1826 in literature explained
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1826.
Events
- Early months – Aftermath of the Decembrist revolt in the Russian Empire. Michael Lunin, though not involved in the Decembrist conspiracy, is arrested and deported to Siberia, which allows him to begin his work as a philosopher.[1] Adam Mickiewicz, deported from Congress Poland for his involvement with Filaret Association, is moved from Taurida Governorate to Moscow. Here, he publishes his Sonety krymskie (The Crimean Sonnets). Later in the year, he befriends Russian writers, including Yevgeny Baratynsky, Mikhail Pogodin, Alexander Pushkin, and the Lyubomudry.[2] Pushkin, himself returning from political exile, still writes poems discreetly honoring the Decembrists. They include Stansy (Stanzas), as well as odes to Nikolay Mordvinov and Ivan Pushchin.[3]
- c. January – Japanese poet Kobayashi Issa, pained by his recent divorce, enters his final creative period with hokku expressing his solitude and, at times, nihilistic thoughts.[4]
- January 15 – The French newspaper Le Figaro begins publication in Paris. In this first edition, it is a satirical weekly, reflecting the preoccupation of its two founders, Maurice Alhoy and Étienne Arago.[5]
- January 17 – The Ballantyne printing business in Edinburgh crashes, ruining Sir Walter Scott as a principal investor. He undertakes to repay his creditors from his writings, although his publisher Archibald Constable also fails. Distress caused by the events contributes to the illness afflicting Scott's wife, Lady Charlotte; she dies in May.[6]
- February 4 – In the Mexican Republic, lithographer Claudio Linati inaugurates El Iris, a "pocket sized" bi-weekly. It is in print until August 2, when its popularization of liberal ideas prompts the intervention of state censors; Linati leaves Mexico later in the year, probably for political reasons.[7]
- February 16 (O. S.: February 4) – Hungarian Serbs gather at Pest to set up Matica srpska, a cultural society dedicated to promoting the works of Serb writers. It sponsors Georgije Magarašević's Serbski Letopis, which remained "one of Europe's oldest, regularly published journals."[11]
- March – Aged eight, the future orator and memoirist Frederick Douglass is lent by his master to the Aulds of Fell's Point, Baltimore. He will remain their house servant, and later their regular slave, until 1838, when he escapes via the Underground Railroad.[12]
- April – Andrés Bello launches his London magazine Repertorio Americano, in which he publishes the final installment of his Las Silvas Americanas, known as Silva a la agricultura de la zona tórrida (Silva for Agriculture in the Torrid Zone).[13] It is sometimes described as a final masterpiece of Neoclassicism in Latin American literature.[14]
- April 16 – Thomas Pringle, a founding figure of South African literature, embarks on his return trip to England. His stay in the Cape Colony leads him to join and publicize for the Anti-Slavery Society.[15]
- May 18 – At Buda, Habsburg Hungary, Wallachian intellectual Dinicu Golescu receives imprimatur for his Însemnare a călătoriei mele (Accounts of My Travels).[16] This pioneering travelog covers extensive trips in Central and Western Europe, which Golescu had begun in 1824. The author documents his own "amazed 'discovery' of the West [and] acceptance of his country's admitted inferiority."[17] As a "manifesto for the new culture" Însemnare promotes Wallachia's passage into the Age of Enlightenment. For the same purpose Golescu sponsors a school on his estate.[18]
- June – Despite having maintained links with the Decembrists, poet Alexander Griboyedov receives a "certificate of loyalism" from the Russian government.[19]
