1824–25 United States House of Representatives elections explained

Election Name:	1824–25 United States House of Representatives elections
Country:	United States
Flag Year:	1822
Type:	legislative
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	1822–23 United States House of Representatives elections
Next Election:	1826–27 United States House of Representatives elections
Majority Seats:	107
Election Date:	July 7, 1824 – August 30, 1825
Party1:	Anti-Jacksonian Party
Image1:	JohnWTaylor.jpg
Last Election1:	87 seats
Seats1:	109^[1]
Seat Change1:	22
Party2:	Jacksonian Party
Last Election2:	71 seats
Seats2:	104
Seat Change2:	33

Before Party:	Democratic-Republican Party
After Party:	Anti-Jacksonian Party
Map Size:	320px

The 1824–25 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 7, 1824, and August 30, 1825. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 19th United States Congress convened on December 5, 1825. Elections were held for all 213 seats, representing 24 states.

They coincided with the contentious 1824 presidential election. After no presidential candidate won an electoral majority, in February 1825 the House of the outgoing 18th Congress chose the President, John Quincy Adams, in a contingent election.

The approach of the 1824 presidential election ended the virtually nonpartisan Era of Good Feelings and motivated major realignment. The weak Federalist Party collapsed and the Democratic-Republican Party abruptly, catastrophically split.

Though Andrew Jackson lost the contingent election, public attitudes toward the charismatic, famous Jackson mainly determined the new alignment. Partisans of Jackson often were called Jacksonians, by 1828 adopting the Democratic Party label. Opponents of Jackson often were called Anti-Jacksonians, coalescing under the leadership of newly elected President John Quincy Adams and soon forming the National Republican Party.^[2]

Though both parties were new, and were not continuations of old parties, Jacksonians were more similar to the former Democratic-Republicans, while National Republicans were more similar to the former Federalists and also were political ancestors to the future Whig Party. Leadership of the National Republicans in opposition to Jackson later would transition to Henry Clay, whose support of Adams determined the contingent election.

Election summaries

Representatives regrouped into Jackson supporters and Adams supporters (comprising the Adams-Clay faction in the contingent election), while supporters of William Crawford, whose ill health and retirement had indirectly helped trigger the realignment, divided between the two factions with 33 going to the Adams-Clay faction and 22 going to the Jackson faction.

↓
109	104
Anti-Jacksonian	Jacksonian

State	Date ↑	Type	Total seats	Jacksonian
State	Date ↑	Type	Total seats	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Louisiana	July 7–9, 1824	Districts	3	2		1
Illinois	August 2, 1824	At-large	1	1		0
Indiana	August 2, 1824	Districts	3	2	2	1	2
Kentucky	August 2, 1824	Districts	12	7	1	5	1
Missouri	August 2, 1824	At-large	1	1		0
Mississippi	August 2–3, 1824	At-large	1	0		1
Vermont	September 7, 1824	District	5	4	1	1	1
Maine	September 13, 1824	Districts	7	6	1	1	1
Georgia	October 4, 1824	At-large	7	0		7	7
Maryland	October 4, 1824	Districts	9	7	2	2	1
Delaware	October 5, 1824	At-large	1	0		1	1
South Carolina	October 11–12, 1824	Districts	9	0		9
Ohio	October 12, 1824	Districts	14	12	2	2
Pennsylvania	October 12, 1824	Districts	26	4	3	22	3
Massachusetts	November 1, 1824	Districts	13	12		1
New Hampshire	November 1, 1824	At-large	6	5	1	1	1
New Jersey	November 2, 1824	At-large	6	3	2	3	2
New York	November 1–3, 1824	Districts	34	26	8	8	6
Late elections (after the March 4, 1825, beginning of the term)
Connecticut	April 4, 1825	At-large	6	6		0
Virginia	April 1825	Districts	22	7	6	15	14
Alabama	August 1–3, 1825	Districts	3	0		3
Tennessee	August 4–5, 1825	Districts	9	0		9
North Carolina	August 11, 1825	Districts	13	2	1	11	9
Rhode Island	August 30, 1825	At-large	2	2		0
Total			213	109	22	104	33

Special elections

There were special elections in 1824 and 1825 to the 18th United States Congress and 19th United States Congress.

Special elections are sorted by date then district.

