1855 in science explained

The year 1855 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• September – Alfred Russel Wallace publishes "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", which he has written while working in Sarawak on the island of Borneo in February;^[1] in December, Edward Blyth brings it to the attention of Charles Darwin.
• Robert Remak publishes Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der Wirbelthiere in Berlin, providing evidence for cell division, which is supported (but not acknowledged) by Rudolf Virchow.^{[2] [3]}

Cartography

• September – Rev. James Patterson presents the Gall orthographic projection for celestial and terrestrial equal-area cartography.^[4]

Chemistry

• May 10 – The Bunsen burner is invented by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.
• Friedrich Gaedcke first isolates the cocaine alkaloid, which he names "erythroxyline".^[5]
• William Odling proposes a methane type (tetravalent) for carbon.
• Charles-Adolphe Wurtz publishes the Wurtz reaction.^[6]
• Benjamin Silliman, Jr. pioneers methods of petroleum cracking, which makes the entire modern petrochemical industry possible.^[7]

Earth sciences

• Famennian stage proposed by Belgian geologist André Dumont.^[8]

Exploration

• November 17 – Dr David Livingstone becomes the first European to see the Victoria Falls.

Medicine

• March – Mary Seacole opens the British Hotel at Balaklava, a nursing and convalescent establishment for Crimean War officers.^[9]
• October – The Renkioi temporary hospital, prefabricated in wood to a design by I. K. Brunel, is erected in Turkey to serve Crimean War invalids.^[10]
• Thomas Addison describes Addison's disease in On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules.
• The third plague pandemic breaks out in Yunnan, China.^[11] This bubonic plague pandemic eventually spreads to all inhabited continents, and ultimately leads to more than 12 million deaths in India and China^[12] (estimated 15 million worldwide)^[13] making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.^[14] The pandemic was considered active until 1960.

Paleontology

• The first archaeopteryx fossil is found in Bavaria, but will not be identified until 1970.^[15]

Physics

• James Clerk Maxwell unifies electricity and magnetism into a single theory, classical electromagnetism, thereby showing that light is an electromagnetic wave.
• Heinrich Geißler designs a mercury pump capable of producing a significant vacuum.

Technology

• August 27 – Alphonse Louis Poitevin patents the collotype photographic printing process in France.^[16]
• October 17 – Henry Bessemer files his patent for the Bessemer process of steelmaking.^[17]
• William Armstrong produces the rifled breech-loading Armstrong Gun.

Institutions

• c. February – Establishment of the Industrial Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, a predecessor of the National Museum of Scotland, with chemist George Wilson as its director. In August he is also appointed Regius Professor of Technology in the University of Edinburgh, the first such post in Britain.^[18] This year also he publishes Researches on Colour-Blindness.
• Opening of Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule in Zürich, Switzerland.

Publications

• Matthew Fontaine Maury publishes The Physical Geography of the Sea.

Awards

• Copley Medal: Léon Foucault^[19]
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Henry De la Beche

Births

• January 5 – King Camp Gillette (died 1932), American inventor.
• January 21 – John Browning (died 1926), American inventor.
• January 28 – William Seward Burroughs (died 1898), American inventor of the adding machine.
• March 13 – Percival Lowell (died 1916), American astronomer.
• May 12 – Oskar von Miller (died 1934), German electrical engineer and founder of the Deutsches Museum.
• May 29 – David Bruce (died 1931), Australian-born British microbiologist.
• November 5 – Léon Teisserenc de Bort (died 1913), French meteorologist.
• November 7 – Edwin Hall (died 1938), American physicist, discoverer of the "Hall effect".
• Stephen Paget (died 1926), English surgeon.

Deaths

• February 23 – Carl Friedrich Gauss (born 1777), German mathematician.
• February 27 – Bryan Donkin (born 1768), English engineer and inventor.
• March 20 – Joseph Aspdin (born 1778), English inventor.
• April 13 – Henry De la Beche (born 1796), English geologist.
• June 7 – Friederike Lienig (born 1790), Latvian entomologist.
• June 29 – John Gorrie (born 1803), Scottish American physician and inventor.
• July 6 – Andrew Crosse (born 1784), English 'gentleman scientist', pioneer experimenter in electricity.
• July 8 – William Parry (born 1790), English Arctic explorer.
• October 7 – François Magendie (born 1783), French physiologist.
• December 6 – William John Swainson (born 1789), English naturalist.

Notes and References

1. On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species. Alfred Russel. Wallace. Annals and Magazine of Natural History . Second Series. 16.
2. Virchow, R. Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin 8 (1855).
3. David. Lagunoff. A Polish, Jewish Scientist in 19th-Century Prussia. Science. 298. 2331. 2002. 10.1126/science.1080726. 5602. 12493897.
4. At Glasgow meeting of British Association for the Advancement of Science.
5. Ueber das Erythroxylin, dargestellt aus den Blättern des in Südamerika cultivirten Strauches Erythroxylon Coca. Gaedcke. F.. Archiv der Pharmazie. 132. 2. 141–150. 1855. 10.1002/ardp.18551320208.
6. Sur une nouvelle classe de radicaux organiques. Adolphe. Wurtz. Annales de chimie et de physique. 44. 275–312. 1855. 2012-02-07.
7. Web site: Benjamin Silliman, Jr. (1816–1885) . Picture History . Picture History LLC . 2003 . 2007-03-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070707023346/http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/17879/mcms.html . 2007-07-07 .
8. Thorez. Jacques. Dreesen. Roland. Streel. Maurice. 2006. Frasnian. Geologica Belgica. 9. 27–45. 2013-03-16.
9. Book: Seacole, Mary. Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands. London. Blackwood. 1858.
10. Book: Silver, Christopher. Renkioi: Brunel's Forgotten Crimean War Hospital. Sevenoaks. Valonia Press. 2007. 978-0-9557105-0-6.
11. Book: Cohn, Samuel Kline Jr. . The black death transformed: disease and culture in early Renaissance Europe . 2002 . Arnold . 978-0-340-70646-6 . London . 50102269.
12. News: 2019-05-07 . Plague deaths: Quarantine lifted after couple die of bubonic plague . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-08-24.
13. Frith . John . "The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics" . Journal of Military and Veterans' Health . 20 . 2 .
14. Sanburn, Josh (2010-10-26). "Top 10 Terrible Epidemics: The Third Plague Pandemic". Time. ISSN 0040-781X
15. Book: Carroll, Sean B.. Remarkable Creatures: epic adventures in the search for the origins of species. London. Quercus. 2009. 172–4.
16. Web site: The Poitevin Patents and the Importance of Using Primary Sources. BrevetsPhotographiques.fr. https://archive.today/20130213104006/http://brevetsphotographiques.fr/englishluisnadeau.htm. 2013-02-13. 2021-11-23.
17. Book: van Dulken, Stephen. Inventing the 19th Century: the great age of Victorian inventions. London. British Library. 2001. 978-0-7123-0881-6. 30–1.
18. Geoffrey N.. Swinney. George Wilson's map of technology. Journal of Scottish Historical Studies. 36. 2. 2016. 165–90. 10.3366/jshs.2016.0184.
19. Web site: Copley Medal British scientific award . Encyclopedia Britannica . 23 July 2020 . en.