican (57)
Minority party: Democratic (9)
Other parties: (0)
Vacant: (8)
Total seats: 74

Change in Senate composition

Beginning of 1868

	D₃		D₂		D₁		V₄		V₃		V₂		V₁
width=50px	D₄	width=50px	D₅	width=50px	D₆	width=50px	D₇	width=50px	D₈	width=50px	V₅ Readmitted	width=50px	V₆ Readmitted	width=50px	V₇ Readmitted	width=50px	V₈ Readmitted	width=50px	V₉ Readmitted
	R₄₄		R₄₅		V₁₇ Readmitted		V₁₆ Readmitted		V₁₅ Readmitted		V₁₄ Readmitted		V₁₃ Readmitted		V₁₂ Readmitted		V₁₁ Special		V₁₀ Readmitted
	R₄₃		R₄₂		R₄₁		R₄₀		R₃₉		R₃₈		R₃₇		R₃₆		R₃₅		R₃₄
Majority →	R₃₃
	R₂₄		R₂₅		R₂₆		R₂₇		R₂₈		R₂₉		R₃₀		R₃₁		R₃₂
	R₂₃		R₂₂		R₂₁		R₂₀		R₁₉		R₁₈		R₁₇		R₁₆		R₁₅		R₁₄
	R₄		R₅		R₆		R₇		R₈		R₉		R₁₀		R₁₁		R₁₂		R₁₃
	R₃		R₂		R₁		V₁₈		V₁₉		V₂₀		V₂₁

After the readmission of the Confederate states

	D₃		D₂		D₁		V₄		V₃		V₂		V₁
width=50px	D₄	width=50px	D₅	width=50px	D₆	width=50px	D₇	width=50px	D₈	width=50px	D₉ Gain	width=50px	R₅₇ Gain	width=50px	R₅₆ Gain	width=50px	R₅₅ Gain	width=50px	R₅₄ Gain
	R₄₄		R₄₅		R₄₆ Gain		R₄₇ Gain		R₄₈ Gain		R₄₉ Gain		R₅₀ Gain		R₅₁ Gain		R₅₂ Gain		R₅₃ Gain
	R₄₃		R₄₂		R₄₁		R₄₀		R₃₉		R₃₈		R₃₇		R₃₆		R₃₅	R₃₄
Majority →
	R₂₄		R₂₅		R₂₆		R₂₇		R₂₈		R₂₉		R₃₀		R₃₁		R₃₂		R₃₃
	R₂₃		R₂₂		R₂₁		R₂₀		R₁₉		R₁₈		R₁₇		R₁₆		R₁₅		R₁₄
	R₄		R₅		R₆		R₇		R₈		R₉		R₁₀		R₁₁		R₁₂		R₁₃
	R₃		R₂		R₁		V₅		V₆		V₇		V₈

Before the elections

After July 16, 1868, readmission of South Carolina.

	D₃		D₂		D₁		V₄ Seceded		V₃ Seceded		V₂ Seceded		V₁
width=50px	D₄	width=50px	D₅ Unknown	width=50px	D₆ Retired	width=50px	D₇ Retired	width=50px	D₈ Retired	width=50px	D₉ Retired	width=50px	R₅₇ Retired	width=50px	R₅₆ Retired	width=50px	R₅₅ Unknown	width=50px	R₅₄ Unknown
	R₄₄ Ran		R₄₅ Ran		R₄₆ Ran		R₄₇ Ran		R₄₈ Ran		R₄₉ Ran		R₅₀ Ran		R₅₁ Ran		R₅₂ Ran		R₅₃ Unknown
	R₄₃ Ran		R₄₂ Ran		R₄₁ Ran		R₄₀		R₃₉		R₃₈		R₃₇		R₃₆		R₃₅	R₃₄
Majority →
	R₂₄		R₂₅		R₂₆		R₂₇		R₂₈		R₂₉		R₃₀		R₃₁		R₃₂		R₃₃
	R₂₃		R₂₂		R₂₁		R₂₀		R₁₉		R₁₈		R₁₇		R₁₆		R₁₅		R₁₄
	R₄		R₅		R₆		R₇		R₈		R₉		R₁₀		R₁₁		R₁₂		R₁₃
	R₃		R₂		R₁		V₅		V₆		V₇		V₈