18th Congress

|-! | Charles Rich| | Democratic-Republican| 1812
1814
1816| | Incumbent died October 15, 1824, having already either retired or lost re-election.
New member elected in 1824.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Successor seated December 13, 1824.
Successor had not been a candidate to the next term; see below.| nowrap |

|-! | Thomas J. Rogers| | Democratic-Republican| 1818 | | Incumbent resigned April 20, 1824.
New member elected October 12, 1824.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Successor seated December 23, 1824.
Successor also elected the same day to the next term; see below.| nowrap |

|-! | John Tod| | Democratic-Republican| 1820| | Incumbent resigned sometime in 1824.
New member elected October 12, 1824.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Successor seated December 6, 1824.
Successor also elected the same day to the next term; see below.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | Vacant| | John Bailey (Democratic-Republican) declared not entitled to seat in previous election.
Bailey was then re-elected on the third ballot November 29, 1824.
Democratic-Republican gain.
Successor seated December 13, 1824.^[3]
Successor later elected to the next term; see below.| nowrap |

|-! | Thomas W. Cobb| | Democratic-Republican| 1816
1820
1822| | Incumbent resigned December 6, 1824, when elected U.S. Senator.
New member elected in 1824.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Successor seated February 7, 1825.^[3]
Successor had not been a candidate for the next term; see below.| nowrap |

|-! | Hutchins G. Burton| | Democratic-Republican| 1819| | Incumbent resigned March 23, 1824, when elected Governor of North Carolina.
New member elected January 6, 1825.
Democratic-Republican hold.
Successor seated January 19, 1825.^[3]
Successor later elected to the next term; see below.| nowrap |

19th Congress

|-! | colspan=3 | Vacant| | Representative-elect James Miller declined to serve.
New member elected March 8, 1825.
Anti-Jacksonian gain.
Successor seated December 5, 1825, with the rest of the Congress.| nowrap |

|-! | Henry Clay| | Anti-Jacksonian| 1810
1814
1814
1815 (Seat declared vacant)
1815
1820
1822| | Incumbent resigned March 6, 1825, when appointed U.S. Secretary of State.
New member elected August 1, 1825.
Anti-Jacksonian hold.
Successor seated December 5, 1825.^[4] | nowrap |

Alabama

See main article: 1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama.

Alabama elected its members August 1–3, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.

Arkansas Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

See main article: 1825 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut.

Connecticut elected its members April 4, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.

Delaware

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware.

Delaware elected its member October 5, 1824.

Florida Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Georgia

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia.

Georgia elected its members October 4, 1824. There were only 7 candidates who ran statewide in 1824. There were several other candidates who received votes in a small number of states, but vote totals were only available for the seven winning candidates. The minor candidates only received a few hundred votes each.

Illinois

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives election in Illinois.

Illinois elected its member August 2, 1824.

In 1824 a proposal was made to hold a convention to make Illinois a slave state. The Pro-Slavery Party was led by former Governor Bond and others, while the Anti-Slavery Party was led by Governor Coles and others. The election took place on August 2, resulting in Illinois voting against the convention and electing the anti-slavery candidate, Daniel P. Cook. Despite the failure of the plan to officially make Illinois a slave state, the state effectively continued the practice through laws that classified Black individuals as "indentured servants," which in practice made them slaves.^[5]

Indiana

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Indiana.

Indiana elected its members August 2, 1824.

Kentucky

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky.

Kentucky elected its members August 2, 1824.

Louisiana

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana.

Louisiana elected its members July 7–9, 1824.

Maine

See main article: 1824–1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine.

Maine elected its members September 13, 1824. Maine law required a majority vote for election, n Maine law required a majority vote for electionecessitating additional ballots in the 3rd and 4th districts on January 3, 1825, April 4, 1825, and September 12, 1825.

Maryland

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland.

Maryland elected its members October 4, 1824.

Massachusetts

See main article: 1824–1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts.

Massachusetts elected its members November 1, 1824. Massachusetts had a majority requirement for election, which necessitated additional elections held January 3, 1825, April 1, 1825, and August 1, 1825.

District numbers vary between sources.

Michigan Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Mississippi

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives election in Mississippi.

Mississippi elected its member August 2–3, 1824.

Missouri

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives election in Missouri.

Missouri elected its member August 2, 1824.

New Hampshire

See main article: 1824–1825 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire.

