1860s in association football explained

The following are events in the 1860s decade which are relevant to the development of association football. Included are events in closely related codes, such as the Sheffield Rules. All events happened in English football unless specified otherwise.

There was constant discussion about the rules throughout this decade and several codes were in use. The Football Association (the FA) was founded in 1863 and its rules eventually prevailed. Points at issue among the various associations included offside, the throw-in, the corner kick, the crossbar and the now-obsolete touch down. Among the clubs founded in the 1860s were Notts County, Nottingham Forest, Queen's Park FC, Sheffield Wednesday, Stoke City and Kilmarnock.

Events

1860

• Foundation of Hallam FC, local rivals of Sheffield FC.^[1]
• 31 January – Sheffield FC revised its rules to ban all methods of handling the ball except by a fair catch. The 1858 rules had allowed players to control the ball by hand as long as they did not hold and carry it.^[2]

• 26 December – The first match between Hallam FC and Sheffield FC took place at Hallam's Sandygate Road ground under the Sheffield Rules. The fixture remains the oldest in world football.^[1]

1861

• October – Sheffield FC modified its rules governing the goal kick and the throw-in.^[3]
• 14 December – An article in The Field called for a common code of football.^[4] It inspired Charles Thring, an Uppingham School teacher, in his efforts to create such a code. He was strongly opposed to the Rugby School version of football and championed a strict offside law.
• 28 December – The Field published a letter from Thring in which he outlined his ideas for the "very first principles of football" including offside, use of a round ball and goals to be scored by kicking the ball under (not over) the crossbar.^[5]

1862

• 31 January – A new version of the Sheffield Rules introduced the rouge (borrowed from the Eton field game) as a tiebreaker. Goal dimensions were specified for the first time with two goal "sticks" twelve feet apart and a crossbar (or tape) nine feet above the ground. The change of ends at half-time was introduced but it only happened if a goal had been scored. There was still no offside law.^{[6] [7]}
• 1 October – Following correspondence throughout the year, Charles Thring published a pamphlet called The Rules of Foot-ball: The Winter Game. Revised for the use of schools. It proposed a set of laws for what Thring called "The Simplest Game".^[8]
• Unknown date – Foundation of Notts County, recognised as the world's oldest professional football club. County began as a "gentlemen-only" club and played a form of football that has been loosely termed the Nottingham Rules.^[9]

1863

• Summer – Ahead of the 1863–64 season, Sheffield FC adopted a "single player" offside rule which required that there must be at least one defending player between the goal and the first attacking player (or level with him).^{[10] [11]}
• Monday, 26 October – In an effort to resolve the common rules issue, representatives of twelve clubs and schools in the London area met at the Freemasons' Tavern, in Great Queen Street. The meeting was organised by Ebenezer Cobb Morley, founder of Barnes FC, for the purpose of "forming an Association with the object of establishing a definite code of rules for the regulation of the game". The Football Association was founded with eleven clubs joining at the outset.^[12]

• 26 October to 8 December – The new FA held a total of six meetings to try and determine the rules of play. They envisaged a game played primarily with the feet and banned running with the ball in hand. Hacking was also forbidden. They did allow the fair catch, however, and as in Sheffield this earned a free kick. The bans on handling and hacking led to the withdrawals of both Blackheath and Richmond who, along with other clubs which favoured Rugby rules, formed the Rugby Football Union in 1871. The game created by the FA became known as association football to distinguish it from rugby football.^[12]

1864

• 7 December – Having been founded as an ad hoc team in 1862, Notts County was formally established as Notts FC.^[13]

1865

• 2 January – Sheffield FC went to Nottingham to play their first match outside the Sheffield area, against Notts FC. The game was eighteen-a-side under the local Nottingham Rules.^[14]
• Unknown date – Foundation of Nottingham Forest by shinty players at the Clinton Arms pub on Shakespeare Street in Nottingham.^[15]

1866

• 22 February – At its Annual General Meeting (AGM), the FA formulated their second version of the Laws of the Game. These included the introductions of both the three-man offside rule and the crossbar (then a tape) with the stipulation that the ball must pass beneath it for a goal. Although the touchdown was temporarily retained, the resultant conversion was abolished as was the clean catch to earn a free kick.^[16]
• 22 March – First Nottingham derby between Forest and County.^[15]
• 31 March – The London v Sheffield match was played under FA rules in Battersea Park, London. The London team, captained by Arthur Pember, was representative and won by two goals and four touchdowns to nil.^[17]
• October to December – Analysis of the sporting press has revealed that a total of 122 known matches were played in and around London during this period (the total rose to 170 in the same three months of 1867).^[17]