- July 25 (O.S.: July 13) – Five Decembrist leaders, including poet Kondraty Ryleyev, are hanged in Senate Square, Saint Petersburg. Pushkin's papers of the time include a drawing of five silhouettes on a scaffold, with the words: "Me too, I could be...".[20]
- August 19 – Louis Christophe François Hachette purchases the Brédif bookshop on rue Pierre-Sarrazin, Paris. This becomes the first asset owned by the Hachette publishing company.[21]
- September – The first issue of Lydia Maria Child's The Juvenile Miscellany, a magazine for children, is published in Boston. Becoming "so popular that children used to sit on their doorsteps waiting for the mail carrier to deliver it," it lasts until 1834.[22]
- October – Tyrone Power gets his break as a principal Irish character actor at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London.[23]
- October 17 – Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh marry in Templand and setup home in Edinburgh.[24]
- Late months – First recorded usage of "Quixotism" in Greek (as Δονκιχωτισμός), in a letter from John Caradja to Alexandros Mavrokordatos.[25]
- November
- December – At Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, Henry Schoolcraft sets up a review called Literary Voyager, or Muzzeniegan. It includes poems and stories by his part-Ojibwe wife, Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, who thus becomes one of the first Native American literary professionals.[28]
- December 5 (O. S.: November 23) – From his boarding school in Nezhin, Chernigov Governorate, Nikolai Gogol writes home to his mother, describing a "radical new change" in his poetic style. Only two pieces he wrote during this period have survived for posterity.[29]
- c. December 25 – Edgar Allan Poe is forced to renounce his studies at the University of Virginia when his foster parent John Allan refuses to pay for his tuition.[30]
- unknown dates
New books
Fiction
Children and young people
- Wilhelm Hauff – Märchen Almanach auf das Jahr 1826 (Almanac of Fairy Tales from the Year 1826)
- Rosalia St. Clair – Obstinacy
- Agnes Strickland
- The Rival Crusoes, or, The Shipwreck
- A Voyage to Norway
- The Fisherman's Cottage: Founded on Facts
- The Young Emigrant
Drama
Poetry
Non-fiction
Births
January–March
- January 3 – John White, English-born New Zealand historian and ethnographer (died 1891)
- January 6 – Adolf Kirchhoff, German historian and philologist (died 1908)
- January 14 – Ivan Naumovich, Galician essayist and polemicist (died 1891)
- January 19 – Gustav Hertzberg, German historian and translator (died 1907)
- January 20 – William Bonaparte-Wyse, Irish poet (died 1892)
- January 22 – Friedrich Ueberweg, German philosopher and historian (died 1871)
- January 23 – Edward Byles Cowell, English philologist and translator (died 1903)
- January 27
- February 3 – Walter Bagehot, English essayist and journalist (died 1877)
- February 6 – Charles Barbier de Meynard, French historian (died 1908)
- February 10 – Ernest de Bouteiller, French historian and politician (died 1883)
- February 12 – Prince George of Prussia, German general, poet and playwright (died 1902)
- February 15 – Thomas Butler Gunn, English illustrator and journalist (died 1904)
- February 16 – Joseph Viktor von Scheffel, German poet and novelist (died 1886)
- February 19 – Matija Mesić, Croatian historian (died 1878)
- February 21 – Lois Waisbrooker, American essayist and publisher (died 1909)
- February 24 – Adolphe Bitard, French biographer and magazine editor (died 1888)
- February 26 – Oswald Ottendorfer, Moravian-born American journalist (died 1900)
- February 28 – Pamfil Yurkevich, Ukrainian-Russian philosopher (died 1874)
- March 1 (O.S.: February 17) – Nicolae Popea, Romanian-Hungarian historian (died 1908)
- March 15 – Adolphe Joseph Carcassonne, French poet and playwright (died 1891)
- March 19 – Stanislas d'Escayrac de Lauture, French travel writer and linguist (died 1868)
- March 22 – Lewys Glyn Dyfi, Welsh-born American poet and journalist (died 1891)
