| Election Name: | 1836 United States presidential election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country: | United States | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Flag Year: | 1836 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type: | presidential | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ongoing: | no | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Previous Election: | 1832 United States presidential election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Previous Year: | 1832 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Next Election: | 1840 United States presidential election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Next Year: | 1840 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Votes For Election: | 294 members of the Electoral College | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Needed Votes: | 148 electoral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout: | 56.5%[1] 0.5 pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominee1: | Martin Van Buren | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party1: | Democratic Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home State1: | New York | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Running Mate1: | Richard M. Johnson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electoral Vote1: | 170 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States Carried1: | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Popular Vote1: | 764,176 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage1: | 50.8% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominee2: | William Henry Harrison | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party2: | Whig Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alliance2: | Anti-Masonic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home State2: | Ohio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Running Mate2: | Francis Granger | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electoral Vote2: | 73 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States Carried2: | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Popular Vote2: | 550,816 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage2: | 36.6% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominee3: | Hugh L. White | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party3: | Whig Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colour3: | 800080 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home State3: | Tennessee | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Running Mate3: | John Tyler | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electoral Vote3: | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States Carried3: | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Popular Vote3: | 146,109 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage3: | 9.7% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominee4: | Daniel Webster | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party4: | Whig Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colour4: | F88379 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home State4: | Massachusetts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Running Mate4: | Francis Granger | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electoral Vote4: | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States Carried4: | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Popular Vote4: | 41,201 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage4: | 2.7% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominee5: | Willie P. Mangum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Party5: | Whig Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alliance5: | Nullifier Party | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colour5: | 006D61 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home State5: | North Carolina | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Running Mate5: | John Tyler | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electoral Vote5: | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| States Carried5: | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Popular Vote5: | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage5: | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Map Size: | 350px | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Before Election: | Andrew Jackson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Before Party: | Democratic Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| After Election: | Martin Van Buren | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| After Party: | Democratic Party (United States) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Module: |
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The 1836 United States presidential election was the 13th quadrennial presidential election, held from Thursday, November 3 to Wednesday, December 7, 1836. In the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party, incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren defeated four candidates fielded by the nascent Whig Party.
The 1835 Democratic National Convention chose a ticket of Van Buren (President Andrew Jackson's handpicked successor) and U.S. Representative Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky. The Whig Party, which had only recently emerged and was primarily united by opposition to Jackson, was not yet sufficiently organized to agree on a single candidate. Hoping to compel a contingent election in the House of Representatives by denying the Democrats an electoral majority, the Whigs ran multiple candidates. Most Northern and border state Whigs supported the ticket led by former Senator William Henry Harrison of Ohio, while most Southern Whigs supported the ticket led by Senator Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee. Two other Whigs, Daniel Webster and Willie Person Mangum, carried Massachusetts and South Carolina respectively on single-state tickets.
Despite facing multiple candidates, Van Buren won a majority of the electoral vote, and he won a majority of the popular vote in both the North and the South. Nonetheless, the Whig strategy came very close to success, as Van Buren won the decisive state of Pennsylvania by just over two points. As Virginia's electors voted for Van Buren but refused to vote for Johnson, Johnson fell one vote short of an electoral majority, compelling a contingent election for vice president. In that contingent election, the United States Senate elected Johnson over Harrison's running mate, Francis Granger.
Van Buren was the third incumbent vice president to win election as president, an event which would not happen again until 1988, when George H. W. Bush was elected president. He is also the most recent Democrat to be elected to succeed a two-term Democratic president.[2] Harrison finished second in both the popular and electoral vote, and his strong performance helped him win the Whig nomination in the 1840 presidential election. The election of 1836 was crucial in developing the Second Party System and a stable two-party system more generally. By the end of the election, nearly every independent faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.[3]
See main article: 1835 Democratic National Convention.
| 1836 Democratic Party ticket | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| for President | for Vice President | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8th Vice President of the United States (1833–1837) | U.S. Representative from Kentucky | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The convention saw the first credentials dispute in American history with two rival delegations from Pennsylvania claiming the state's votes. The issue was solved by seating both delegations and having them share the state's votes. An attempt to remove the two-thirds requirement for the selection of a candidate was passed by a vote of 231 to 210, but was later restored through a voice vote.