1867

• 12 February – Opening of the Youdan Cup in Sheffield as the world's first-ever organised tournament in any code of football.^[18] Twelve local clubs took part, playing under the Sheffield Rules: Broomhall, Fir Vale, Garrick, Hallam (winners), Heeley, Mackenzie, Mechanics, Milton, Norfolk, Norton, Pitsmoor and Wellington. Sheffield FC declined to take part.^[19]
• 26 February – At its AGM, the FA abolished the touchdown and placed additional limitations on handling.^{[20] [21]} The new FA Secretary, R. G. Graham undertook to correspond with all known clubs throughout England in an effort to increase membership which totalled only ten clubs.^[22]
• 5 March – The Youdan Cup Final was played at Bramall Lane between Hallam and Norfolk. The score was nil-all in goals but Hallam won by two rouges (touchdowns) to one.^[19]
• March – The Sheffield & Hallamshire County Football Association was formed by Sheffield FC and the twelve clubs that had competed in the Youdan Cup. This is the world's second-oldest football association after the FA itself. The new association took immediate ownership of the Sheffield Rules and issued its own first version.^[23] Sheffield & Hallamshire teams played under the Sheffield Rules until 1877 when they adopted the FA rules.^[24]
• 20 June – The first recorded football match in Argentina was played at Parque Tres de Febrero, Palermo, Buenos Aires, by two teams of British railway workers.^[25]
• 9 July – Foundation of Queen's Park FC in Glasgow. It is the oldest Scottish association football club.^{[26] [27]}
• 4 September – Foundation of Sheffield Wednesday at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield by members of the Wednesday Cricket Club who wanted to play a winter sport to maintain fitness. The team played its first match on 19 October. The club was known as Wednesday Football Club until 1929 when they added Sheffield to their name.^[28]
• 19 October – Chesterfield F.C. was formed as an offshoot of Chesterfield Cricket Club in October 1867.^[29]
• West Kent Football Club were founded in 1867^[30] by a core of Old Rugbeians including Arthur Guillemard. Playing at Chislehurst Common, they first played football using both Association rules and Rugby School rules.

1868

• February – The second oldest football tournament in the world, the Cromwell Cup, was played under the Sheffield Rules. The four clubs taking part were Sheffield Wednesday (the winners), Exchange, Garrick and Wellington.^[31]
• 1 August – Queen's Park played their first competitive match against the now-defunct Thistle FC and won 2–0.^[32]
• October – An early version of the corner kick was included in the Sheffield Rules at the request of Norfolk F.C. It differed significantly from the modern version in that it could be awarded to either side depending on who played the ball over the goal-line. There was an exception in that if the ball went directly over the crossbar, and regardless of who played it last, the decision was a goal-kick by the defending team.^[33] The FA adopted the Sheffield version of the corner kick in 1872.^[34]
• October – Stoke Ramblers FC, which may have been founded up to five years previously by former pupils of Charterhouse School who were employed at the North Staffordshire Railway works, played their first documented match against E. W. May's XV. The club became Stoke FC in 1878 and then Stoke City in 1925 after Stoke-on-Trent was granted city status.^{[35] [36] [37]} Stoke City claim to have been founded in 1863 but lack documented proof of any activity before the match in 1868 and, in 2019, the English Football League (EFL) declared that Nottingham Forest (founded 1865) was the EFL's oldest club ahead of the 2019–20 season, Notts County having been relegated to the National League.^[38]

1869

• 5 January – Foundation of Kilmarnock FC, the second-oldest club in Scotland. As would happen on numerous future occasions, the club was formed by a group of local cricketers looking for a sporting pursuit to keep themselves fit and active outside of the cricket season.^{[39] [40]}
• It was about this time that tactics first became evident in football with the designation of positions to appropriate players. This probably began in Scotland when, ahead of an 1869 game against Hamilton Gymnasium F.C., the Queen's Park captain Robert Gardner distributed cards to his colleagues which showed each of them where and how he must play. The Scots soon developed the 2-2-6 formation with fullbacks recognised as distinct from forwards, while halfbacks began to emerge in a sort of midfield role. Forwards, however, still played in a pack to support the man in possession. Dribbling remained the key skill but there was no sign yet of a passing game to use the full width of the field. Queen's Park was the first team to play a passing game a few years later.^[41]

Births

Unknown

• c.1860 – Michael Paton (d. unknown), Scotland international full back in five matches (1883–1886).
• c.1862 – John Marshall (d. unknown), Scotland international in four matches (1885–1887).
• c.1869 – James Hamilton (d. unknown), Scotland international in three matches, scoring three goals (1892–1893).
• c.1869 – William Thomson (d. unknown), Scotland international in four matches (1892–1898).