- March 24 – Matilda Joslyn Gage, American journalist and editor (died 1898)
- March 27 – Johannes Overbeck, German historian (died 1895)
April–June
- c. April – Lady Strangford, English travel writer, editor and illustrator (died 1887)
- April 17 – Vojtěch Náprstek, Czech journalist, lecturer and book collector (died 1894)
- April 19 – Franciszek Kostrzewski, Polish illustrator (died 1911)
- April 20 – Dinah Craik, née Mulock, English novelist and poet (died 1887)
- April 21 – William Hearn, Irish essayist and legal scholar (died 1888)
- April 26 – Eduardo Asquerino, Spanish journalist, poet and playwright (died 1881)
- April 29 – Alfred B. Meacham, American playwright, polemicist and historian (died 1882)
- April 30 – Julius von Ficker, Prussian-born Austrian historian (died 1902)
- May 9 – Gregorio Gutiérrez González, Colombian poet (died 1872)
- May 10 – Henrik Krohn, Norwegian poet, journalist and language reformer (died 1879)
- May 12 – Alexander Roberts, Scottish philologist and historian (died 1901)
- May 13 – Clara Andersen, Danish playwright and novelist (died 1895)
- May 15 – Henri Mouhot, French ethnographer and travel writer (died 1861)
- May 22
- May 25 – Ralph T. H. Griffith, English philologist and translator (died 1906)
- May 26 – Edgar Alfred Bowring, English translator and essayist (died 1911)
- May 31 – Gustav Brühl, American poet and journalist (died 1903)
- June – Thomas Gardiner, Scottish-born American newspaper publisher (died 1899)
- June 1 – Kornélia Prielle, Hungarian actress (died 1906)
- June 2 – Richard Holt Hutton, English essayist and journalist (died 1897)
- June 5 – Nathaniel Bryceson, English clerk and diarist (died 1911)
- June 10 – Bogoboj Atanacković, Serbian-Hungarian novelist and critic (died 1858)
- June 18 – Cäsar Rüstow, German military writer (died 1866)
- June 21 – Angelo Zottoli, Italian translator and literary historian (died 1902)
- June 25 – Émile Acollas, French legal scholar (died 1891)
- June 26 – Adolf Bastian, German polymath (died 1905)
- June 29 – Charles Ernest Beulé, French historian (died 1874)
July–September
- July 1 – Hana Catherine Mullens, Bengali novelist and translator (died 1861)[38]
- July 2 – Ernest Hamel, French poet, historian and journalist (died 1898)
- July 3 – Rudolf Westphal, German historian and philologist (died 1892)
- July 4 – John Morris, English historian and Catholic theologian (died 1893)
- Amédée Guillemin, French science writer and journalist (died 1893)
- July 12 – William Kirkpatrick Riland Bedford, English historian (died 1905)
- July 15 – Emily C. Blackman, American historian and journalist (died 1907)
- July 20 – Laura Keene, English actress (died 1873)
- July 23 (O.S.: July 11) – Alexander Afanasyev, Russian journalist and folklorist (died 1871)
- July 30 – Herbert William Fisher, English historian (died 1903)
- August 5
- August 7 – August Ahlqvist, Finnish poet and philologist (died 1889)
- August 14 – Eusebio Lillo, Chilean poet and journalist (died 1910)
- August 28 – Mikhail Stasyulevich, Russian historian and publisher (died 1911)
- August 31 – Emma Bedelia Dunham, American poet (died 1910)
- September 1 – Herbert Haines, English historian and Anglican theologian (died 1872)
- September 4 – Karl Blind, German-born revolutionary, historian and essayist (died 1907)
- September 6 – Leopold Ullstein, German newspaper publisher (died 1899)
- September 7 – Rajnarayan Basu, Bengali journalist, historian and Brahmoist theologian (died 1899)
- September 8 – Addison Peale Russell, American essayist (died 1912)
- September 10 – Fernand Desnoyers, French poet, critic and folklorist (died 1869)
- September 13 – Leonard Kip, American novelist and travel writer (died 1906)
- September 14 – Ljubomir Nenadović, Serbian poet and historian (died 1895)