Some Southerners opposed Johnson's nomination, due to his open relationship with an enslaved woman, whom he had regarded as his common-law wife. At the convention, Van Buren was nominated unanimously with all 265 delegates in favor, but the Virginia delegates supported Senator William Cabell Rives against Johnson. However, Rives got little support and Johnson was nominated with one more vote than the two-thirds requirement.[5]
| Presidential vote | Vice presidential vote | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| align=left | Martin Van Buren | 265 | align=left | Richard M. Johnson | 178 |
| align=left | William C. Rives | 87 |
The Whig Party emerged during the 1834 mid-term elections as the chief opposition to the Democratic Party. The party was formed from members of the National Republican Party, the Anti-Masonic Party, disaffected Jacksonians, and small remnants of the Federalist Party (people whose last political activity was with them a decade before). Some Southerners who were angered by Jackson's opposition to states' rights, including Sen. John C. Calhoun and the Nullifiers, also temporarily joined the Whig coalition.[5]
Unlike the Democrats, the Whigs did not hold a national convention. Instead, state legislatures and state conventions nominated candidates, being the reason why so many candidates from the Whig party ran in the general election. Southern Nullifiers placed Tennessee Senator Hugh Lawson White into contention for the presidency in 1834 soon after his break with Jackson. White was a moderate on the states' rights issue, which made him acceptable in the South, but not in the North. The state legislatures of Alabama and Tennessee officially nominated White. The South Carolina state legislature nominated Senator Willie Person Mangum of North Carolina. By early 1835, Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster was building support among Northern Whigs. Both Webster and White used Senate debates to establish their positions on the issues of the day, as newspapers carried the text of their speeches nationwide. The Pennsylvania legislature nominated popular former general William Henry Harrison, who had led American forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe. The Whigs hoped that Harrison's reputation as a military hero could win voter support. Harrison soon displaced Webster as the preferred candidate of Northern Whigs. State legislatures, particularly in larger states, also nominated various vice presidential candidates.[5]
Despite multiple candidates, there was only one Whig ticket in each state. The Whigs ended up with two main tickets: William Henry Harrison for president and Francis Granger for vice president in the North and Kentucky, and Hugh Lawson White for president and John Tyler for vice president in the middle and lower South. In Massachusetts, the ticket was Daniel Webster for president and Granger for vice president. In South Carolina, the ticket was Mangum for president and Tyler for vice president. In Maryland, it was Harrison and Tyler. Of the four Whig presidential candidates, only Harrison was on the ballot in enough states for it to be mathematically possible for him to win a majority in the Electoral College, and even then, it would have required him to win Van Buren's home state of New York.[5]
After the negative views of Freemasonry among a large segment of the public began to wane in the mid-1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party began to disintegrate. Some of its members began moving to the Whig Party, which had a broader issue base than the Anti-Masons. The Whigs were also regarded as a better alternative to the Democrats.
A state convention for the Anti-Masonic Party was held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, from December 14 to 17, 1835, to choose presidential electors for the 1836 election. The convention unanimously nominated William Henry Harrison for president and Francis Granger for vice president. The Vermont state Anti-Masonic convention followed suit on February 24, 1836. Anti-Masonic leaders were unable to obtain assurance from Harrison that he was not a Mason, so they called a national convention. The second national Anti-Masonic nominating convention was held in Philadelphia on May 4, 1836. The meeting was divisive, but a majority of the delegates officially stated that the party was not sponsoring a national ticket for the presidential election of 1836 and proposed a meeting in 1837 to discuss the future of the party.
The Nullifier Party had also begun to decline sharply since the previous election, after it became clear that the doctrine of nullification lacked sufficient support outside of the party's political base of South Carolina to ever make the Nullifiers more than a fringe party nationwide. Many party members began to drift towards the Democratic Party, but there was no question of the party endorsing Van Buren's bid for the presidency, as he and Calhoun were sworn enemies. Seeing little point in running their own ticket, Calhoun pushed the party into backing the White/Tyler ticket, as White had previously sided against Jackson during the Nullification Crisis.
In the aftermath of the Nat Turner's Rebellion and other events, slavery emerged as an increasingly prominent political issue. Calhoun attacked Van Buren, saying that he could not be trusted to protect Southern interests and accusing the sitting Vice President of affiliating with abolitionists.[5] Van Buren defeated Harrison by a margin of 51.4% to 48.6% in the North, and he defeated White by a similar margin of 50.7% to 49.3% in the South.
