1853–54 Massachusetts gubernatorial election explained

Election Name:1853–54 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Country:Massachusetts
Type:presidential
Ongoing:No
Previous Election:1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Previous Year:1852
Next Election:1854 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
Next Year:1854
Election Date: (popular election)
(legislative vote)
1Blank:Popular election
2Blank:Senate vote
Image1:File:EmoryWashburn.jpg
Nominee1:Emory Washburn
Party1:Whig Party (United States)
2Data1:29
(100%)
1Data1:59,224
(45.94%)
Nominee2:Bradford L. Wales
Party2:Independent Democrat
2Data2:0
0.00%
1Data2:5,477
(4.25%)
Image4:File:3x4.svg
Nominee4:Henry W. Bishop
Party4:Democratic Party (United States)
1Data4:35,086
(27.22%)
Image5:File:Colonel Henry Wilson (Massachusetts Senator, U.S. Vice President).jpg
Nominee5:Henry Wilson
Party5:Free Soil Party
1Data5:29,020
(22.51%)
Governor
Before Election:John H. Clifford
Before Party:Whig Party (United States)
After Election:Emory Washburn
After Party:Whig Party (United States)

The 1853–54 Massachusetts gubernatorial election consisted of an initial popular held on November 14, 1853, which was followed by a legislative vote that was conducted on January 9, 1854, which elected Whig Party nominee Emory Washburn. The ultimate task of electing the governor had been placed before the Massachusetts General Court because no candidate received the majority of the vote required for a candidate to be elected through the popular election.

Whig Governor John H. Clifford declined to run for a second term in office. Emory Washburn won the race to succeed him. Because no candidate received a majority of the vote, the legislature selected Washburn as the winner.

This was the last time that the legislature elected the governor of Massachusetts, as the popular majority requirement was removed from the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1855. This was also the last election in which the Free Soil Party was a major factor; it was effectively supplanted by the Republican Party in 1854.

Background

1853 constitutional convention

See main article: Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853. The election was dominated by the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853, which proposed a new constitution for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The primary debate at the convention, held from May 4 to August 2, was over the system of representational apportionment used in the House of Representatives.

The debates notably saw the Whigs adopt a strategy of constitutional reform, a reversal from their historical record of conservative retrenchment. The Whig positions, calculated to enhance their urban majority, included equal representation, plurality elections, popular election of executive officers, elimination of mandatory straight-ticket voting, and abolition of the poll tax. The Democratic-Free Soil majority stood in support of the disproportionate representation of their agrarian base. Free Soiler Francis W. Bird remarked, "I thought I came here as one of the progressives in company with a majority of this Convention, but I find that we have all turned to the 'right-about-face.' The conservatives are on the engine, and the radicals are on the brake."

General election

Candidates

Campaign

Consistent with their new positions following the constitutional convention, the Whig convention at Fitchburg in September resolved in favor of equal representation, the plurality system, expansion of elective offices, abolition of debtors' prison, elimination of the poll tax, and synchronization of state and national elections. Several Whig candidates even embraced the ten-hour day, the focus of their opposition as recently as 1851.

The Democratic convention, seeking to maintain an edge with social reformers, adopted a platform more aggressively favoring labor rights than any ever taken by the party prior to the American Civil War. It included resolutions denouncing corporations for depressing wages, compelling excessive hours from employees, and blacklisting labor organizers.

The convention scrambled political coalitions in the commonwealth; anti-Coalition, anti-prohibition, national Democrats fielded a separate ticket for the second consecutive year and a number of prominent Free Soilers including Charles Francis Adams Sr., John G. Palfrey, and Samuel Hoar opposed the new constitution. Catholic press also denounced the proposed constitution, which included a measure to block public funds from sectarian schools.

On the eve of the election, U.S. Attorney General Caleb Cushing issued a statement enjoining Democrats from further cooperation with anti-slavery forces or suffer the loss of federal patronage.

Results

Legislative vote

The Massachusetts House of Representatives certified the popular returns on January 9. Emory Washburn was the first candidate nominated for Governor with 187 votes. On a second ballot, Bradford Wales was nominated with 156 votes. In the Senate, Washburn defeated Wales with 29 out of 30 votes.[1]

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Book: The Massachusetts Register for the Year 1854. 1855. 40–41.