1839 in the United Kingdom explained

Events from the year 1839 in the United Kingdom.

Incumbents

• Monarch – Victoria
• Prime Minister – William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (Whig)
• Foreign Secretary – Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

Events

• January – the first parallax measurement of the distance to Alpha Centauri is published by Thomas Henderson.^[1]
• 19 January – British East India Company captures Aden.
• 25 January – H. Fox Talbot shows his "photogenic drawings" at the Royal Institution in London. Sara Anne Bright is also producing such photographic reproductions this year.^[2]
• 29 January – naturalist Charles Darwin marries his cousin Emma Wedgwood at Maer, Staffordshire.
• February – Report on the Affairs of British North America published.
• 26 February – first nationally recognised Grand National run, at Aintree. It is won by Jem Mason riding Lottery.^{[3] [4] [5] [6]}
• 1 March – Sussex County Cricket Club, England's oldest county club, is formed.
• 26 March – the first Henley Royal Regatta is held on the River Thames.^[7]
• 9 April – the world's first commercial electric telegraph line comes into operation alongside the Great Western Railway line from London Paddington station to West Drayton.
• 19 April – the Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom with its independence and neutrality guaranteed by Britain and the other great powers of Europe.
• May
  • J. M. W. Turner completes his painting The Fighting Temeraire.^[8]
  • Cambridge Camden Society established by John Mason Neale, Alexander Beresford Hope and Benjamin Webb to promote Gothic architecture.^[9]
• 1 May – start of Eyre's expeditions to the interior of South Australia.
• 7–11 May – Bedchamber Crisis: Robert Peel asks that Queen Victoria dismiss her Ladies of the Bedchamber as a condition for his forming a government. Victoria refuses to accept the condition, and Melbourne is persuaded to stay on as Prime Minister.^[10]
• 13 May – first Rebecca Riots targeted against Welsh turnpikes, at Efailwen in Carmarthenshire.^[10]
• 31 May – important British constitutional case of Stockdale v Hansard is launched when publisher John Joseph Stockdale sues for libel after John Roberton's pseudo-medical work On Diseases of the Generative System (1811) is declared in a parliamentary report to be indecent.^[11]
• 3 June – destruction of opium at Humen begins, casus belli for Britain to open the 3-year First Opium War against Qing dynasty China.
• 28 June – coal mine explosion at St Hilda pit, South Shields, kills 51.^[12]
• July – first Royal Show (agricultural show) held, in Oxford.
• 4 July – Chartists riot in Birmingham.^[10]
• 15 July – first clipper ship launched in Britain, the schooner Scottish Maid at Alexander Hall's yard in Aberdeen.^[13]
• 23 July – British forces under Sir John Keane capture the fortress city of Ghazni, Afghanistan in the Battle of Ghazni during the First Anglo-Afghan War.^[14]
• 17 August – Custody of Infants Act (based largely on campaigning by Caroline Norton) permits limited rights of custody of young children to divorced mothers.
• 23 August – British forces seize Hong Kong as a base, as it prepares to wage the First Opium War.^[7]
• 30 August – the Eglinton Tournament, a recreation of a medieval tourney, takes place at Eglinton Castle, North Ayrshire, Scotland.
• 5 October – James Clark Ross sets out on the Antarctic expedition of and which will chart much of the coastline of the continent.
• 19 October – George Bradshaw publishes the first national railway timetable, Bradshaw's Railway Time Tables and Assistant to Railway Travelling, in Manchester.
• 4 November – Newport Rising: between 5,000 and 10,000 Chartist sympathisers led by John Frost, many of them coal miners, march on Newport, Monmouthshire, to liberate Chartist prisoners; around 22 are killed when troops, directed by Thomas Phillips, the mayor, fire on the crowd.^[15] This is the last large-scale armed civil rebellion against authority in mainland Britain and sees the most deaths.
• November – launch of the first British ocean-going iron warship, for the East India Company, by William Laird at Birkenhead.
• 5 December – Uniform Fourpenny Post introduced, a major postal reform, whereby 4d is levied for pre-paid letters up to half an ounce in weight instead of postage being calculated by distance and number of sheets of paper.^[16]
• 24 December – an enormous landslide occurs at Axmouth in Devon, creating the Axmouth to Lyme Regis Undercliff. A report by geologists William Daniel Conybeare and William Buckland is one of the earliest scientific descriptions of such an event.^[17]
• December – New Committee of Council on education sets up a national system of Inspectors of Schools for grant-aided establishments.^[18]

Undated

• County Police Act enables the appointment of police in rural areas^[19] and City of London Police Act confirms establishment of a force in the City.
• Sisters of Mercy establish the first native Roman Catholic convent in England since the Reformation, at Bermondsey in London.^[20]
• Michael Faraday publishes Experimental Researches in Electricity^[21] clarifying the true nature of electricity.
• Claimed invention of the rear-wheel driven bicycle by Kirkpatrick Macmillan in Scotland.^[22]
• Summer – John Ruskin visits Cornwall, regretting that reading for his Oxford degree interferes with his study of basalt at St Michael's Mount.^[23]

Ongoing

• Smallpox epidemic of 1837–40.^[24]

Publications

• Philip James Bailey's (anonymous) poem Festus.^[25]
• Charles Darwin's Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle under the Command of Captain FitzRoy, R.N., from 1832 to 1839.
• Mrs William Ellis's conduct book The Women of England: their social duties and domestic habits.

