1842 in science explained

The year 1842 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Botany

• Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward publishes On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases in London, promoting his concept of the Wardian case.^[1]

Exploration

• Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross charts the eastern side of James Ross Island and on January 23 reaches a Farthest South of 78°09'30"S.^[2]

Medicine

• January – American medical student William E. Clarke of Berkshire Medical College becomes the first person to administer an inhaled anesthetic to facilitate a surgical procedure (dental extraction).^[3]
• March 30 – American physician and pharmacist Crawford Long administers an inhaled anesthetic (diethyl ether) to facilitate a surgical procedure (removal of a neck tumor).^{[4] [5]}
• English surgeon William Bowman publishes On the Structure and Use of the Malpighian Bodies of the Kidney,^[6] identifying Bowman's capsule, a key component of the nephron.
• Edwin Chadwick's critical Report on an inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain is published by the Poor Law Commission.^[7]

Paleontology

• Palaeontologist Richard Owen coins the name Dinosauria, hence the Anglicized dinosaur.^[8]

Physics

• Christian Doppler proposes the Doppler effect.^[9]
• Julius Robert von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent.^[10] This is independently discovered in 1843 by James Prescott Joule, who names it "mechanical equivalent of heat".

Technology

• January 8 – Delft University of Technology established by William II of the Netherlands as a 'Royal Academy for the education of civilian engineers'.^[11]
• February 21 – John Greenough is granted the first U.S. patent for the sewing machine.^[12]
• June – James Nasmyth patents his design of steam hammer in England and introduces an improved planing machine.^[13]
• John Herschel discovers the cyanotype (blueprint) photographic process in England.^[14]

Events

• September 14–17 – English naturalist Charles Darwin and his family settle at Down House in Kent.

Awards

• Copley Medal: James MacCullagh^[15]
• Wollaston Medal: Leopold von Buch

Births

• February 2 – Julian Sochocki (died 1927), Polish mathematician.
• February 10 – Agnes Mary Clerke (died 1907) Irish astronomer and author.^[16]
• February 22 – Camille Flammarion (died 1925), French astronomer.
• March 17 – Rosina Heikel (died 1929), Finnish physician.^[17]
• March 23 – Susan Jane Cunningham (died 1921), American mathematician.
• April 4 – Édouard Lucas (died 1891, French mathematician.
• May 7 – Isala Van Diest (died 1916), Belgian physician.
• May 8 – Emil Christian Hansen (died 1909), Danish fermentation physiologist.
• June 11 – Carl von Linde (died 1934), German refrigeration engineer.
• August 23 – Osborne Reynolds (died 1912), Irish-born physicist.
• September 9 – Elliott Coues (died 1899), American ornithologist.
• September 20
  • James Dewar (died 1923), Scottish-born chemist.
  • Charles Lapworth (died 1920), English geologist.
• October 17 – Gustaf Retzius (died 1919), Swedish anatomist.
• October 24 (O.S. October 12) – Nikolai Menshutkin (died 1907), Russian chemist.
• November 12 – John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (died 1919), English Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
• December 3 – Ellen Swallow Richards (d. 1911), American chemist.
• December 17 – Sophus Lie (died 1899), Norwegian mathematician.

Deaths

• February 15 – Archibald Menzies (born 1754), Scottish-born botanist.
• April 28 – Charles Bell (born 1774), Scottish-born anatomist.
• May 8 – Jules Dumont d'Urville (born 1790), French explorer.
  • June 9 - Maria Dalle Donne (born 1778), Bolognese physician June 30 – Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester (born 1754), English agriculturalist and geneticist.
• July 19 – Pierre Joseph Pelletier (born 1788), French chemist.
• July 25 – Dominique Jean Larrey (born 1766), French military surgeon, pioneer of battlefield medicine.

Notes and References

1. David. Hershey. Doctor Ward's Accidental Terrarium. The American Biology Teacher. 58. 5. 276–281. 1996. 10.2307/4450151. 4450151.
2. Book: Coleman, E. C.. The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration, from Frobisher to Ross. Tempus Publishing. Stroud. 2006. 978-0-7524-3660-9. 335.
3. Book: Artificial anaesthesia and anaesthetics. History of anaesthesia. 6. Lyman, H. M.. 1881. William Wood and Company. New York. https://books.google.com/books?id=xNEIAQAAIAAJ&q=Artificial%20anaesthesia%20and%20anaesthetics&pg=PA68. 2010-09-13.
4. Long. C. W.. An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anæsthetic in Surgical Operations. Southern Medical and Surgical Journal. 5. 705–13. 1849. 2012-06-12.
5. March 30, 1842: It's Lights Out, Thanks to Ether. Wired. Long. Tony. 2007-03-30. 2007-12-29.
6. Presented to the Royal Society of London.
7. Web site: Icons, a portrait of England 1840–1860 . 2007-09-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070817165102/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1840-1860 . 2007-08-17 . dead .
8. Owen, R. (1842). "Report on British Fossil Reptiles." Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth, England.
9. "Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels – Versuch einer das Bradley'sche Theorem als integrirenden Theil in sich schliessenden allgemeineren Theorie" ("On the coloured light of the binary refracted stars and other celestial bodies – Attempt of a more general theory including Bradley's theorem as an integral part"). Abhandlungen der kaiserlichen bõhm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Prag (Prague) V Folge 2. 25 May 1842.
10. von Mayer. J. R.. 1842. Bemerkungen über die Kräfte der unbelebten Nature ("Remarks on the forces of inorganic nature"). Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 43. 2. 233–40. 10.1002/jlac.18420420212. 2027/umn.319510020751527. free.
11. Web site: History of the university . TU Delft . 2012-07-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080228094426/http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=300c4edd-74f6-4f4d-a5cd-42a70682cb98&lang=en . 2008-02-28 .
12. Web site: Vacuum & Sewing Hall of Fame. 2007-12-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20071212185533/http://www.vdta.com/hof-list.html. 12 December 2007. live. See section: "Contributors to the invention of the sewing machine".
13. Book: Smiles, Samuel. Samuel Smiles

    . Samuel Smiles. James Nasmyth Engineer: an Autobiography. John Murray. 1912. 2009-11-14.

14. Web site: The Cyanotype. Rosenthal. Richard T.. Vernacular Photography. 2000. 2021-11-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20130330080304/http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm. 2013-03-30. dead.
15. Web site: Copley Medal British scientific award . Encyclopedia Britannica . 22 July 2020 . en.
16. Book: Catharine M C. Haines. Helen M. Stevens. International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950. Santa Barbara. ABC-CLIO. 2001. 66. 978-1-57607-090-1.
17. Book: Bernce, Arvid. Efter 1809 en Krönika i ord och bild om Finlandssvenskarna. Helsingfors. Bernces förlag. 1981. 2003. 978-9-15000-408-3. SV.