- September 17 – Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion, Canadian journalist (died 1866)
October–December
- October 8 – Luka Svetec, Slovene-Austrian poet and philologist (died 1921)
- October 9 – Agathon Meurman, Finnish journalist and lexicographer (died 1909)
- October 22 – Pietro Amat di San Filippo, Italian historian (died 1895)
- October 23 – Charles-Honoré Laverdière, Canadian historian and editor (died 1873)
- October 25 – Frank Key Howard, American journalist and memoirist (died 1872)
- October 26 – Dimitri Bakradze, Georgian-Russian historian (died 1890)
- October 27 – Marie von Olfers, German short story writer and illustrator (died 1924)
- November – Emily Verdery Battey, American journalist (died 1912)
- November 2 – William Haines Lytle, American soldier and poet (died 1863)
- November 8 – Gualtherus Johannes Cornelis Kolff, Dutch East Indian publisher (died 1881)
- November 12 – Alejandro Tapia y Rivera, Puerto Rican poet, playwright, essayist and literary historian (died 1882)
- November 13 – Jovan Đorđević, Serbian poet, playwright and editor (died 1900)
- November 14 – Heinrich Lang, German Reformed theologian and editor (died 1876)
- November 19 – Alfred Mézières, French journalist and historian (died 1915)
- c. November 23 – T. E. Kebbel, English journalist (died 1917)
- December 6 – Albert Harrison Hoyt, English historian and editor (died 1915)[39]
- December 10 – Franz Susemihl, German philologist and literary historian (died 1901)
- December 17 – Amédée de Jallais, French playwright and librettist (died 1909)
- December 18 – Alexandre Chatrian, French playwright and journalist (died 1890)
- December 22 – U. V. Koren, Norwegian-born American Lutheran theologian (died 1910)
- December 23 – William Blanchard Jerrold, English journalist and biographer (died 1884)
- December 26 – Valerian Kalinka, Polish historian and editor (died 1886)
- December 30 – Philippe Baby Casgrain, Canadian historian (died 1917)
Unknown dates
- David ben Shimon, Moroccan Jewish theologian (died 1879)
- Thomas Chenery, Barbadian-born English scholar and editor (died 1884)
- Wali Dewane, Kurdish-Ottoman poet (died 1881)
- Liautaud Ethéart, Haitian playwright and essayist (died 1888)
- Henry George Keene, English and Indian historian (died 1915)
- Mary Eva Kelly, Irish-born Australian poet (died 1910)[40]
- Manol Lazarov, Bulgarian essayist and poet (died 1881)
- Bedros Magakyan, Ottoman-Armenian actor and theater director (died 1891)
- Frank Marryat, English memoirist and travel writer (died 1855)[41]
- Augustus Mayhew, English journalist, humorist and theatrical producer (died 1875)[42]
- Mishkín-Qalam, Persian calligrapher and Bahá'í mystic (died 1912)
- Tasos Neroutsos, Greek-born historian and language reformer (died 1892)
- John Sands, Scottish journalist, humorist and travel writer (died 1900)
- M. A. Sherring, English ethnologist and historian (died 1880)[43]
- Eliza Sproat Turner, American journalist and publisher (died 1903)[44]
- Fyodor Stellovsky, Russian publisher and editor (died 1875)
- Adèle Toussaint-Samson, French travel writer (died 1911)[45]
- Probable year of birth – Selim Aga, Sudanese-Liberian autobiographer and poet (died 1875)
Deaths
January–June
- c. January – Alecu Beldiman, Moldavian poet-chronicler and translator (born 1760)
- January 3 – Nikolay Rumyantsev, Russian politician and scholar (born 1754)
- January 5 – William C. Somerville, American diplomat and historian (born 1790)
- January 6 – John Farey Sr., English polymath (born 1766)
- January 16 – John Rudolph Sutermeister, Curaçao-born American poet (born 1803)
- January 20 – Stanisław Staszic, Polish polymath (stroke, born 1755)
- January 24 – Yousab El Abah, Egyptian Coptic theologian (born 1735)
- January 31 – Étienne-François de Lantier, French poet and playwright (born 1734)
- February 17 – Johann Philipp Gabler, German Protestant theologian (born 1753)