A dispute similar to that of Indiana in 1817 and Missouri in 1821 arose during the counting of the electoral votes. Michigan only became a state on January 26, 1837, and had cast its electoral votes for president before that date. Anticipating a challenge to the results, Congress resolved on February 4, 1837, that during the counting four days later the final tally would be read twice, once with Michigan and once without Michigan. The counting proceeded in accordance with the resolution. The dispute had no bearing on the final result: either way, Van Buren was elected, and either way no candidate had a majority for vice-president.[6]
The Whigs' strategy narrowly failed to prevent Van Buren's victory in the Electoral College, though he earned a somewhat lower share of the popular vote and fewer electoral votes than Andrew Jackson had in either of the previous two elections. The key state in this election was ultimately Pennsylvania, which Van Buren won from Harrison with a narrow majority of just 4,222 votes or 2.4%. Had Harrison won the state, Van Buren would have been left eight votes short of an Electoral College majority - despite receiving a majority (50.48%) in the popular vote - and the Whig goal to force the election into the House of Representatives (per the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution) would have succeeded. Thus, the 11.8% difference between the margin in the tipping point state of Pennsylvania and the margin in the national popular vote, is the largest gap in American history.
In a contingent election, the House would have been required to choose between Van Buren, Harrison, and White as the three candidates with the most electoral votes. Jacksonians controlled enough state delegations (14 out of 26) and enough Senate seats (31 out of 52) to win both the presidency and the vice presidency in a contingent election.
This was the last election in which the Democrats won Connecticut, Rhode Island, and North Carolina until 1852. This was also the only election where South Carolina voted for the Whigs, and the last time it voted against the Democrats until 1868. It was also the last time that a Democrat was elected to the U.S. presidency succeeding a Democrat who had served two terms as U.S. president.[7]
Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote):
(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.
(b) Mangum received his electoral votes from South Carolina where the electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote.
Source:
Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.
| States/districts won by Van Buren/Johnson | |
| States/districts won by a Whig candidate |
| Martin Van Buren Democratic | William H. Harrison Whig | Hugh L. White Whig | Daniel Webster Whig | Willie Person Mangum Whig | Margin | Total | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| align=center | State | electoral votes | Votes cast | align=center | % | electoral votes | Votes cast | align=center | % | electoral votes | Votes cast | align=center | % | electoral votes | Votes cast | align=center | % | electoral votes | electoral votes | % | |||
| style"text-align:left" | Alabama | 7 | 20,638 | 55.34 | 7 | no ballots | 16,658 | 44.66 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | 3,980 | 10.68 | 37,296 | AL | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Arkansas | 3 | 2,380 | 64.08 | 3 | no ballots | 1,334 | 35.92 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | 1,046 | 28.16 | 3,714 | AR | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Connecticut | 8 | 19,294 | 50.65 | 8 | 18,799 | 49.35 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | 495 | 1.30 | 38,093 | CT | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Delaware | 3 | 4,154 | 46.70 | 0 | 4,736 | 53.24 | 3 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | -582 | -6.54 | 8,895 | DE | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Georgia | 11 | 22,778 | 48.20 | 0 | no ballots | 24,481 | 51.80 | 11 | no ballots | no ballots | -1,703 | -3.60 | 47,259 | GA | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Illinois | 5 | 18,369 | 54.69 | 5 | 15,220 | 45.31 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | 3,149 | 9.38 | 33,589 | IL | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Indiana | 9 | 32,478 | 44.03 | 0 | 41,281 | 55.97 | 9 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | -8,803 | -11.94 | 73,759 | IN | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Kentucky | 15 | 33,229 | 47.41 | 0 | 36,861 | 52.59 | 15 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | -3,632 | -5.18 | 70,090 | KY | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Louisiana | 5 | 3,842 | 51.74 | 5 | no ballots | 3,583 | 48.26 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | 259 | 3.48 | 7,425 | LA | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Maine | 10 | 22,825 | 58.92 | 10 | 14,803 | 38.21 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | 8,022 | 20.71 | 38,740 | ME | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Maryland | 10 | 