1860

• 4 March – Eadie Fraser (d. 1886), Scotland international in five matches, scoring four goals (1880–1883).
• 28 August – James McAulay (d. 1943), Scotland international goalkeeper in nine matches (1882–1887).
• unknown date – Arthur Dunn (d. 1902), England international in four matches (1883–1892).
• unknown date – William Anderson (d. unknown), Scotland international in six matches, scoring three goals (1882–1885).
• unknown date – Robert Calderwood (d. unknown), Scotland international in three matches, scoring three goals (1885).

1861

• 3 January – Jack Yates (d. 1917), England international forward in one match (1889), scoring three goals and so one of the five England players to score a hat-trick on his only international appearance.
• 9 January – Howard Vaughton (d. 1937), England international in five matches (1882–1894), scoring six goals.
• February – Alf Jones (d. 1935), England international in three matches (1882–1883).
• 4 March – William Rose (d. 1937), England international goalkeeper in five matches (1884–1891).
• 12 May – Walter Arnott (d. 1931), Scotland international right back in 14 matches (1883–1893).
• 16 June – Arthur Bambridge (d. 1923), England international in three matches (1881–1884).
• 22 June – Leitch Keir (d. 1922), Scotland international in four matches (1886–1888).
• 9 October – William Harrower (d. 1910), Scotland international in three matches, scoring four goals (1882–1886).

1862

• 7 January – John Auld (d. 1932), Scotland international in three matches (1887–1889).
• 13 January – John Forbes (d. 1928), Scotland international in five matches (1884–1887).
• 20 February – Clement Mitchell (d. 1937), England international in five matches (1880–1885), scoring five goals.
• 31 July – Jimmy Brown (d. 1922), England international in five matches (1881–1885), scoring three goals.
• 30 August – John Brodie (d. 1925), England international in three matches (1889–1891).
• 26 September – Charles Heggie (d. 1925), Scotland international in one match, scoring four goals (1886).
• unknown date – John Lindsay (d. 1932), Scotland international goalkeeper in three matches (1888–1893).

1863

• 4 February – Nevill Cobbold (d. 1922), England international in nine matches (1883–1887), scoring six goals.
• 14 February – Herbie Arthur (d. 1930), England international goalkeeper in seven matches (1885–1887).
• 16 February – Ralph Aitken (d. 1928), Scotland international in two matches (1886–1888).
• 13 April – Charlie Mason (d. 1941), England international in three matches (1887–1890).
• 30 April – David Allan (d. 1930), Scotland international in three matches, scoring two goals (1885–1886).
• 19 June – John Goodall (d. 1942), England international in 14 matches (1888–1898), scoring twelve goals.
• 31 August – Billy Crone (d. 1944), Ireland international player (1882–1890, 12 matches) and coach (1897).
• 10 September – Ralph Squire (d. 1944), England international in three matches, all in 1886.
• 30 September – Percy Melmoth Walters (d. 1936), England international in 13 matches (1885–1890).
• 7 November – Alex Higgins (d. 1920), Scotland international in one match, scoring three goals (1885).
• 28 November – Dennis Hodgetts (d. 1945), England international in six matches (1888–1894).
• 16 December – Fred Dewhurst (d. 1895), England international in nine matches (1886–1889), scoring eleven goals.

1864

• 13 May – Frank Shaw (d. unknown), Scotland international in two matches (1884).
• 24 June – Jimmy Forrest (d. 1925), England international in eleven matches (1884–1890).
• 1 August – Benjamin Spilsbury (d. 1938), England international in three matches (1885–1886), scoring five goals.
• 17 August – James Adams (d. 1943), Scotland international in three matches (1889–1893).
• 17 October – George Haworth (d. 1943), England international in five matches (1887–1890).
• 4 November – William Johnstone (d. 1950), Scotland international in three matches (1887–1890).
• 28 December – Thomas Robertson (d. 1924), Scotland international in four matches (1889–1892).
• unknown date – Dan Doyle (d. 1918), Scotland international in eight matches (1892–1898).