- February 3 – Joseph Servières, French playwright (born 1781)
- February 20 – Avram Mrazović, Serbian-Austrian translator and textbook writer (born 1756)
- March 5 – Charles Paul Landon, French painter and art historian (born 1760)
- March 16 – Johann Severin Vater, German theologian and philologist (born 1771)
- March 24 – Georg Nikolaus von Nissen, Danish music historian and biographer (born 1761)
- March 29 – Johann Heinrich Voss, German poet and translator (born 1751)
- April 3 – Reginald Heber, English poet, bishop and travel writer (born 1783)
- April 13 – Pierre-François-Joseph Robert, French journalist, jurist and politician (born 1763)
- April 20 – Waller Rodwell Wright, English diplomat and poet (born 1775)
- April 25 – William Smith Shaw, American librarian (born 1778)
- April 27
- May 2 – Antoni Malczewski, Polish poet (born 1793)
- May 17 – August Adolph von Hennings, German and Danish essayist and historian (born 1746)
- May 19 – Jean Skipwith, American book collector (born c. 1747)
- June 3
- June 19 – Elsa Fougt, Swedish editor and publisher (born 1744)
- June 26 – Johanna Elisabeth Swaving, Dutch newspaper editor, publisher and actress (born 1754)
- June 23 – John Taylor, English poet and songwriter (born 1750)
- June 27
July–December
- July 4 – Thomas Jefferson, American philosopher and politician (born 1743)
- July 5
- July 20 – Gamaliel Smethurst, Nova Scotian memoirist (born 1738)
- July 25 (O.S.: July 13) – Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (hanged, born 1795)
- August 10
- August 26 – Royall Tyler, American playwright, poet and essayist (cancer, born 1757)
- August 31 – John Raithby, English legal scholar and editor (born 1766)
- September 22 – Johann Peter Hebel, German short story writer and poet (born 1760)
- Before October – Elizabeth Meeke, English popular novelist (born 1761)
- October 9 (bur.) – John Williams, Welsh schoolmaster and manuscript collector (born 1760)
- October 19 – François-Joseph Talma, French actor (born 1763)
- November 1 – William Barnes Rhodes, English poet, translator and book collector (born 1772)
- November 26 – John Nichols, English antiquary and printer (born 1745)
- December – William Glen, Scottish poet (born 1789)
- December 16 – Siegfried August Mahlmann, German poet and editor (born 1771)
- December 18 – Iolo Morganwg, Welsh poet and literary forger (born 1747)
- December 22
- December 28 – Schack von Staffeldt, Danish poet (born 1769)
- December 31 – William Gifford, English satirist and editor (born 1756)
Unknown dates
Notes and References
- Depretto . Catherine . Comptes rendus. Actualité du décembrisme: quelques travaux récents de N. Ja. Èjdel'man . Revue des Études Slaves . 59 . 4 . 901–903 . 1987 .
- Book: Miłosz, Czesław . Czesław Miłosz . The History of Polish Literature, Second Edition . University of California Press . Berkeley etc. . 1983 . 217–220 . 0-520-04477-0.
- Book: Briggs, A. D. P. . Alexander Pushkin: A Critical Study . Croom Helm and Barnes & Noble . London etc. . 1983 . 78–79 . 0-389-20340-8.
- Book: Ueda, Makoto . Makoto Ueda (poetry critic) . Dew on the Grass: The Life and Poetry of Kobayashi Issa . Brill . Leiden and Boston . 2004 . 160–161 . 90-04-13723-8 .
- Web site: Erre . Fabrice . Le premier Figaro: un journal satirique atypique (1826–1834). EIRIS: Equipe Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur l'Image Satirique . 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161205033458/https://eiris.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=641:le-premier-figaro-1826-1834&catid=94&Itemid=170 . 2016-12-05 . fr .
- Book: MacLeod, (Xavier) Donald . Life of Sir Walter Scott . Charles Scribner . New York . 1852 . 233–242 . 28909365 .
- Book: Charlot, Jean . Jean Charlot . Mexican Art and the Academy of San Carlos, 1785–1915 . Kingsport Press . Kingsport . 1962 . 72–75 . 946500784 .