22,267 | 46.27 | 0 | 25,852 | 53.73 | 10 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | -3,585 | -7.46 | 48,119 | MD | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Massachusetts | 14 | 33,486 | 44.81 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | 41,201 | 55.13 | 14 | no ballots | -7,715 | -10.32 | 74,687 | MA | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Michigan | 3 | 7,122 | 56.22 | 3 | 5,545 | 43.78 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | 1,577 | 12.44 | 12,667 | MI | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Mississippi | 4 | 10,297 | 51.28 | 4 | no ballots | 9,782 | 48.72 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | 515 | 2.56 | 20,079 | MS | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Missouri | 4 | 10,995 | 59.98 | 4 | no ballots | 7,337 | 40.02 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | 3,658 | 19.96 | 18,332 | MO | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | New Hampshire | 7 | 18,697 | 75.01 | 7 | 6,228 | 24.99 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | 12,469 | 50.02 | 24,925 | NH | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | New Jersey | 8 | 25,592 | 49.47 | 0 | 26,137 | 50.53 | 8 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | -545 | -1.06 | 51,729 | NJ | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | New York | 42 | 166,795 | 54.63 | 42 | 138,548 | 45.37 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | 28,247 | 9.26 | 305,343 | NY | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | North Carolina | 15 | 26,631 | 53.10 | 15 | no ballots | 23,521 | 46.90 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | 3,110 | 6.20 | 50,153 | NC | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Ohio | 21 | 96,238 | 47.56 | 0 | 104,958 | 51.87 | 21 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | -8,720 | -4.31 | 202,333 | OH | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Pennsylvania | 30 | 91,457 | 51.18 | 30 | 87,235 | 48.82 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | 4,222 | 2.36 | 178,692 | PA | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Rhode Island | 4 | 2,964 | 52.24 | 4 | 2,710 | 47.76 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | 254 | 4.48 | 5,674 | RI | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | South Carolina | 11 | no popular vote | no popular vote | no popular vote | no popular vote | 11 | - | - | 0 | SC | ||||||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Tennessee | 15 | 26,170 | 42.08 | 0 | no ballots | 36,027 | 57.92 | 15 | no ballots | no ballots | -9,857 | -15.84 | 62,197 | TN | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Vermont | 7 | 14,037 | 40.07 | 0 | 20,994 | 59.93 | 7 | no ballots | no ballots | no ballots | -6,957 | -19.86 | 35,031 | VT | ||||||||
| style"text-align:left" | Virginia | 23 | 30,556 | 56.64 | 23 | no ballots | 23,384 | 43.35 | 0 | no ballots | no ballots | 7,172 | 13.29 | 53,945 | VA | ||||||||
| TOTALS: | 294 | 763,291 | 50.79 | 170 | 549,907 | 36.59 | 73 | 146,107 | 9.72 | 26 | 41,201 | 2.74 | 14 | 11 | 213,384 | 14.20 | 1,502,811 | US | |||||
| TO WIN: | 148 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
States where the margin of victory was under 5%:
States where the margin of victory was under 10%:
| Candidate | Total | Martin Van Buren Democratic | William H. Harrison Whig | Hugh L. White Whig | Daniel Webster Whig | Willie P. Mangum Whig | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electoral Votes for President | 294 | 170 | 73 | 26 | 14 | 11 | |||||
| For Vice President, Richard Mentor Johnson | 147 | 147 | |||||||||
| For Vice President, Francis Granger | 77 | 63 | 14 | ||||||||
| For Vice President, John Tyler | 47 | 10 | 26 | 11 | |||||||
| For Vice President, William Smith | 23 | 23 |
In an unusual turn of events, Virginia's 23 electors, who were all pledged to Van Buren and his running mate Richard Mentor Johnson, became faithless electors due to dissension related to Johnson's interracial relationship with a slave[8] and refused to vote for Johnson, instead casting their vice-presidential votes for former South Carolina senator William Smith.
This left Johnson one electoral vote short of an Electoral College majority. Since no vice presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes, for the only time in American history, the Senate decided a vice presidential race in a contingent election.[9]
On February 8, 1837, Johnson was elected on the first ballot by a vote of 33 to 16; the vote proceeded largely along party lines, albeit with three Whigs voting for Johnson, one Democrat voting for Granger, and three abstentions (Hugh L. White declined to vote out of respect for his own running-mate, John Tyler, while the two Nullifier Party senators refused to back either candidate).[10]
| February 8, 1837 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
| Democratic | Richard M. Johnson | 33 | ||
| Whig | Francis Granger | 16 | ||
| — | Not voting | 3 | ||
| Total membership | 52 | 100 | ||
| Votes necessary | 27 | >50 | ||