1865

• 26 January – Arthur Melmoth Walters (d. 1941), England international in nine matches (1885–1890).
• 2 March – James McCall (d. 1925), Scotland international in five matches, scoring two goals (1886–1890).
• 12 March – Tommy Clare (d. 1929), England international full-back in four matches (1889–1894).
• 10 April – Johnny Holt (d. 1937), England international in ten matches (1890–1900), scoring eight goals.
• 14 April – Joe Lofthouse (d. 1919), England international in seven matches (1885–1890), scoring three goals.
• 23 April – George Brann (d. 1954), England international in three matches (1886–1891).
• 11 June – Jake Madden (d. 1948), Scotland international in two matches, scoring five goals (1893–1895).
• 20 June – Bob Howarth (d. 1938), England international in four matches (1886–1894).
• July – Alexander Hamilton (d. unknown), Scotland international in four matches (1885–1888).
• 17 August – George Clifton (d. 1947), English footballer^[42]
• 11 September – Alf Shelton (d. 1923), England international in six matches (1889–1892).
• 2 October – Bob Kelso (d. 1950), Scotland international in seven matches (1885–1898).
• 15 October – Bob Smellie (d. unknown), Scotland international in six matches (1887–1893).
• 15 October – James Kelly (d. 1932), Scotland international in eight matches (1888–1896).
• 27 October – Tinsley Lindley (d. 1940), England international in 13 matches (1886–1891), scoring 14 goals and held the England international goal scoring record from 1888 to 1898.

1866

• 3 January – Charlie Perry (d. 1927), England international in three matches (1890–1893).
• 19 January – Harry Allen (d. 1895), England international in five matches (1888–1890).
• 7 February – Willie Paul (d. 1911), Scotland international in three matches, scoring five goals (1888–1890).
• 16 February – Frank Watt (d. unknown), Scotland international in four matches, scoring three goals (1889–1891).
• 12 March – John McLeod (d. 1953), Scotland international goalkeeper in five matches (1888–1893).
• 5 April – Harry Daft (d. 1945), England international in five matches, scoring three goals (1889–1892).
• 29 April – David Mitchell (d. 1948), Scotland international in five matches (1890–1894).
• 27 August – William Dickson (d. 1910), Scotland international in one match, scoring four goals (1888).
• 18 September – Samuel Johnston (d. 1910), youngest-ever Ireland international at 15 years 154 days; played in five matches (1882–1886) and scored two goals.
• 21 September – William Sellar (d. 1914), Scotland international in nine matches, scoring four goals (1885–1893).
• 6 October – Jimmy Turner (d. 1903), England international in three matches (1893–1898).
• 9 October – Charles Wreford-Brown (d. 1951), England international in four matches (1889–1898).
• 29 October – Ned Doig (d. 1919), Scotland international goalkeeper in five matches (1887–1903).
• 27 November – George Kinsey (d. 1936), England international in four matches (1892–1896).
• 11 December – Jack Southworth (d. 1956), England international in three matches, scoring three goals (1889–1892).
• unknown date – James Allan (d. 1945), Scotland international in two matches, scoring two goals (1887).
• unknown date – James Wilson (d. 1900), Scotland international in four matches (1888–1891).

1867

• 1 April – Albert Allen (d. 1899), England international forward in one match (1888), scoring three goals and so one of the five England players to score a hat-trick on his only international appearance.
• 23 June – Bob Holmes (d. 1955), England international in seven matches (1888–1895).
• 2 July – Bob Boyd (d. 1930), Scotland international in two matches, scoring two goals (1889–1891).
• 20 August – William Berry (d. 1919), Scotland international in four matches (1888–1891).
• 1 September – Alex Latta (d. 1928), Scotland international in two matches, scoring two goals (1888–1889).
• 19 December – Arthur Henfrey (d. 1929), England international in five matches, scoring two goals (1891–1896).
• unknown date – Daniel McArthur (d. 1943), Scotland international in three matches (1895–1899).