- Book: The Leatherstocking Tales, Volume I . Cooper, James Fenimore . James Fenimore Cooper . Note on the Texts . Library of America . New York . 1985 . 1334 . 0-940450-20-8 . registration . https://archive.org/details/leatherstockingt01coop .
- Book: Lemire, Elise . "Miscegenation": Making Race in America . University of Pennsylvania Press . Pennsylvania . 2002 . 35 . 0-8122-2064-1 .
- Book: Olukoju, Ayodeji . Culture and Customs of Liberia . limited . Greenwood Press . Westport and London . 2006 . 50 . 0-313-33291-6 .
- Ress . Imre . A szerb nemzeti kultúra pest-budai bölcsője: A Matica Srpska (Szerb Matica), 1826 . Historia . 15 . 1–2 . 19, 20 . 2010 .
- Book: Preston, Dickson J. . Young Frederick Douglass . Johns Hopkins University Press . Baltimore . 2018 . 229–230 . 978-1421425948 .
- Zambrano Colmenares . Eduardo . Bello poète: entre l'éloge et l'offense . América. Cahiers du CRICCAL . 41 . 124–125, 129 . 2012 .
- Book: Spicer-Escalante . J. P. . Anderson . Lara . Au Naturel: (Re)Reading Hispanic Naturalism . Spicer-Escalante, J. P. . Anderson, Lara . Introduction . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . Newcastle upon Tyne . 2010 . 7 . 9781443820677 .
- Book: Conder, Josiah . Josiah Conder (editor and author) . A Biographical Sketch of the Late Thomas Pringle . Bradbury and Evans . London . 1835 . 19–22 . 558614749 .
- Book: Anghelescu, Mircea . Scrieri . Golescu, Dinicu . Dinicu Golescu . Dinicu Golescu în vremea sa . Editura Minerva . Bucharest . 1990 . xxiii . 973210144X.
- Book: Iordachi, Constantin . Regional and International Relations of Central Europe . Šabič, Zlatko . Drulák, Petr . The Quest for Central Europe: Symbolic Geographies and Historical Regions . Palgrave Macmillan . New York . 2012 . 57 . 978-1-349-34805-3.
- Book: Chițimia, Ion C. . Istoria literaturii române. II: De la Școala Ardeleană la Junimea . Dima, Alexandru . Chițimia, Ion C. . Cornea, Paul . Todoran, Eugen . Cărturari și scriitori luminiști în Principate . Editura Academiei . Bucharest . 1968 . 144–145.
- Corbet . Charles . Compte rendu. Jean Bonamour, A. S. Griboedov et la vie littéraire de son temps . Revue des Études Slaves . 46 . 1–4 . 145–146 . 1967 .
- Troubetzkoy . Wladimir . Les Scènes dramatiques d'Aleksandr Puskin (1830) . Littératures . 29 . 108 . 1993 .
- Bouvier . Béatrice . Pour une histoire de l'architecture des librairies: le Quartier latin de 1793 à 1914 . Livraisons d'Histoire de l'Architecture . 2 . 14 . 2001 . 10.3406/lha.2001.880 .
- Book: Karcher, Carolyn L. . Hobomok and Other Writings on Indians . Child, Lydia Maria . Lydia Maria Child . Introduction . Rutgers University Press . New Brunswick and London . 2004 . xii . 0-8135-1163-1 .
- Michael . MacDonagh . Power, (William Grattan) Tyrone (1797–1841) . 2004 . 2012-11-12 . 10.1093/ref:odnb/22671.
- Book: The Carlyle Encyclopedia . Cumming, Mark . Carlyle, Jane Welsh; Templand . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . Madison and Teaneck . 2004 . 70, 462. 0-8386-3792-2.
- Angelou . Alkis . 'Δονκιχωτισμοί' και 'καραγκιοζιλίκια' . Ο Ερανιστής . 20 . 83–96 . 1995 .
