1822 in science explained

The year 1822 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology

• "Rostocker Pfeilstorch", a white stork, is found in northern Germany with an arrow from central Africa through its neck, demonstrating the fact of bird migration.

Geology

• Georges Cuvier establishes new standards and methods in stratigraphy and paleontology.
• Gideon Mantell discovers the first fossil of the iguanodon.
• John Phillips and William Conybeare identify the Carboniferous Period.
• Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy identifies the Cretaceous Period. He also proposes the Jurassic System.

Mathematics

• July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a "difference engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship 1823–32 but it will never be completed.^[1]
• Karl Feuerbach describes the nine-point circle of a triangle.^[2]
• William Farish of the University of Cambridge publishes a systematization of the rules for isometric drawing.^{[3] [4] [5]}

Medicine

• United States Army surgeon William Beaumont pioneers human gastric endoscopy on Alexis St. Martin.^[6]
• Scottish surgeon John Henry Wishart gives the first description in England of neurofibromatosis type II.^{[7] [8]}

Physics

• Navier–Stokes equations in fluid dynamics first formulated.

Technology

• May 23 – HMS Comet launched at Deptford Dockyard in the United Kingdom, the first steamboat commissioned by the Royal Navy.
• June 10 – The Aaron Manby crosses the English Channel, making her the first seagoing iron steamboat.
• French civil engineer Louis Vicat completes construction of a concrete viaduct across the Dordogne at Souillac, Lot.^[9]

Events

• September 11 – Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) is permitted by the Roman Catholic Church to be published.

Awards

• June 12 – Edward Banks knighted, the first such honour for work in civil engineering.^[10]
• Copley Medal: William Buckland^[11]

Births

• January 2 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (died 1888)
• January 6 – Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (died 1890)
• January 12 – Étienne Lenoir, Belgian mechanical engineer (died 1900)
• February 16 – Sir Francis Galton, English explorer, biologist (died 1911)
• April 18 – August Heinrich Petermann, German cartographer (died 1878)
• June 10 – Lydia White Shattuck, American botanist (died 1889)
• July 22 – Gregor Mendel, Silesian geneticist (died 1884)
• October 13 (O.S. October 1) – Lev Tsenkovsky, Polish-Ukrainian biologist (died 1887)
• December 27 – Louis Pasteur, French biologist (died 1895)

Deaths

• January 21 – Marie-Aimée Lullin, Swiss entomologist (born 1751)
• February 23 – Johann Matthäus Bechstein, German naturalist (born 1757)
• June 23 – René Just Haüy, French mineralogist (born 1743)
• August 13 – Jean-Robert Argand, Swiss-born mathematician (born 1768)
• August 25 – William Herschel, German-born British astronomer (born 1738)
• November 6 – Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist (born 1748)

Notes and References

1. Book: Hyman, Anthony. R. Anthony Hyman. . Oxford University Press. 1982. 0-19-858170-X. 51ff.
2. Book: Crilly, Tony. 50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know. London. Quercus. 2007. 978-1-84724-008-8. 85.
3. William. Farish. On Isometrical Perspective. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1. 1822. 1–19. PDF. 2012-05-29.
4. Book: Jones, Barclay G.. 1986. Protecting historic architecture and museum collections from natural disasters. Ann Arbor. University of Michigan. 0-409-90035-4. 243.
5. Book: Moorhouse, Charles Edmund. 1974. Visual messages: graphic communication for senior students.
6. Book: Beaumont, William. Combe. Andrew. Andrew Combe. Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion. MacLachlan & Stewart. Edinburgh. 1838. reprint. 0-486-69213-2. 2010-09-06.
7. Wishart. J. H.. 1822-07-01. Case of Tumours in the Skull, Dura Mater, and Brain. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. 18. 72. 393–397. 0963-4932. 5828850. 30332030.
8. Ramsden. R. T.. Birch. J. M.. Evans. D. G. R.. 1999-12-01. Paediatric presentation of type 2 neurofibromatosis. Archives of Disease in Childhood. en. 81. 6. 496–499. 10.1136/adc.81.6.496. 0003-9888. 10569966. 1718148.
9. Book: Chronologie scientifique, technologique et économique de la France. Danièle. Clermontel. Jean-Claude. Clermontel. Paris. Publibook. 2009. 241.
10. Web site: M. H.. Port. Banks, Sir Edward (1770–1835). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004. 2010-10-31. 10.1093/ref:odnb/1294.
11. Web site: Copley Medal British scientific award . Encyclopedia Britannica . 22 July 2020 . en.