1868

• 3 January – Jimmy Oswald (d. 1948), Scotland international in three matches (1889–1897).
• 23 January – Fred Geary (d. 1955), England international forward in two matches (1890–1891), scoring three goals, all on his debut.
• 25 January – Neil Munro (d. 1948), Scotland international in two matches, scoring two goals (1888–1889).
• 4 April – George Cotterill (d. 1950), England international in four matches, scoring two goals (1891–1893).
• 14 April – John Willie Sutcliffe (d. 1947), England international goalkeeper in five matches (1893–1903).
• 4 June – Isaac Begbie (d. 1958), Scotland international in four matches (1890–1894).
• 7 June – Billy Moon (d. 1943), England international goalkeeper in seven matches (1888–1891).
• 15 June – Cunliffe Gosling (d. 1922), England international in five matches, scoring two goals (1892–1895).
• 16 June – Jimmy Cowan (d. 1918), Scotland international in three matches (1896–1898).
• 19 June – John McPherson (d. 1926), Scotland international in nine matches, scoring six goals (1888–1897).
• 26 June – Harry Wood (d. 1951), England international in three matches (1890–1896).
• 7 August – Rupert Sandilands (d. unknown), England international in five matches, scoring three goals (1892–1896).
• 11 August – Fred Pelly (d. 1940), England international in three matches (1893–1894).
• 20 August – Willie Groves (d. 1908), Scotland international in three matches, scoring four goals (1888–1890).
• 30 October – Donald Sillars (d. 1905), Scotland international in five matches (1891–1895).
• 18 December – John Lambie (d. 1923), Scotland international in three matches (1886–1888).

1869

• 27 January – Billy Bassett (d. 1937), England international in 16 matches, scoring eight goals (1888–1896).
• 21 February – Jack Reynolds (d. 1917), international half back for both Ireland (1890–1891, 5 matches) and England (1892–1897, 8 matches); won three FA Cup winners medals with West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa.
• 26 February – Olphert Stanfield (d. 1952), Ireland international forward in 30 matches (1887–1897), scoring eleven goals; the most-capped international of the 19th century.
• 4 March – Davie Baird (d. 1946), Scotland international in three matches (1890–1892).
• 18 March – Hughie Wilson (d. 1940), Scotland international in four matches (1890–1904).
• 14 June – Edgar Chadwick (d. 1942), England international in seven matches, scoring three goals (1891–1897).
• 28 June – John Barker (d. 1941), Scotland international in two matches, scoring four goals (1893–1894).
• 19 July – John Veitch (d. 1914), England international forward in one match (1894), scoring three goals and so one of the five England players to score a hat-trick on his only international appearance.
• 22 July – Walter Gilliat (d. 1963), England international forward in one match (1893), scoring three goals and so one of the five England players to score a hat-trick on his only international appearance.
• 23 July – Albert Smith (d. 1921), England international in three matches (1891–1893).
• 6 October – Jack Bell (d. unknown), Scotland international in ten matches, scoring five goals (1890–1900).
• 20 October – Alex Keillor (d. 1960), Scotland international in six matches, scoring two goals (1891–1897).
• 1 November – Fred Wheldon (d. 1924), England international in four matches, scoring six goals (1897–1898).
• unknown date – James Sharp (d. unknown), Scotland international in five matches (1904–1909).

Bibliography

• Book: Farnsworth, Keith . 1995 . Sheffield Football: A History. Volume 1, 1857–1961 . Hallamshire Press . Sheffield . 978-1-87-471813-0.
• Book: Murphy, Brendan . From Sheffield with Love . 2007 . Sports Book Limited . 978-1-89-980756-7.
• Book: Sanders, Richard . Beastly Fury – The Strange Birth of British Football . 2009 . Transworld . London . 978-0-55-381935-9.
• Book: Young, Percy M. . 1964 . Football in Sheffield . Dark Peak . San Francisco . 978-0-95-062724-3.