- Book: Hāṇḍā, O. C. (Omacanda) . Buddhist Western Himalaya. Part 1—A Politico-Religious History . Indus Publishing . New Delhi . 2001 . 65 . 81-7387-124-8.
- Dorr . Laurence J. . The Antananarivo annual and Madagascar magazine (1875–1900) . Huntia . 8 . 2 . 168 . 1992 .
- Book: LaVonne Brown Ruoff, A. . A. Lavonne Brown Ruoff . Dictionary of Native American Literature . registration . Wiget, Andrew . Jane Johnston Schoolcraft [''Obahbahmwawagezhegoqua''] (1800—May 22, 1840) . Garland Publishing . New York and London . 1994 . 279–281 . 0-203-30624-4 .
- Book: Gippius, V. V. . Gogol . Duke University Press . Durham and London . 1989 . 17–20 . 0-8223-0907-6.
- Book: Symons, Julian . Julian Symons . The Tell-Tale Heart: The Life and Works of Edgar Allan Poe . House of Stratus . Looe. 1978 . 2014 . 28–29 . 978-0-7551-4835-6.
- Book: Sadlier, Darlene J. . Brazil Imagined: 1500 to the Present . limited . University of Texas Press . Austin . 2008 . 135 . 978-0-292-71856-2.
- Book: Oxford Anthology of the Brazilian Short Story . https://archive.org/details/oxfordanthologyo00 . registration . Introduction . Jackson, K. David . Oxford University Press . Oxford etc. . 2006 . 15 . 0-19-516759-7.
- Book: Lieber, Francis . Francis Lieber . Encyclopædia Americana: A Popular Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Vol. IX . Encyclopedia Americana . Thomas, Cowperthwait, & Co. . Philadelphia . 1840 . 53 . 3424668.
- Book: Chang . Chun-shu . Chang . Shelley Hsueh-lun . Crisis and Transformation in Seventeenth-Century China . Crisis and Transformation in Seventeenth-Century China. University of Michigan Press . Ann Arbor . 1992 . 19, 35–36 . 0-472-08528-X .
- Book: Brincat, Joseph M. . Maltese Linguistics: A Snapshot in Memory of Joseph A. Cremona (1922–2003) . Fabri, Ray . Francesco Vella and the Standardization of Maltese . Brockmeyer Verlag . Bochum . 2009 . 9 . 978-3-8196-0734-9 .
- Book: Jennifer Speake. Jennifer Speake. Literature of Travel and Exploration: G to P. 2003. Taylor & Francis. 978-1-57958-424-5. 916.
- Web site: Louise Westergaard. Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon. 1 October 2020.
- Book: Susie J. Tharu. Ke Lalita. Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century. 1991. Feminist Press at CUNY. 978-1-55861-027-9. 203.
- Book: Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). Alumni Record of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. 1873. Press of Rand, Avery. 123.
- Book: Helen Maher. Galway Authors: A Contribution Towards a Biographical and Bibliographical Index, with an Essay on the History and Literature in Galway. 1976. Galway County Libraries. 56. 9780950559506.
- Book: Peter Wild. Donald A. Barclay. James H. Maguire. Different Travellers, Different Eyes: Artists' Narratives of the American West, 1820-1920. 2001. TCU Press. 978-0-87565-242-9. 93.
- Book: John Sutherland. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction. 1990. Stanford University Press. 978-0-8047-1842-4. 424.
- Book: The Academy. 1880. J. Murray. 153.
- Book: Eliza Sproat Turner. Out-of-door Rhymes. 1903. J.B. Lippincott. 10.
- Book: June Edith Hahner. Women Through Women's Eyes: Latin American Women in Nineteenth-century Travel Accounts. 1998. Rowman & Littlefield. 978-0-8420-2634-5. 81.
- Book: Isidore Singer. Cyrus Adler. The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. 1906. Funk & Wagnalls Company. 412.
- Book: Selçuk Mülayim. Turkish Art and Architecture in Anatolia & Mimar Sinan. 2005. Akşit. 978-975-7039-22-8. 260.