Births

• 7 January – Ouida (Maria Louise Ramé), novelist (died 1908)
• 16 March – John Butler Yeats, Irish painter (died 1922)
• 17 June – Arthur Tooth, Anglican clergyman prosecuted for Ritualist practices in the 1870s (died 1931)
• 18 July – James Surtees Phillpotts, educationalist (died 1930)
• 4 August – Walter Pater, essayist and critic (died 1894)
• 19 September – George Cadbury, businessman (died 1922)
• 7 December – Redvers Buller, general, Victoria Cross recipient (died 1908)
• 22 December – John Nevil Maskelyne, stage magician (died 1917)

Deaths

• 16 January – Edmund Lodge, writer (born 1756)
• 28 January – Sir William Beechey, portrait painter (born 1753)
• 11 April – John Galt, novelist (born 1779)
• 22 April – Thomas Haynes Bayly, poet (died 1839)
• 17 May – Archibald Alison, author (born 1757)
• 15 July – Winthrop Mackworth Praed, politician and poet (born 1802)
• 28 August – William Smith, geologist (born 1769)
• 24 October – Sir William Charles Ellis, physician specialising in mental illness (born 1780)
• 15 November – William Murdoch, inventor (born 1754)
• 24 December – James Smith, author (born 1775)

Notes and References

1. David. Gavine. Henderson, Thomas (1798–1844). 2004. 10.1093/ref:odnb/12915 . 2011-02-16.
2. News: Nick. Clark. The leaf storm. i. London. 1438. 2015-07-06. 27.
3. Book: Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 0-14-102715-0. 2006.
4. Web site: Grand National History 1839–1836. The-grand-national.co.uk. 2011-03-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20110221095749/http://the-grand-national.co.uk/history/1836/. 21 February 2011. dead.
5. Web site: Facts & Figures. Grandnational.org.uk. 2011-03-11.
6. Web site: Haywood. Linda. 4 April 2008. A Big Long History of the Grand National. Popular Nostalgia. 2011-03-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141420/http://www.popular-nostalgia.com/a-big-long-history-of-the-grand-national-258/. 6 October 2014. dead.
7. Web site: Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840. 2015-12-02. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060312235958/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840. 12 March 2006.
8. Web site: National Gallery information. 2010-06-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20070808190337/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=ng524. 8 August 2007. dead.
9. Web site: History of the Society. Ecclesiological Society. 4 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110726013736/http://www.ecclsoc.org/history.html. 26 July 2011. dead.
10. Book: Palmer, Alan. Palmer . Veronica. 1992. The Chronology of British History. Century Ltd. London. 263–264. 0-7126-5616-2.
11. Book: Loveland, Ian. 21–22. Political Libels: A Comparative Study. Oxford. Hart Publishing. 1-84113-115-6. 2000.
12. Web site: St. Hilda. Durham Mining Museum. 2021-05-22.
13. Web site: Scottish Maid. Scottish Built Ships. Aberdeen City Council. 2014-04-25.
14. Web site: National Army Museum : Exhibitions : Afghanistan. 2007-09-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20071024133311/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/afghanistan/page2.shtml. 24 October 2007. dead.
15. Web site: John Lovell and the People's Charter. The struggle for democracy. The National Archives. Kew. 2003. 2019-05-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235009/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/struggle_democracy/lovell.htm. 2007-09-26. live.
16. Book: Reynolds, Mairead. A History of The Irish Post Office. MacDonnell Whyte Ltd. 1983. Dublin, Ireland. 61–62. 0-9502619-7-1.
17. Web site: Axmouth to Lyme Regis: The Undercliff, The Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. 2007-09-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021500/http://www.jurassiccoast.com/277/the-coast-uncovered-30/explore-the-coast:-a-walk-through-time-141/axmouth-to-lyme-regis:-the-undercliff-357.html. 27 September 2007. dead.
18. Book: Berry, George. Discovering Schools. Tring. Shire Publications. 1970. 0-85263-091-3.
19. Book: Friar, Stephen. The Sutton Companion to Local History. rev.. Stroud. Sutton Publishing. 2001. 0-7509-2723-2. 243.
20. Book: Nelson, Sioban. Say Little, Do Much: Nursing, Nuns and Hospitals in the Nineteenth Century. Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2001. 978-0-8122-3614-9. registration.
21. Book: Experimental Researches in Electricity. 2007-09-12.
22. Web site: Kirkpatrick Macmillan (1812–1878). Historic Figures. BBC. 2011-02-12.
23. Ruskin (1908). Complete Works 35: Praeterita . London: George Allen. p.613.
24. Book: Creighton, Charles. Charles Creighton (physician)

    . Charles Creighton (physician). A History of Epidemics in Britain. 1894. Cambridge University Press. II.

25. Book: Birley, Robert. Robert Birley. Sunk Without Trace: some forgotten masterpieces reconsidered. registration. London. Rupert Hart-Davis. 1962. Philip James Bailey, Festus. 172–208.