New Hampshire elected its members between November 1, 1824, and March 8, 1825. New Hampshire law required candidates to receive votes from a majority of voters for election. As only five candidates received votes from a majority of voters, a run-off election had to be held for the sixth seat on March 8, 1825.

New Jersey

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey.

New Jersey elected its members November 2, 1824.

New York

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in New York.

New York elected its members November 1–3, 1824.

During this time in New York politics, two factions of the Democratic-Republicans existed: the Bucktails, opponents of Governor DeWitt Clinton, and the Clintonians, supporters of Clinton. The Bucktails were led by Martin Van Buren, who supported Crawford in the 1824 presidential election, though many members were not united in this support. In the contingency election, Van Buren was outmaneuvered by Clay and Adams, and the political machine he had worked to build broke down. Following Crawford's severe stroke in 1823, many within the Bucktails gave up on Crawford, and Van Buren restored unity within the Bucktail faction, shifting his support to Jackson.^[6]

Data source only states each candidate's political faction. For party affiliation the US House history, arts, and archive is used.^[7]

North Carolina

See main article: 1825 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina.

North Carolina elected its members August 11, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.

This election saw the brief rise of two regional factions within the Democratic-Republican Party: the Caucus and Anti-Caucus factions. The Anti-Caucus faction was opposed the existing nomination process, which included closed meetings, conventions, and caucuses, and ran candidates against incumbents who had been nominated by such systems.^[8]

Data source only states each candidate's political faction. For party affiliation the US House history, arts, and archive is used.

Ohio

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio.

Ohio elected its members October 12, 1824.

Pennsylvania

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania elected its members October 12, 1824.

Rhode Island

See main article: 1825 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island.

Rhode Island elected its members August 30, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Rhode Island law required a candidate receive votes from a majority of voters for election, as only one candidate received a majority in this election, a Rhode Island law required a candidate receive votes from a majority of voters for election, as only one candidate received a majority in this electionsecond election was held for the remaining seat.

South Carolina

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina.

South Carolina elected its members October 11–12, 1824.

District numbers vary between sources.

Tennessee

See main article: 1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee.

Tennessee elected its members August 4–5, 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.

Vermont

See main article: 1824 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont.

Vermont elected its members September 7, 1824. Congressional districts were re-established in Vermont for the 1824 election. Vermont had used an 1812-1818 and 1822. A majority was required for election, which was not met in the 1st district, necessitating a second election December 6, 1824.

|-| Charles Rich
| | Adams-Clay
Democratic-Republican| 1812
1814
1816| | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.
Democratic-Republican loss.
Incumbent then died October 15, 1824, leading to a special election.

Virginia

See main article: 1825 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia.

Virginia elected its members in April 1825, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.

Non-voting delegates

Bibliography

Web site: A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 . Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University . January 17, 2015 . January 29, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150129054451/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789 . dead .
Book: Dubin, Michael J. . United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses . McFarland and Company . March 1, 1998 . 978-0786402830.
Book: Martis, Kenneth C. . The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989 . Macmillan Publishing Company . January 1, 1989 . 978-0029201701.
Book: John L. . Moore . Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections . Congressional Quarterly Inc. . Third . 1994 . 978-0871879967.
Web site: Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present . Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives . January 21, 2015.

External links

Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

Notes and References

Web site: Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present . Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives . January 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20240524080848/http://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/ . 2024-05-24 . dead.
Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Elections (1975).
Web site: Eighteenth Congress March 4, 1823, to March 3, 1825 . February 25, 2019 . . History.house.gov.
Web site: Nineteenth Congress March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1827 . February 25, 2019 . . History.house.gov . December 22, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181222230947/https://historycms2.house.gov/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=40209 . dead .
Book: Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society . . 1912 . 4 . 401-402.
Book: Doutrich, Paul E. . Shapers of the Great Debate on Jacksonian Democracy: A Biographical Dictionary . . 2004 . 9780313052668 . 21-22.
Web site: Mapping Congress US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives . 2024-06-21 . history.house.gov . en.
Web site: Mapping Early American Elections . 2024-06-24 . earlyamericanelections.org.

1824–25 United States House of Representatives elections explained

Election summaries

Special elections

18th Congress

19th Congress

Alabama

Arkansas Territory

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida Territory

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan Territory

Mississippi

Missouri

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Vermont

Virginia

Non-voting delegates

See also

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References