Result of the elections

	D₃		D₂		D₁		V₄ Seceded		V₃ Seceded		V₂ Seceded		V₁
width=50px	D₄	width=50px	D₅ Hold	width=50px	D₆ Hold	width=50px	D₇ Gain	width=50px	D₈ Gain	width=50px	D₉ Gain	width=50px	R₅₇ Gain	width=50px	R₅₆ Gain	width=50px	R₅₅ Gain	width=50px	R₅₄ Hold
	R₄₄ Re-elected		R₄₅ Re-elected		R₄₆ Re-elected		R₄₇ Re-elected		R₄₈ Hold		R₄₉ Hold		R₅₀ Hold		R₅₁ Hold		R₅₂ Hold		R₅₃ Hold
	R₄₃ Re-elected		R₄₂ Re-elected		R₄₁ Re-elected		R₄₀		R₃₉		R₃₈		R₃₇		R₃₆		R₃₅	R₃₄
Majority →
	R₂₄		R₂₅		R₂₆		R₂₇		R₂₈		R₂₉		R₃₀		R₃₁		R₃₂		R₃₃
	R₂₃		R₂₂		R₂₁		R₂₀		R₁₉		R₁₈		R₁₇		R₁₆		R₁₅		R₁₄
	R₄		R₅		R₆		R₇		R₈		R₉		R₁₀		R₁₁		R₁₂		R₁₃
	R₃		R₂		R₁		V₅		V₆		V₇		V₈

Key:

align=center width=35px	D_#	Democratic
align=center width=35px	R_#	Republican
align=center width=35px	V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 40th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1868 or in 1869 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Kentucky (Class 2)	James Guthrie		Democratic	1865		Incumbent resigned due to failing health. Winner elected February 19, 1868. Democratic hold.	nowrap
Maryland (Class 3)	Vacant since March 3, 1867, when Senator-elect Philip F. Thomas failed to qualify.				Winner elected March 7, 1868. Democratic gain.	nowrap
Florida (Class 1)	Vacant since January 21, 1861, when Stephen Mallory (D) withdrew.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected June 17, 1868. Republican gain. Winner did not run for election to the next term, see below.	nowrap
Arkansas (Class 2)	Vacant since July 11, 1861, when William K. Sebastian (D) was expelled.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected June 22, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
Arkansas (Class 3)	Vacant since July 11, 1861, when Charles B. Mitchel (D) was expelled.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected June 23, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
Florida (Class 3)	Vacant since January 21, 1861, when David Levy Yulee (D) withdrew.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected June 25, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
Louisiana (Class 2)	Vacant since February 4, 1861, when Judah P. Benjamin (D) withdrew.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected July 8, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
Louisiana (Class 3)	Vacant since February 4, 1861, when John Slidell (D) resigned.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected July 9, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
Alabama (Class 2)	Vacant since January 21, 1861, when Clement Claiborne Clay (D) withdrew.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected July 13, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
Alabama (Class 3)	Vacant since January 21, 1861, when Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D) withdrew.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected July 13, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
North Carolina (Class 2)	Vacant since March 6, 1861, when Thomas Bragg (D) resigned.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected July 14, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
North Carolina (Class 3)	Vacant since March 11, 1861, when Thomas Clingman (D) resigned.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected July 14, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
South Carolina (Class 2)	Vacant since November 10, 1860, when James Chesnut Jr. (D) withdrew.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected July 15, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
South Carolina (Class 3)	Vacant since November 11, 1860, when James Henry Hammond (D) withdrew.				State readmitted to the Union. New senator elected July 16, 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap
Delaware (Class 1)	James A. Bayard Jr.		Democratic	1851 1857 1863 1864 1867	Incumbent appointee elected January 19, 1869 to finish the term. Winner did not run for election to the next term, see below.	nowrap