Notes and References

1. News: World's oldest football teams play in derby . BBC News . BBC . 27 July 2013 . 17 February 2020.
2. Murphy, p. 46.
3. Sheffield Football Club . Sheffield Daily Telegraph . 1984 . 15 October 1861 . 5.
4. The Field . The Rules of Football . Unknown . 14 December 1861 . 525.
5. Football, Simple and Universal . "J.C.T." (John Charles Thring) . The Field . 28 December 1861 . 578.
6. Sheffield Football Club . Sheffield Daily Telegraph . 31 January 1862 . 2.
7. Sheffield Football Club . Sheffield Daily Telegraph . 8 February 1862 . 5.
8. Book: Curry, Graham . Football: A Study in Diffusion . University of Leicester . Leicester . 2001 . 70 . 19 February 2020 . 2 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181102015200/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/7821/1/391137.pdf . dead .
9. News: Happy 150th to Notts County, a very decent football club . Richard . Williams . . 26 November 2012 . 10 July 2016.
10. Correspondence . Harry W. . Chambers . The Field . xxix . 737 . 9 February 1867 . 104.
11. News: The Football Association [letter from W. Chesterman, Hon. Sec. of Sheffield Football Club] ]. Supplement to Bell's Life in London . 5 December 1863 . 1.
12. Web site: The History of the FA . thefa.com . The Football Association . 2020 . 22 February 2020.
13. Web site: Club history . Notts County Football Club . 19 March 2020.
14. Book: Sheffield FC – Celebrating 50 Years . 2007 . At Heart Ltd . 978-1-84547-174-3 . 30 . en.
15. Web site: History of Nottingham Forest . www.nottinghamforest.co.uk . 17 February 2020.
16. Sanders, pp. 55–56.
17. Sanders, p. 52.
18. Book: Guinness World Records 2003 . registration . Bantam Books . New York . 2003 . 332 . 978-0-553-58636-7.
19. News: World's oldest football trophy 'not for sale' . BBC News . BBC . 14 October 2014 . 17 February 2020.
20. Sanders, p. 56.
21. The Football Association . Bell's Life in London . 2341 . 9 . 2 March 1867.
22. The Early History of the Football Association . R. G. . Graham . The Badminton Magazine of Sports and Pastimes . viii . 1899 . 79–81 . Longmans, Green, & Co. . London.
23. Sheffield Rules (March 1867).
24. Meeting of the Sheffield Football Association . Sheffield and Rotherham Independent . 24 April 1877 . lxi . 5722 . 7.
25. Web site: Some Information on the Early History of Football in Argentina . Osvaldo José . Gorgazzi . Josef . Bobrowsky . 1999 . . 18 February 2020.
26. Web site: History – The Queen's Park Football Club . www.queensparkfc.co.uk . en-GB . 19 March 2020 . 29 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201229202420/https://queensparkfc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Murray-Brothers.pdf . dead .
27. Sanders, pp. 63–64.
28. Book: Dickinson, Jason . The Origins of Sheffield Wednesday . Amberley Publishing . Stroud . 2015 . 978-1-44-561952-1.
29. Web site: Four clubs for Chesterfield. Basson. Stuart. Chesterfield F.C.. 6 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20120329032257/http://www.chesterfield-fc.co.uk/page/History/0%2C%2C10435~897585%2C00.html. 29 March 2012. dead. Although there is a widely-held belief that the first Chesterfield club was formed in 1866, no contemporary documentary evidence has been found to substantiate a claim for formation earlier than October 19th., 1867... The Chesterfield Town FC (1899) Ltd was put into voluntary liquidation in 1915... Chesterfield Borough Council formed of the Chesterfield Municipal FC on April 24th, 1919... That Chesterfield FC is the one that we watch today.... 31 August 2011. dmy-all.
30. Philip Norman, Scores and annals of the West Kent cricket club. With some account of the neighbourhoods of Chislehurst and Bromley and of the families residing there, p221, 1897, (Oxford University Press)
31. Web site: The Cromwell Cup, 1868 . Sheffield and Rotherham Independent & Sheffield Telegraph . Sheffield . 17 February 1868 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120728081730/http://www.btinternet.com/~a.drake/sheff/cup/cromwell.htm . 19 March 2020. 28 July 2012 .
32. Sanders, p. 64.
33. Sheffield Rules (1868).
34. Laws of the Game (1872).
35. Web site: 1863–1888: In the Beginning . Stoke City F.C. . 19 March 2020.
36. Web site: Landmarks . Stoke City F.C. . 19 March 2020.
37. Book: Matthews, Tony . The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City Football Club, 1868–1994 . 1994 . Lion Press . Wolverhampton . 978-0-95-241510-7.
38. News: EFL confirm that Nottingham Forest are now Football League's oldest club, not Stoke City . Tom . Leach . Nottinghamshire Live . Nottingham Post . 9 May 2019 . 19 March 2020.
39. Book: Ross, David . Killie: The Official History . 1994 . The Bath Press . Harefield . 978-1-87-442775-9.
40. Web site: Kilmarnock in History: First Steps . Kilmarnock FC . 19 March 2020.
41. Sanders, pp. 68–69.
42. Web site: George Clifton . worldfootball.net . HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG . 2 April 2024 . en.