Races leading to the 41st Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1869; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
California	John Conness		Republican	nowrap	1862 or 1863		Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1868. Democratic gain.	nowrap	Eugene Casserly (Democratic)
Connecticut	James Dixon		Republican	nowrap	1856 1863		Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1868 or 1869. Republican hold.	nowrap	William Buckingham (Republican)
Delaware	James A. Bayard Jr.		Democratic	nowrap	1851 1857 1863 1864 1867 1869		Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1869. Democratic hold.	nowrap	Thomas F. Bayard Sr. (Democratic)
Florida	Adonijah Welch		Republican	nowrap	1868		Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1868 or 1869. Republican hold.	nowrap	Abijah Gilbert (Republican)
Indiana	Thomas A. Hendricks		Democratic	nowrap	1862		Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1868. Republican gain.	nowrap	Daniel D. Pratt (Republican)
Maine	Lot M. Morrill		Republican	nowrap	1861 1863		Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1869. Republican hold.	nowrap	Hannibal Hamlin (Republican)
Maryland	William P. Whyte		Democratic	nowrap	1868 (Appointed)		Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1868 or 1869. Democratic hold.	nowrap	William T. Hamilton (Democratic)
Massachusetts	Charles Sumner		Republican	nowrap	1851 (special) 1857 1863	Incumbent re-elected in 1869.	nowrap	Charles Sumner (Republican)
Michigan	Zachariah Chandler		Republican	nowrap	1857 1863	Incumbent re-elected in 1869.	nowrap	Zachariah Chandler (Republican)
Minnesota	Alexander Ramsey		Republican	nowrap	1863	Incumbent re-elected in 1869.	nowrap
Mississippi	Vacant since January 21, 1861, when Jefferson Davis (D) resigned.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Missouri	John B. Henderson		Republican	nowrap	1862 1862		Incumbent retired. Winner elected in 1868. Republican hold.	nowrap	Carl Schurz (Republican)
Nebraska	Thomas Tipton		Republican	nowrap	1867	Incumbent re-elected in 1869.	nowrap	Thomas Tipton (Republican)
Nevada	William M. Stewart		Republican	nowrap	1865	Incumbent re-elected in 1869.	nowrap	William M. Stewart (Republican)
New Jersey	Frederick T. Frelinghuysen		Republican	nowrap	1866 (Appointed) 1867		Incumbent lost re-election. Winner elected in 1869. Democratic gain.	nowrap
New York	Edwin D. Morgan		Republican	nowrap	1863		Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected January 19, 1869. Republican hold.	nowrap
Ohio	Benjamin Wade		Republican	nowrap	1851 1856 1863		Incumbent lost renomination. Winner elected in 1868. Democratic gain.	nowrap	Allen G. Thurman (Democratic)
Pennsylvania	Charles R. Buckalew		Democratic	nowrap	1863		Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected January 19, 1869. Republican gain.	nowrap
Rhode Island	William Sprague IV		Republican	nowrap	1862	Incumbent re-elected in 1868.	nowrap	William Sprague IV (Republican)
Tennessee	David T. Patterson		Democratic	nowrap	1866		Incumbent retired. Winner elected early on October 22, 1867, for the term beginning March 4, 1869. Republican gain.	nowrap
Texas	Vacant since March 23, 1861, when Louis Wigfall (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Vermont	George F. Edmunds		Republican	nowrap	1866 (Appointed) 1866	Incumbent re-elected in 1868.	nowrap	George F. Edmunds (Republican)
Virginia	Vacant since January 2, 1864, when Joseph Segar (U) was not seated.^[2]			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
West Virginia	Peter G. Van Winkle		Republican	1863		Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1869. Republican hold.	nowrap	Arthur I. Boreman (Republican) 43(H), 19(S) Daniel Lamb (Republican) 10(H), 3(S)
Wisconsin	James R. Doolittle		Republican	nowrap	1857 1863		Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired. Winner elected in 1868 or 1869. Republican hold.	nowrap	Matthew H. Carpenter (Republican)

Elections during the 41st Congress

There were no elections in 1869 during this Congress after March 4.

Delaware

Interim appointed Senator James A. Bayard Jr. was elected January 19, 1869 to finish his term.^[3]

Maryland

Maryland (special)

Election Name:	1868 United States Senate special election in Maryland
Popular Vote1:	-
Colour1:	B0CEFF
Percentage1:	-%
Party1:	Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate1:	William Pinkney Whyte
Image1:	William Pinkney Whyte 1865-1880 Maryland politician.jpg
Next Year:	1868
Next Election:	1868 United States Senate election in Maryland
Previous Year:	1863
Previous Election:	1863 United States Senate election in Maryland
Votes For Election:	80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Vote Type:	Legislative
Election Date:	1868
Type:	presidential

William Pinkney Whyte won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat to fill the vacancy created by Reverdy Johnson.^[4]

Maryland (regular)

Election Name:	1868 United States Senate election in Maryland
Popular Vote1:	56
Colour1:	B0CEFF
Percentage1:	50.91%
Party1:	Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate1:	William Thomas Hamilton
Image1:	Williamthamilton.jpg
Popular Vote2:	46
Colour2:	B0CEFF
Percentage2:	41.82
Party2:	Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate2:	Thomas Swann
Next Year:	1874
Next Election:	1874 United States Senate election in Maryland
Previous Year:	1868
Previous Election:	1868 United States Senate special election in Maryland
Votes For Election:	80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Vote Type:	Legislative
Election Date:	1868
Type:	presidential

William Thomas Hamilton won election against Thomas Swann by a margin of 9.09%, or 10 votes for the Class 1 seat.^[5]

Maryland (March special)

Election Name:	1868 United States Senate special election in Maryland
Popular Vote1:	59
Colour1:	B0CEFF
Percentage1:	57.84%
Party1:	Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate1:	John Creswell
Image1:	John A J Creswell Brady-Handy Photograph Collection.tif
Popular Vote2:	41
Colour2:	B0CEFF
Percentage2:	40.20%
Party2:	Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate2:	Philip Francis Thomas
Next Year:	1872
Next Election:	1872 United States Senate election in Maryland
Previous Year:	1864
Previous Election:	1864 United States Senate special election in Maryland
Votes For Election:	80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Vote Type:	Legislative
Election Date:	March 6, 1868
Type:	presidential

Philip Francis Thomas, a Democrat, was elected in 1867, however, failed to qualify for the seat due to his support for the Confederacy. George Vickers was elected to finish the rest of the term by a margin of 17.65%, or 18 votes, for the Class 3 seat.^[6]

Minnesota

The Minnesota U.S. Senate election was held by the state legislature on January 19, 1869, with each chamber voting separately. Republican Senator Alexander Ramsey received 16 of 21 votes in the state Senate and 36 of 44 in the state House. The legislature declared Ramsey the duly elected U.S. Senator in a joint convention on January 20, 1869. Democratic nominee Charles W. Nash was an attorney from Hastings, former state Senator for the 7th Senate District (1862–1864), and the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor in 1865.

1869 Minnesota U.S. Senate election
Republican	Alexander Ramsey (inc.)	52	80.00
Democrat	Charles W. Nash	13	20.00

New York

See main article: 1869 United States Senate election in New York.

See also: List of United States senators from New York. The election in New York was held on January 19, 1869, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Edwin D. Morgan had been elected in February 1863 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1869. At the State election in November 1867, 17 Republicans and 15 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1868–1869) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1868, Democrat John T. Hoffman was elected Governor, and 75 Republicans and 53 Democrats were elected for the session of 1869 to the Assembly. The 92nd New York State Legislature met from January 5 to May 11, 1869, at Albany, New York.

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 16, Assemblyman John H. Selkreg presided. All 92 legislators were present. They nominated Ex-Governor Reuben E. Fenton for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent U.S. Senator Edwin D. Morgan was very keen on his re-election, but was voted down. Speaker Truman G. Younglove had held back the appointments to the standing Assembly committees until after the caucus, and subsequent election, of a U.S. Senator, and was accused by the Morgan men to have made a bargain to favor the Fenton men with appointments after the election was accomplished. After the caucus, comparing notes, the assemblymen discovered that some of the most important committee chairmanships had been promised to a dozen different members by Speaker Younglove.

**1869 Republican caucus for United States Senator result**
! Candidate! First ballot! Second ballot
Reuben E. Fenton	(50)	52
Edwin D. Morgan	(42)	40
blank	(1)

Note: On the first ballot, 93 votes were cast, one too many, and it was annulled without announcing the result. The above stated result transpired unofficially. The blank vote caused some debate if the result was really invalidated by it, but it was finally agreed to take a second ballot.

The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on January 18. State Senator Henry C. Murphy was again nominated, like in 1867.

In the Assembly, Republicans DeWitt C. Hoyt (Saratoga Co.) and James O. Schoonmaker (Ulster Co.); and Democrats James Irving (NYC), Lawrence D. Kiernan (NYC), Harris B. Howard (Rensselaer Co.), James B. Pearsall (Queens), John Tighe (Albany Co.) and Moses Y. Tilden (Columbia Co.); did not vote.

In the State Senate, Republicans Matthew Hale (16th D.) and Charles Stanford (15th D.); and Democrats Cauldwell, Thomas J. Creamer, Michael Norton (5th D.) and John J. Bradley (7th D.); did not vote.

Reuben E. Fenton was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

Republican! colspan="2"
Democratic	Democratic
State Senate (32 members)	Reuben E. Fenton	15	Henry C. Murphy	10	Henry S. Randall	1
State Assembly (128 members)	Reuben E. Fenton	73	Henry C. Murphy	46

Notes:

The vote for Ex-Secretary of State Randall was cast by Henry C. Murphy.
The votes were cast on January 19, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 20 to compare nominations, and declare the result.

Pennsylvania

See main article: 1869 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania.

The Pennsylvania election was held January 19, 1869. John Scott was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.^[7] The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 19, 1869, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1869. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

|-|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"| colspan="3" align="right" | Totals| align="right" | 133| align="right" | 100.00%|}

West Virginia

Election Date:	February 2, 1869
Election Name:	1869 United States Senate election in West Virginia
Country:	West Virginia
Type:	presidential
Next Year:	1875
Candidate1:	Arthur Boreman
Party1:	Republican Party (United States)
Image1:	File:Arthur I. Boreman - Brady-Handy.jpg
Candidate2:	Daniel Lamb
1Blank:	House vote
Votes For Election:	Needed to win: Majority of votes cast in each House of the Legislature 53 votes cast in the House; 27 votes needed 22 votes cast in the Senate; 12 votes needed
After Election:	Arthur Boreman
U.S. senator
Next Election:	1874–75 United States Senate elections#West Virginia
Previous Election:	1862–63 United States Senate elections#West Virginia
Previous Year:	1863
Vote Type:	Members'
Image2 Size:	115px
After Party:	Republican Party (United States)
Before Party:	Republican Party (United States)
Before Election:	Peter Van Winkle
2Blank:	Senate vote
1Data1:	43 votes 81.1%
2Data1:	19 votes 86.4%
1Data2:	10 votes 18.9%
2Data2:	3 votes 13.6%
Party2:	Democratic Party (United States)
Posttitle:	Elected U.S. Senator

On February 2, 1869, the West Virginia Legislature held an election for senator to replace Peter Van Winkle. Nominated were Arthur Boreman, the first governor of West Virginia, and Daniel Lamb, a member of West Virginia's constitutional convention and former delegate.^[8] Boreman, having received majorities of the vote in both the House and Senate, was declared duly as elected senator on February 3, 1869.^[9]

Party		Candidate	House		Senate
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	Votes	%
	Republican	Arthur Boreman		43		81.1	19	86.4
	Democratic	Daniel Lamb	10	18.9	3	13.6
Total			53	100	22	100
Needed to win			27	>50	12	>50

Notes and References

Web site: 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913). National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
Segar was not seated on the premise that the Union-friendly legislature was illegitimate despite having seated his predecessor based credentials from the same legislature. In reality, the Senate refused because it did not want to set a precedent for easing reentry of Confederate states. See Web site: Musical Chairs (1861–1869) . United States Senate . March 20, 2009.
Byrd and Wolff, page 90
Web site: Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1863. 2022-11-05. www.ourcampaigns.com.
Web site: Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 17, 1868. 2022-11-05. www.ourcampaigns.com.
Web site: Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 00, 1865. 2022-11-05. www.ourcampaigns.com.
Web site: U.S. Senate Election - 19 January 1869. Wilkes University. 23 December 2012.
Book: Atkinson, George Wesley . Prominent Men of West Virginia . W.L. Callin . 1890 . 257.
Book: Journal of the West Virginia House of Delegates, Volume 7 . . 1869 . 57.